Ingraham, J.:
This is a dispute, between the owner of certain property, the title to which has been acquired by the city of New York in this pro. ceeding, and certain tenants in possession of a portion of said property. The appellant, John Glass, was the owner of the premises in question which at the time of the institution of this proceeding was in possession of thé tenants; the respondents Conron Brothers being in possession of the premises known as No. 7 on the damage map, under a lease beginning May 1, 1896, for ten years, at an annual rental of $3,000 a yéar; the premises known on the damage map. as No. 9 being in the possession of the respondents T. H. Wheeler Conipany, under a lease beginning May 1, 1896, for ten years, at an annual rental of $4,400 the premises No. 8 on the damage map being in the possession of Armour & Co., under a lease beginning November 1,1891, at an annual rental of $2,500; and the property No. 12 on the damage map being in the possession of the Metropolitan Hotel Supply Company, under a lease beginning March 1,1896, for seven years and two months, at an annual rental of $2,750. The Commissioners awarded for the property taken $1,155,129.78. To this award as the total value of the property no objection was taken. The commissioners awarded to the lessees of plot No. 7, Conron Brothers, for the value of their leasehold, the sum of $5,014.60, and also awarded to CoUron Brothers for “ fixtures not so attached as to have become the property of the owner of the land ”■ the sum of $30,000. The commissioners awarded to Armour & Co. as lessees of plot No. 8 for “fixtures not so attached as to have become the property of the owner of the land,” $3,500. The commissioners awarded to the T. H.- Wheeler Company as lessees of plot No. 11 for the value of their leasehold the sum of $4,763.87, and also to . the T. H. Wheeler Company for' “ fixtures not so attached, as to have become the property of the owner of the land,” $4,000. ■ The com*529missioners also made- an award for “fixtures so attached to the structures on the property as to become the property of the owner of the land ” to the owner John Glass of $11,281.98.
Upon this report coming on for confirmation at a Special Term of the Supreme Court, it was confirmed in all respects, except as to these awards for fixtures ; and as to thém the report was confirmed so far as the city of Hew York was concerned; but the report was not confirmed so far as the ownership of the fixtures was concerned or the right- to such award, and the objection of the parties as to such ownership was reserved for the further decision of the court. By a subsequent Order of the court entered on the 26th day of May, 1904, the question reserved in the original Order was determined and' the said report was confirmed so far as it awarded to the T. IT. Wheeler Company for fixtures the sum of $4,150, and to John E. Conron and Joseph Conron, composing the firm of Con-ran Brothers, for fixtures the sum of $30,000'; but the award to John Glass, the landlord, for the suin'of $7,500 for fixtures ivas not confirmed, and the report in that particular was sent back to the commissioners for correction; and from .that Order the landlord, John Glass, appeals. Thus, the value of the property taken by the city, including what is designated fixtures and for which the city was to pay, was settled by these orders, and from that determination no appeal is taken. •
The value of 'the property thus acquired by the city being fixed, the question to be determined was, who is entitled to: the money to be paid by the city for the property acquired. The commissioners ascertained and determined the value of the leases, and for that they made an award,to tlie lessees. The amount of that award is not disputed. At the same time they valued certain improvements upon the demised premises. The amount of that award is not disputed,' but the question is whether it should be paid to the landlord or to the tenants.' The leases under which these tenants held -possession were’, introduced before the commissioners. The lease to Conron Brothers was dated January 21, 1896, and Avas for ten years fróni May 1, 1896, at an annual rental of $3,000. The tenant covenanted to keep the premises in repair and at the expiration of the term to deliver up the demised premises in good order and condition. *530There was no covenant by which the tenant could remove any buildings or other improvements that he had placed upon the premises. The lease by the landlord to the T. H. Wheeler' Company, dated in February, 1896, was for ten years from the 1st of May, 1896; at an annual rental of $4,400, the tenant tokeep the premises in repair, but the fixtures “ put in by the said tenant belong and is* the property of. said tenant and may remove the same at the expiration of this lease, but the. premises shall be left the same as found and at the end or other expiration of the term, shall deliver up the demised premises in good order or condition, damages by the elements excepted.” The lease under which the Metropolitan Hotel Supply Company held was dated March 6, 1896, .was for a term of seven years and two months from March 1, 1896, and contained the same covenants as to repairs, but no covenant authorizing the tenant to remove any buildings or improvements •placed upon the property. The lease to Armour & Co. was dated October "19, 1891, was for a term of ten years from the 1st of No.vembér, 1891, at an annual rental of $2,500, and contained the same covenant as -to repairs, with no clause'in the lease allowing the tenant to remove any fixtures or other structure placed upon the property during the term.
