117 Misc. 1 | N.Y. Sur. Ct. | 1921
This is an application for the construction of the will of Charity C. Mould, deceased, made
The 10th clause gives to the executor full power and authority to grant and sell and convey all, or any part of the real estate, with full power to execute and deliver all deeds.
The entire estate, real and personal, consists of approximately $40,000 in live assets, divided as follows: personal estate, about $20,000, consisting of money in bank, stocks, bonds, mortgages and jewelry; and equity in real estate, about $20,000 not specifically devised. She had among her securities at the date of the will 20,000 shares of the stock of the United States Tin Company of the par value of one dollar per share, and 200 shares of the stock of the Spenazuna Gold Mining Company. These stocks were found in the
It appears that at the date of the will the personal estate, exclusive of the above-mentioned shares of stock, amounted to about $25,000. It has been stipulated by the parties hereto that there was at the date of the will, and also at date of death, no value to the shares of stock of the United States Tin Company and the mining company. But no one can stipulate the decedent’s intention; nor as to what the decedent may have thought these shares of stock added to her estate. No testimony was adduced upon this point. An intention to charge real estate will not be inferred, if decedent may have been mistaken in her judgment as to the value of her property, or in reasonable expectancy of increasing her personal estate before her death, Carley v. Harper, 219 N. Y. 295.
Florence A. Coombs, the residuary legatee, was a second cousin of the decedent and stood in the mutually acknowledged relationship of parent and child to both the decedent and her husband from the time Mrs. Coombs was two years of age. It is also true that certain- legatees, relatives of decedent’s husband, lived with her for a while, but not in the relationship of parent and child.
It is well settled that the primary fund for the payment of general legacies is the personal estate, unless express direction is otherwise found in the will, or there be clear intention to the contrary to be gathered from the provisions of the will which may be assisted by extraneous evidence. McCorn v. McCorn, 100 N. Y. 511; Lediger v. Canfield, 78 App. Div. 596; McGoldrick v. Bodkin, 140 id. 196.
The whole question is one of intent, to be searched
If the intention is not expressed in the will, then it must be clearly and satisfactorily inferred. Lupton v. Lupton, 2 Johns. Ch. 614; Lediger v. Canfield, supra. As is the case with all questions of intention, no precedents are absolutely controlling in other cases, for all differ.
The testimony in the instant case was to the effect that the testatrix was childless, that in 1880 Florence A. Coombs, a second cousin, a blood relative, an orphan, the residuary legatee and devisee, was taken into the family at the age of about two years. She grew up as a child of the testatrix and her husband, and was subject to their control. In return the decedent received filial attention and service. The will referred to her in this manner: ‘ ‘ Florence A. Coombs who grew up as a child in my family and lived with me for many years.” Mr. and Mrs. Mould maintained and educated her at private schools. She was introduced as the daughter, was married at the home of the decedent, and was given a large wedding. Testatrix treated her as her child, and was responsible for her support. The relationship of affection continued to the time of her death. By reason of such facts the legatee sustained to the decedent the relation of a child. Matter of Beach, 154 N. Y. 242; Matter of Davis, 184 id. 299; Matter of Lloyd, 166 App. Div. 1; Matter of Downey, 182 N. Y. Supp. 223; Matter of Chambers, 112 Misc. Rep. 551; Matter of Wheeler, 1 id. 450.
An intention to charge the land will not be inferred from a disparity between the amount of the estate and the legacies, if the testatrix ¡might have been uncon
The testimony did not disclose that the testatrix knew, or comprehended-, or believed that her personal estate was insufficient to pay the legacies. On this point, the court has failed to be illuminated. Therefore, we cannot now conjecture.
The mere fact of giving legacies only imputes a general purpose that legacies given shall be paid and amounts to little, when the residue of the estate given is a substantial vital gift to persons by nature the objects of the bounty of the testatrix.
The residuary clause gives the balance of the estate “ both real and personal ” to Mrs. Coombs. If the testatrix knew, or realized, or comprehended that her personal estate was, or would be insufficient to pay the general legacies, what did she mean when she gave in the residuary clause, “ the- rest, residue and remainder ” of her “ personal estate!” If she understood that there would be no personal estate to pass to Mrs. Coombs, and intended the real estate to- be sold to assist in the payment of the general legacies, she must be charged with executing a mocking and a meaningless will to this extent, which upon its face gave something to one near and dear to her. Is it not apparent that she thought, and in fact intended, that after the legacies were paid she would have personal estate left, this to pass under the residuary clause to the child? The very words of gift of the “ personal ” estate in the residuary clause negative any intention that may be claimed for her that she meant to have the real estate sold to pay the general legacies. It fortifies and makes her intention clear that she really intended Mrs. Coombs- to have the real estate, plus the personal estate that .she thought would be left after the payment of the general legacies.
