442 Mass. 660 | Mass. | 2004
The principal issue in this case is whether an attorney’s conduct that the Board of Bar Overseers (board) concluded neither “flagrantly violated] . . . accepted professional norms” nor “undermine[d] the legitimacy of the judicial process,” Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, 421 Mass. 619, 628, 629 (1996), may be sanctionable conduct “prejudicial to the administration of justice” under SJ.C. Rule 3:07, Canon
1. Background. The resolution of this case turns on specific facts, which we review in some detail.
The respondent has been a member of the Massachusetts bar for over thirty years. He maintains a national practice defending gas and electric utility companies in tort litigation. The respondent has never been disciplined, either in Massachusetts or in any other jurisdiction.
In the early 1980’s, the respondent began representing a gas utility company doing business in Massachusetts (client). He has been the client’s primary outside litigation counsel ever since, handling over one hundred of its cases. In addition to litigating on the client’s behalf, the respondent has advised both the client and its investigators how to respond to claims and
The respondent’s actions at issue here began in 1995. At that time, the respondent represented the client in litigation as a result of a fire in the basement garage of a home.
During the second day of testimony, the trooper stated to the respondent, “I request that this hearing be postponed. ... I
The hearing committee found that, based on the testimony elicited at the trooper’s deposition, the respondent believed that the trooper was “incompetent”
Two days after the trooper suspended his deposition, the respondent contacted the private fire investigator with whom he was working on the case and asked the investigator to forward a complete copy of the trooper’s deposition transcript to the trooper’s supervisor in the fire marshal’s office, with whom the investigator had a long-standing working relationship. On July
We now summarize the history of the disciplinary proceedings resulting from the challenged conduct.
2. Disciplinary proceedings. The only conduct ever challenged by bar counsel is the respondent’s sending of the deposition transcript to the fire marshal’s office. On December 2, 1996, an attorney from the office of bar counsel wrote to the respondent notifying him that he had initiated an investigation into that conduct. The respondent, through counsel, vigorously denied any wrongdoing and requested that the inquiry summarily be closed. Almost three years later, on November 15, 1999, bar counsel filed a petition for discipline against the respondent.
Bar counsel charged that by forwarding the deposition transcript to the supervisor, the respondent had attempted to “harass or maliciously injure” the trooper and to “intimidate [the trooper] and/or to influence his testimony.” Such conduct, bar counsel charged, violated S.J.C. Rule 3:07, Canon 1, DR 1-102 (A) (5) and DR 1-102 (A) (6), as appearing in 382 Mass. 769 (1981)
On July 24, 2001, the hearing committee issued its report. The committee members agreed with the respondent that his conduct in forwarding the trooper’s deposition transcript was driven, at least in part, by his desire to protect his client’s “legitimate concerns in other fire and explosion matters.” It also found that the respondent expected that the supervisor, after reading the transcript, would remove the trooper from further fire investigation work and require him to obtain special training, a development the respondent freely acknowledged that he knew “would not help the credibility” of the trooper in the underlying litigation. The hearing committee found no basis for concluding that the respondent’s conduct violated
Both parties appealed to the full board. See SJ.C. Rule 4:01, § 8 (4), as appearing in 425 Mass. 1309 (1997). On appeal, bar counsel sought only to increase the sanction for the violation of DR 1-102 (A) (5) to a public reprimand. He did not challenge the hearing committee’s factual findings or conclusions of law.
On February 11, 2002, eleven members of the board present unanimously voted to do just that. The board adopted the hearing committee’s findings of fact. However, they concluded that where, as here, DR 1-102 (A) (5) is the sole basis for imposing discipline, the conduct at issue must be “conduct whose seriousness is beyond question” and that is “flagrantly violative of accepted professional norms.” Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, 421 Mass. 619, 628 (1996). The board concluded that, although the respondent’s conduct was in some respects “troubling” and not “in the finest tradition of the bar,” it was not sufficiently acute to merit sanction under DR 1-102 (A) (5).
At bar counsel’s request, the board filed an information in the county court for review of the board’s decision. See SJ.C.