II nder these leases the tenants made certain alterations and repairs in the buildings upon the demised premises necessary to adapt the premises to the use to which they were to be pitt, but it is quite clear from the testimony that the right; to renta ye. this property by the tenants would have been of little if any value. Thus, Mr. Wheeler, testifying as to the property that was put in by the Wheeler Company, stated generally that an ice box for which he made a claim could- be taken out, but that it would then be mere lumber and it would be impossible to restore it to the same condition in any other place; and that various partitions and pipes could be taken out without materially injuring the building, but there was no evidence to show, that after they had been taken out they would be of any substantial value. The testimony on behalf of the tenants ' Conron Brothers, was that they were, in.-the wholesale >poultry and . game business, that they installed a cold storage plant to supply cold *531storage for themselves and'others, and that they supplied this cold storage, electric light and steam for the tenants of the block. This witness described the improvement that they made on the building.: “ Beginning at the cellar, the cellar was concreted when we went in there. We had to take and put, pitch the walls and the cellar; then we started to build our ice houses and freezers comprising the air space with so many boards and paper, comprising, I suppose, what you would call so many houses in one. * * “ With cross partitions and doors from place to place.” He further testified that he built the fixtures on the first floor; ,that they had to calk the floors, and put asphalt on the first floor covering the whole space used by the coolers outside of the office, and then put in ice machines and boilers; that in the basement of Bloomfield street they put ice tanks for making ice, and elevator for engine, and also put an elevator there and different apparatus necessary for their business, piping, etc.; that tlie- elevator runs from the basement to the second story; 'that upon the second story they had what they called a mezzanine floor; that they put the freezers on the same floor and insulated them thoroughly; that these rooms were all piped for the the different temperatures required; that in the front part of the building they made an office and equipped the place with the usual trade fixtures; that they also put electric wires throughout the building; that they had two tubular boilers, two ice machines, also duplicate pumps, two dynamos, two engines, switch board and all the necessary equipment to run a cold. storage plant. They also established pipes through the different portions of the block going to their other customers. An expert witness gave a detailed description of the machinery and fixtures installed by Conron Brothers. He estimated the value of the fixtures as new materials at $75,487.69, which, with a depreciation of $11,323.15, made the property that he found there of the value of $64,164.54. But he testified that the most of this property taken out of this building would be of no value, cost of removal equalling the value of it as old material. The machinery he estimated -as of the value of about $3,000, as second hand machinery. .The testimony in regal'd to the fixtures of the other tenants was substantially the same.
All of the machinery and other appliances installed by these tenants was valuable only to the tenants in the buildings, and detached *532from the building of removed, they were of little value. An examination- of the testimony also shows that this machinery, electric wiring, pipes and refrigerating machinery were all a part of the buildings: It does not require an expert to show that a pipe .to conduct water or-gas from one part of a building to another, or wires to conduct electricity, which' are built 'into the premises become a part of the building, and while it may be that they could be pulléd out without materially injuring, .the' building, the very method by .which they are annexed to the building makes them a part of it, rendering them- valueless except for a use connected with the building. I think it clear that generally all of such installation becomes a part, of the realty, and that even as between landlord and tenant, the tenant would not' have the right at the expiration of his lease to remove what has become a part of the building itself; but as between this landlord and his tenants the right of the tenants to these fixtures was, apart from the use in connection with, the building during the balance of the term demised, solely that of U right to remove at the expiration of the term such portion of the machinery as liad not become "a part of the realty. This, so far as I can - judge from this testimony, is confined to a few machines and steam engines and things of that character -which could be taken out without injury to the building. , I do not think'that boilers built into the walls and which could only be removed by tearing them down are trade fixtures that can be removed by a tenant;/and as. between landlord, and tenant, as I view.it, all the interest that the tenant has at the. expiration of his lease is the'right tó remóvé such of the-property as he has placed upon the demised premises which are' trade fixtures;_ and upon the property being taken for public use he has- the right to have the value of his lease and also the value of this right to remove these trade fixtures at the expiration of his lease. -He would then receive full Compensation if he Were paid the valué of the property that he has the right to remove after it is severed from the - property. He certainly has not the right, as against, his landlord, to have a value fixed upon such- property based upon what it would cost to install it, with a depreciation of its use during the time that it has been in use. : -
As I read this testimony, there is*no evidence to justify any award to the Metropolitan Hotel Supply Company or to Armour Co. *533for these trade fixtures, and I think the commissioners were entirely right in refusing to make any award to them. My conclusion is the same as to the Wheeler Company. There is no evidence to justify a finding that it had the right to recover anything that it had added to this building or erected upon the demised premises. It is true its lease contains a provision allowing it to remove fixtures, but that permission does not enlarge the right that it would have at law in the absence of a provision to that effect in the lease to remove what it had placed upon the premises and which had not become actually a part of the realty. As to Conron Brothers, it would appear that some of the machinery was taken which would have had a value after it was removed and for which they were entitled to an award, but certainly the award that w;as made was much in excess of any property rights that they had, or of the fair value of any property that they had a right to remove.
My conclusion is that the order appealed from, so far as it refused to confirm the report as to the award made to Armour & Co. and the Metropolitan Hotel Supply Company, should be reversed and the report confirmed; that as to the Wheeler Company the order appealed from should be reversed and the matter sent back to the commissioners with directions to award the value of the fixtures described in the report, as property detached from the freehold, and that in relation to Conron Brothers, the order appealed from should be reversed and the matter sent back to the commissioners to make an award to them for the property taken by the city belonging to them which they had a right to remove and which value should be based upon the value of the particular property after it had been detached from the building at the expiration of the term demised; the appellant to have costs of this appeal against the respondents.
Yah Bruht, P. J., Patteesoh, Hatch and Laugtilih, JJ., concurred.
As to Armour & Co. and Metropolitan Hotel Supply Company order reversed and report confirmed; and as to Wheeler Company and Conron Brothers, order reversed and matter. sent back to the commissioners as'stated in opinion. Costs of appeal to appellant against the respondents.