In solving 'similar problems, the relationship of the beneficiaries has been of most vital concern to the courts. Let us analyze the cases to find the reasoning which led to the opinion of the courts. The two major reasons pervading all the cases are the existence of a power of sale in the will, and the fact of the general legacies or residuary gifts being to persons of the blood, or to those who have stood in the mutually acknowledged relationship of parent and child. In Taylor v. Dodd, 58 N. Y. 335, the will contained a power of sale. The question of kindred, or parental duty did not enter into the case. The real estate was charged. In Kalbfleisch v. Kalbfleisch, 67 N. Y. 354, the will contained a power of sale and the testatrix owed a parental duty to the general legatees. The real estate was charged. In Hoyt v. Hoyt, 85 N. Y. 142, the will contained a power of sale, and there were kindred of the blood as general legatees, as well as residuary legatees. The real estate was charged. In Scott v. Stebbins, 91 N. Y. 605, the will contained a power of sale and the general legatee was the son. The real
I find no case, however, creating a charge on real estate, based' on the ground of a power of sale contained in the will, where the residuary legatee was of the blood, or who stood in the relationship of parent and child. This is not to be overlooked. Thus, the instant case contains a new state of facts, upon which the courts have not ruled. In Bevan v. Cooper, 72 N. Y. 317, and Brill v. Wright, 112 id. 129, the court held that the legacies were not a charge, the residuary legatees being of the kindred of the testator. The wills, however, did not contain a power of sale. The significant fact is disclosed that (1) in every case where the charge is made the general legatees were of the kindred of the blood; and (2) in every case where the charge is not made the residuary legatees were of the kindred of the blood. In the former category are included the cases of Kalbfleisch v. Kalbfleisch, supra; Scott v. Stebbins, supra; McCorn v. McCorn, 100 N. Y. 511; Briggs v. Carroll, 117 id. 288. In the latter category are included the cases of Bevan v. Cooper, supra, and Brill v. Wright, supra,
With relation to intent, in Scott v. Stebbins, 91 N. Y. 605, the court said, referring to Lupton v. Lupton, 2 Johns. Ch. 614: “ In that case the residuary devisees were the children of the testator, and the legatees were his grandchildren, a fact which might, and no doubt did, have a controlling effect upon the mind of the testator and upon his intention not to make the real estate chargeable with the legacies. * # * There is a marked distinction between that case and the one at bar. The legatee here was one of the tes
In Bevan v. Cooper, 72 N. Y. 317, where the gifts were to the wife and children of testator and were contained in the residuary clause, the court said in refusing to charge the general legacies upon the land: “ It is of much moment, too, that the residuary clause provides for those who had a claim upon his forethought— his widow and his children — while the legacies sought to be charged are to strangers to his own blood, and having no claim upon him, unless it be that of * * * relationship to & first wife. * * * We should be slow to infer, that a testator meant to prefer legatees standing in such a position to him and to his property, to his widow and to his and her children.”
In Brill v. Wright, 112 N. Y. 129,135, the court said: “ The legatee was of kindred to the testator, and the residuary devisees and legatees were strangers in blood. But they became members of his family when they were children, and lived with him until his death, one for the period of twenty, and the other for twenty-five years.” The court held that the general legacies were not a charge upon the real estate. In McGoldrick v. Bodkin, 140 App. Div. 196, 199, Justice Carr said: “ Running throughout many of these cases we find ait times a strong tendency upon the part of courts to charge the legacy upon the land's in favor of legatees who were of the blood of the testator and thus presumed to be “ the natural objects of his bounty,” and
In Harvey v. Kennedy, 81 App. Div. 261, the legacies were to sisters, the residuary estate passed to the daughter, and the court refused to charge the legacies on the real estate.
In Wellbrook v. Otten, 35 Misc. Rep. 459, Justice Russell said, referring to the testator: “ His union with Mrs. Hulseberg had proved childless and neither bad any descendants. He had taken the plaintiff when but a few months old and reared her as he would a daughter, both he and his wife giving her the appellation of adopted daughter. She stood to both of them as a child, and had no other home than theirs, until she was married. Apart from his wife there was no one so close to him in the tender ties of daily companionship and deliberately assumed fathership. He took no steps to legally adopt the plaintiff, doubtless knowing that he meant to provide for her by testament. There seems to have been no interruption in his loving regard for the plaintiff.” This last statement might very well be made in the instant case, covering the relationship which existed between the decedent and the adopted daughter. Justice Russell in this case held that the gift of the legacy to the adopted daughter was a charge upon the real estate, and said: “ The extrinsic situation, therefore, both as to condition of his property, his wife’s property and the claims of those properly and in fact the natural recipients of his bounty, which was present in the mind of the testator in making the will and the codicil, renders as certain as the evidence of circumstances can afford, the presumption that the testator meant that when his wife died this daughter and brother should receive the full benefits he had planned to give them.”