3. Discussion. The standard of review for appeals of bar discipline cases is well established. “[Ajlthough not binding on this court, the findings and recommendations of the board are entitled to great weight.” Matter of Fordham, 423 Mass. 481, 487 (1996), citing Matter of Hiss, 368 Mass. 447, 461 (1975). “[Subsidiary facts found by the Board and contained in its report filed with the information shall be upheld if supported by substantial evidence, upon consideration of the record.” S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 8 (4). We, however, “review the board’s findings and reach our own conclusion.” Matter of Fordham, supra, citing Matter of Anderson, 416 Mass. 521, 525 (1993).
The board correctly identified Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, supra at 628, as our leading case on the reach of DR 1-102 (A) (5), where the rule forms the sole basis for attorney discipline.
Bar counsel reads Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, supra, as permitting sanctions under DR 1-102 (A) (5) for any behavior that “by-pass[es]” judicial oversight. We disagree. The open-ended rule that bar counsel urges conflicts with our holding in Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, supra. Moreover, it is so vague as to raise serious due process concerns. The construction of DR 1-102 (A) (5) that bar counsel advances would render potentially sanctionable any attorney communication with any third party during the course of litigation. Due process requires that attorneys, like anyone else, not be subject to laws and rules of potential random application or unclear meaning. See, e.g., In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 554-556 (1968) (White, J., concurring) (“an attorney [may not be deprived] of the opportunity to practice his profession on the basis of a determination after the fact that conduct is unethical if responsible attorneys would differ in appraising the propriety of that conduct”).
We are cognizant of the view that broad, codified language
Turning to the merits, we conclude that the board correctly
Nor can we say that the respondent’s conduct violated accepted ethical norms of the profession. Id. “[W]e must balance the . . . obligation to protect the processes of orderly trial with the attorney’s obligation zealously to protect the client’s interest. In determining whether [punishment] is justified, we must give due weight to the importance of vigorous advocacy. To do otherwise would chill the less courageous attorney in his efforts to represent his client effectively.” Sussman v. Commonwealth, 374 Mass. 692, 696 (1978) (concerning criminal contempt during criminal trial). Attorneys communicate their clients’ legitimate concerns to third parties all the time. That such communication may also reap strategic benefits for the client while
This is not to say that we condone all aspects of the respondent’s course of action. We do not. While the respondent had a legitimate basis for bringing his concerns to the immediate attention of the trooper’s supervisor, the manner of that communication could have — and should have — been handled in a more prudent fashion. As the respondent himself acknowl
There is a suggestion in the hearing committee’s report that the respondent should have availed himself of judicial process to address his concerns once the deposition had concluded. But the respondent’s concerns for his client were grave and immediate, and existed apart from the litigation. In this case, the record indicates that the trooper’s deposition in the underlying litigation did not resume until almost two years after it was suspended, a period during which the trooper could have been assigned to investigate other matters concerning the client. We do not deny that the respondent might have availed himself of the court’s protection to counter the trooper’s testimony at the trial level, as the hearing committee concluded. But as the hear
4. G. L. c. 231, § 59H.
Assuming without deciding both that the respondent’s conduct was protected petitioning activity within the meaning of the statute,
A judgment shall be entered in the county court affirming the decision of the board and denying the respondent’s special motion to dismiss.
So ordered.
Supreme Judicial Court Rule 3:07, Canon 1, DR 1-102 (A) (5), as appearing in 382 Mass. 769 (1981), provides: “A lawyer shall not. . . [e]ngage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.” The Massachusetts Rules of Professional Conduct became effective on January 1, 1998, replacing the former Canons of Ethics and Disciplinary Rules. S.J.C. Rule 3:07, as appearing in 426 Mass. 1303 (1998). Disciplinary Rule 1-102 (A) (5) was superseded by the identically worded Mass. R. Prof. C. 8.4 (d), 426 Mass. 1429 (1998).
“SLAPP” is an acronym for “Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation,” a term coined by George W. Pring and Penelope Canan. See Pring, SLAPPs: Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, 7 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 3, 4 (1989). “The objective of SLAPP suits is not to win them, but to use litigation to intimidate opponents’ exercise of rights of petitioning and speech.” Duracraft Corp. v. Holmes Prods. Corp., 427 Mass. 156, 161 (1998).
We acknowledge the amicus brief filed jointly by the American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
We summarize the facts found by the board’s three-member hearing committee (hearing committee), and subsequently adopted by the board in full. We supplement as needed from other uncontested facts of record.
The fire occurred in September, 1991, seriously burning three children between the ages of two and four years and injuring two adults. The client supplied the home with liquified propane, which, among other things, fueled the basement water heater. The plaintiffs brought suit against the client, the manufacturer of the water heater, the manufacturer of the furnace, and a " company whose name appeared on a label on the water heater. The cause of the fire was a major issue in the litigation and the stakes were high: the initial settlement demand was for $50 million. The case eventually settled in mediation.
After examining the site and conducting interviews, the trooper concluded that the water heater ignited a cloud of propane emanating from a leak in the furnace. The trooper’s written report concluded that the propane, in turn, ignited gasoline vapors, causing the fire. During his deposition and under cross-examination by the respondent, the trooper admitted that he later abandoned that and other theories and adopted a different causation theory.
The respondent had repeatedly questioned the trooper concerning details of the fire scene that the trooper averred he did not recall.
Specifically, the hearing committee found that the respondent “has consistently asserted that in the course of [the trooper’s] investigation of the fire, [the trooper] did not do any of the following: take any photographs; bring or use a camera, testing equipment, measuring equipment or anything to collect or preserve evidence; operate or test the liquid propane fueled appliances or observe their operation; perform or observe any tests which might be useful in determining the origin or cause of the fire; document the fire scene; tape record any interviews with witnesses; take any samples of incident debris; map the location of the fire debris; or preserve any evidence or take any steps to cause it to be preserved. The respondent believed that [the trooper] had not acted in a competent fashion in his work at the fire scene, and that accordingly [the trooper’s] views of the fire were flawed.”
Although the respondent contends he had sent the transcripts to the fire marshal’s office so the supervisor could draw his own conclusions about the trooper’s competence, the hearing committee found that the respondent knew or should have known that the investigator would share the respondent’s opinions with the supervisor, and that the supervisor would share the opinions with the trooper.
The petition was brought pursuant to S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 8 (3), as appearing in 425 Mass. 1309 (1997), and §§ 3.13 (2) and 3.14 of the Rules of the Board of Bar Overseers.
Supreme Judicial Court Rule 3:07, Canon 1, DR 1-102 (A) (6), as appearing in 382 Mass. 769 (1981), provides: “A lawyer shall not . . . [e]ngage in any other conduct that adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law.” See note 1, supra.
Supreme Judicial Court Rule 3:07, Canon 7, DR 7-102 (A) (1), as appear
Supreme Judicial Court Rule 3:07, Canon 7, DR 7-106 (C) (7), as appearing in 382 Mass. 787 (1981), provides: “In appearing in his professional capacity before a tribunal, a lawyer shall not . . . [i]ntentionally or habitually violate any established rule of procedure or evidence.”
Bar counsel called no witnesses and relied only on the stipulation to the exhibits in his case-in-chief. The respondent testified and called two witnesses, a vice-president of his gas utility client and a certified fire investigator. Both parties then submitted proposed findings of fact and rulings of law. Bar counsel sought a public reprimand, and the respondent sought a public apology and an order for bar counsel to pay all the respondent’s costs and legal fees.
Bar counsel has waived any challenge to the hearing committee’s conclusions that the respondent did not violate DR 1-102 (A) (6), DR 7-102 (A) (1), or DR 7-106 (C) (7).
Bar counsel simultaneously moved to impound the record of these proceedings to assure confidentiality. See S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 20 (3) (d), as appearing in 425 Mass. 1327 (1997) (providing that bar discipline proceedings are open to public except for “further proceedings following ... an order of the Board [of Bar Overseers] . . . that a petition for discipline be dismissed. In such event, the record shall be sealed and the proceedings shall be closed until and unless the Board or this court orders otherwise”).
In that case, two attorneys in the same firm simultaneously represented buyers of real estate and a judgment creditor of the seller. Using information about the seller that they obtained in the course of representing the buyers, and acting as escrow agents for the sale of the real estate, the attorneys obtained a trustee process attachment against their own firm in favor of the judgment creditor and satisfied the judgment from the amount in escrow. The buyers were unaware of their attorneys’ actions. Matter of the Discipline of Two Attorneys, 421 Mass. 619, 620-621 (1996). Concluding that the attorneys’ actions breached their fiduciary duties as escrow holders, id. at 627, we nevertheless held, among other things, that those actions were not “prejudicial to the administration of justice” in violation of DR 1-102 (A) (5). Id. at 629.