In Carley v. Harper, supra, the court said that the
In Matter of Noe, 94 Misc. Rep. 63, Surrogate Fowler reflected this same thought when he said: “ She had no immediate relatives who would be the natural objects of her bounty; there was no one dependent upon her whom she would be under an obligation to support. Her legatees were personal friends, charitable or religious corporations and persons remotely related to her. There would therefore be no controlling reason for the discrimination in favor of the residuary legatees which a construction limiting the payment of the pecuniary legacies to the personal estate would necessarily imply * * *. Neither of the residuary legatees was the natural object of her bounty; one was a corporation, the other merely a friend. There is nothing in the will which would indicate an intention on the part of the testatrix to prefer these legatees to the thirty other legatees to whom she had bequeathed various sums, and there is no reason extrinsic of the will which would justify or explain such a preference.”
Likewise, Surrogate Foley, in Matter of Obst, 115 Misc. Rep. 711, holds that the courts will take note of the relationship of a legatee as a controlling factor, when he said: ‘ ‘ The legacy of the income on $3,000 in trust for the benefit of Marietta Kerns, the widow of the deceased son of the testatrix, is a specific legacy. Matter of Matthews, 122 App. Div. 605. It also partakes of the nature of a demonstrative legacy, being payable out of a specified fund. Crawford v. McCarthy, 159 N. Y. 514. In either case it is entitled to a preference. The daughter-in-law resided with the testatrix, and appears to have been a special object of her bounty. No other provision was made for her.
Also Justice Clarke in Bly v. Bly, 163 App. Div. 320, 333, said: “ No natural objects of the testator’s bounty, widow, children, or descendants, clamor to us to mark this venerable and public-spirited man as enacting a practical joke at the edge of his grave.” The case of Richardson v. Richardson, 145 App. Div. 540, Justice Rich writing, also affirms the same principle. Surrogate Schulz, in Matter of Gaffney, 109 Misc. Rep. 397, declined to hold that the devise of real estate given to the daughter should in any manner be cut down.
Thus, the major reason created by blood and relationship existing for many years, as parent and child, is a powerful reason, whether such person be a general legatee, or a residuary legatee.
The cases of Carley v. Harper, supra, and Ely v. Megie, 219 N. Y. 112, may well be distinguished from the instant case. In the former case the will contained a direction to pay the transfer tax from the residue, suggesting that the legacies should be paid in full. Also in the Carley case the trial court found that when she made her will, the -testatrix knew or believed she possessed a certain amount of personal property. That has not been shown in the instant case. The relationship of the beneficiaries to the testator did not exist in Ely v. Megie, supra. In Carley v. Harper, supra, relatives of the blood took as general legatees, as well as residuary legatees. The question of disinheriting, or discriminating against a child was not involved in either of these cases.
It was stated by Judge Hogan in Ely v. Megie, supra,
It would appear that persons, of the blood and those who stand in the position of parent and child, and persons dependent upon the deceased are preferred by
To sum up: In the instant case we have the basis for a decision in favor of the legatees; the power of sale, and the blending of the real and personal property in the residuary clause. In favor of the residuary
The two principal reasons which courts have used in arriving at the intention of testators, are in the instant ease on opposing sides. It cannot be well said that the power of sale expresses the full intention of the decedent in the absence of expressed direction, and that it can be “ fairly or satisfactorily inferred ” or is “ clear ” or is “ clearly inferred ” or is “ clear and manifest.” Lediger v. Canfield, 78 App. Div. 596. Judge Thomas, in Carley v. Harper, 166 App. Div. 473, 478, regarding the weight to be given a power of sale clause, says: “And yet, such an authority is so commonly a conventional part of a will that its influence may be inconsiderable. The same is true of the mention of real estate and personalty in the residuary clause.” In Matter of Lummis, 101 Misc. Rep. 258, 270, Surrogate Fowler in speaking of the situation of the rule at the present time, with reference to Carley v. Harper, supra, says: “ The blending * # * of a power of sale and the direction to pay inheritance taxes out of the residuary estate, while worthy of consideration, are never absolutely controlling in determining charges on land. Those circumstances are frequently referred to in the opinions of appellate courts, but the dominating factor has always been the amount of personalty on hand at the time the will was executed. In the case now before the surrogate the usual argument is predicated of the existence of a power of sale, the blending of the realty and personalty in the residuary clause and the direction to pay
The one fact alone, the relationship in blood, and standing in the mutually acknowledged relationship of parent and child is enough to tip the scale in favor of the residuary legatee in the instant case. By the very compelling nature of the reasoning in favor of those who have from infancy maintained the mutually acknowledged relationship of parent and child, the court feels that it must hold for the residuary legatee. Every intendment is in favor of the adopted daughter, the natural object of the testatrix’s bounty. In my opinion, the burden has not been sustained by the general legatees to show the intent of the testatrix to charge the general legacies upon the real estate. In weighing all the reasons for and against the contention to charge the real estate, I find the circumstances of kindred, living in the relationship of parent and child, and the life of Mrs. Coombs to far outweigh all other circumstances found in this case. As between a power of sale in a will being a basis for a charge of legacies upon real estate, and the existence of the relationship of parent and child, showing an intendment not to create such a charge, I shall hold the latter as of controlling importance and the outweighing factor on the question of the intent of the testatrix.
Decreed accordingly.