Hawaii, Kentucky, New Hampshire, North Dakota, and Wisconsin have also omitted Rule 8.4 (d) of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, although not necessarily due to constitutional concerns. See ABA/BNA Lawyers’ Manual on Professional Conduct 101:501 (1998).
Our limiting construction of DR 1-102 (A) (5) and our affirmance of the board’s decision make it unnecessary to consider the respondent’s assertion that the broader construction sought by bar counsel would infringe his right of free speech and his right to petition the government for grievances under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights, as amended by art. 77 of the Amendments to the Massachusetts Constitution. It is enough to note here that disciplinary rules may not be applied to such a broad scope of expressive conduct that they impinge on an attorney’s legitimate exercise of his or her First Amendment rights, see, e.g., Gentile v. State Bar of Nev., 501 U.S. 1030, 1038 (1991); In re Primus, 436
While the respondent raises vigorous arguments against a number of specific findings, we, like the board, conclude that the committee’s findings are supported by the evidence.
The additional motivation the board attributed to the respondent — protecting his client’s good working relationship with the fire marshal’s office — is legitimate and proper. Indeed, the fire marshal’s ability to conduct fair and informed fire investigations clearly is in a gas utility company’s, and the public’s, interest.
Most would agree with amici that an attorney who obtains from discovery nonconfidential information that gives rise to concerns about police misconduct or a threat to public safety should convey the information to a person capable of promptly correcting the situation, and that for the attorney to withhold the information for any length of time would be regrettable. We will not employ the disciplinary rules in a manner that effectively discourages responsible behavior.
The plaintiffs in the case had not adopted the trooper’s reported causation theory, and there is no indication from the record that any party relied on the trooper’s opinion testimony. The case never went to trial; the parties reached a confidential settlement following mediation.
Because the respondent has maintained a national practice, he has relied on pro hac vice admissions in States where he is not otherwise admitted to practice. Obtaining these admissions typically requires an attorney to submit certificates of good standing from State bars to which he or she is formally admitted. In this case, it appears that the respondent was able to obtain certificates of good standing during the pendency of this matter, but, ever since the inquiry began in December, 1996, such certificates have contained a qualifying notation that matters are pending against him. See S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 20 (2) (d), as amended by 415 Mass. 1307 (1993), and as appearing in 425 Mass. 1327 (1997), which provides in pertinent part that “bar counsel or the Board may disclose the pendency, subject matter, and status of an investigation if . . . there is a need to notify another person or organization in order to protect the public, the administration of justice, or the legal profession.” Moreover, the respondent estimates that defending this matter has cost him approximately $125,000.
In reporting this case to the Ml court, the single justice implicitly ruled against the respondent’s pleas for a stay of proceedings and expedited dismissal contained in the motion. Although our decision effectively makes these issues moot, the plea for attorney’s fees and costs remains before us.
General Laws c. 231, § 59H, defines the right of petition as “any written or oral statement . . . made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other governmental proceeding; [or] any statement reasonably likely to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a legislative, executive, or judicial body or any other governmental proceeding; [or] any statement reasonably likely to enlist public participation in an effort to effect such consideration.” We decline to construe this right so as to immunize every written or oral statement made by an attorney in connection with an issue being litigated in a civil suit because such a broad reading would preclude enforcement of many attorney conduct rules.
Bar counsel asserts that the anti-SLAPP statute does not apply to bar discipline cases because, by its terms, the statute applies only to “civil claims” and bar discipline cases are not civil claims. Bar counsel also asserts that the statute does not apply to bar discipline cases because the statute would interfere with this court’s exercise of its “ultimate authority” over attorneys. Marino v. Tagaris, 395 Mass. 397, 401 (1985). Because we conclude that the anti-SLAPP statute does not apply to this case on other grounds, we need not resolve these issues.
Both the hearing committee and the board rejected the respondent’s contention that bar counsel initiated disciplinary proceedings to retaliate for the respondent’s past criticism of the board.
On March 11, 2004, the respondent moved to strike portions of bar counsel’s brief. Because our decision does not rest on the challenged portions of the brief, we need not consider the motion.