In Re the Care & Treatment of Spencer
Appellant Troy Spencer (“Spencer”) appeals from the judgment of the Circuit Court of Scott County, Missouri, which, following a jury trial, found Spencer to be a sexually violent predator (“SVP”) pursuant to the Sexually Violent Predators Civil Commitment Act (“SVPCCA”), sections 632.480-513, and ordered him committed to the custody of the Department of Mental Health for secure confinement. 1 He now raises four points of trial court error, discussed below. This is the second appeal arising from the State’s efforts to commit Spencer. 2
The record reveals Spencer, who was fifty-four years old at the time of trial, began sexually abusing his daughter when she was six years old. On August 8, 1985, Spencer pled guilty to sodomy of his daughter. At the time of his guilty plea, Spencer estimated he abused his daughter between twenty-five and thirty times over a period of about four years. He stated that such abuse included touching his daughter’s vagina and having her perform oral sex on him. Spencer rationalized he was disappointed in his wife for not taking care of herself physically and that his
After Spencer’s guilty plea, a pre-sen-tence investigation (“PSI”) was performed. The PSI revealed Spencer had also pressured a sixteen-year-old virgin into having sex with him when he was twenty-two years old. Spencer further admitted that when he was sixteen years old, at the encouragement of his older brother, he had molested his nine-year-old sister. Additionally, in the course of receiving mental health treatment, Spencer admitted to having had sex with a fourteen to sixteen-year-old girl in the Philippines while he was in the Navy.
On November 14, 1985, Spencer was sentenced to fifteen years in the Missouri Department of Corrections; execution of the sentence was suspended and Spencer was placed on supervised probation. In accordance with the terms of his probation, Spencer was ordered to admit himself to Fulton State Hospital for inpatient treatment; however, in violation of the terms of his probation, he failed to report to the treatment program and instead left the State of Missouri. Having violated the terms of his probation, Spencer’s conditional release was revoked on February 27, 1986, and he was ordered to serve the fifteen years in prison which had previously been suspended.
While incarcerated, Spencer was placed in the Missouri Sex Offender Program (“MoSOP”) four times between 1994 and 2000. Each time he was terminated for either being disruptive or refusing to participate.
In January of 2001, the State filed a petition alleging that Spencer was a SVP. On September 28, 2001, after a bench trial, the trial court entered its judgment and commitment order, having first found Spencer, “beyond a reasonable doubt, to be a sexually violent predator.”
Spencer,
Subsequently, in May of 2002, the Supreme Court of Missouri held,
inter alia,
that in any commitment case under the SVPCCA, a jury must make a finding as to whether the person subject to commitment has serious difficulty controlling his or her behavior.
Thomas v. State,
Under § 632.480(5) ... a sexually violent predator is
any person who suffers from a mental abnormality which makes the person more likely than not to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence if not confined in a secure facility and who:
(a) Has pled guilty or found guilty, or been found not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect pursuant to section 552.030 ... of a sexually violent offense; or
(b) Has been committed as a criminal sexual psychopath pursuant to section 632.475 and statutes in effect before August 13,1980.
In re Care and Treatment of Burgess,
At trial, the State ha[s] the burden of proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that [the defendant] (1) has a congenital or acquired condition affecting his emotional or volitional capacity that predisposes [him] to commit sexually violent offenses to a degree that causes [him] serious difficulty controlling [his] behavior; and (2) that [he] is more likely than not to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence if not confined.
In re Coffel,
The same evidentiary standard is used for commitment of sexually violent predators as is used for criminal cases.
In re Care and Treatment of Amonette,
In the present matter, the record reveals that the State’s experts were Dr. Jay Englehart and Dr. Bruce Harry and that Dr. Luis Rosell testified for Spencer. Additionally, Dr. Harry Hoberman was called by the State to rebut Dr. Rosell’s testimony. The evidence and inferences favorable to the judgment are summarized below.
Jay Englehart, M.D., is the senior psychiatrist and medical director at the Missouri Sexual Offender Treatment Center. Dr. Englehart supervised Spencer’s treatment beginning in May of 2001, and had reviewed all of Spencer’s records. Dr. Englehart diagnosed Spencer with the following disorders: pedophilia, attracted to females, non-exclusive type; delusional disorder, grandiose type; and personality disorder. Dr. Englehart described pedophilia as an attraction to underage persons for sexual gratification, which lasts for a period of more than six months, and causes significant problems for the person who has that attraction. Dr. Englehart based his pedophilia diagnosis on Spencer’s past behavior such as the molestation of his daughter; his history of sexual activity with under-aged females; and a report by another psychologist containing a statement by Spencer that he is attracted to six to ten-year-old girls. 3
Dr. Englehart also described “delusional disorder, grandiose type” as a disorder in which the subject has the false belief that he has powers or abilities that are much greater than what he has ever been able to demonstrate or that the subject believes he has special contact with God. He noted that a person with this disorder will maintain these beliefs despite evidence to the contrary. As for “personality disorder,” Dr. Englehart described that disorder as one in which a person has certain proble
Dr. Englehart opined that one has to look at Spencer’s entire history in order to make the proper psychological diagnoses. By reviewing Spencer’s records, Dr. En-glehart learned the following concerning Spencer’s prison history.
According to his records, Spencer does not take personal responsibility for his past behavior, but instead blames his actions on his diet. Spencer was diagnosed with paranoid personality disorder in 1989, but refused treatment. Thereafter, he had an episode in 1992 where he was: writing furiously, pacing, refusing to wear clothes and was becoming increasingly agitated. At that time, a psychologist described Spencer’s “content of speech as obviously delusional, grandiose, with excessive religiosity,” and noted that “the form of [Spencer’s] speech [was] as the word ‘salad;’ ” a phrase which indicated the most severe form of thought disorder. Furthermore, Spencer claimed he had been released from prison through prayer when, in fact, he was still incarcerated. Also, Spencer believed that a therapist had a romantic interest in him while he was in MoSOP.
At one point, Spencer had generated over 400 pages of grievances, abuse and neglect allegations, and treatment team requests. Spencer also had numerous rule violations while incarcerated, and was known to write threatening letters demanding his release to various public officials.
Due to Spencer’s bizarre behavior, Dr. Englehart made the decision to involuntarily medicate Spencer in December of 2001. The involuntary medication order did not take effect until June of 2002, during which time Spencer was known to stand on his head, explaining that getting more blood flow to his head would release stress and allow him to be stronger. He would also drink excessive amounts of water either to become water-intoxicated or to manipulate his way off the ward to use the restroom. Also he would frequently be verbally abusive of staff and other patients. 4
After Spencer was involuntarily medicated his behavior improved markedly. Despite the apparent improvement, Spencer told Dr. Englehart that he would not continue taking medication if he were released.
At the time of the trial, Dr. Englehart was treating Spencer with the anti-psychotic medication, Risperdal. According to Dr. Englehart, when Spencer was not on anti-psychotic medication he was abusive towards others, he would become very religiously preoccupied and he would suffer from “thought disorders].”
Also testifying on behalf of the State was Dr. Bruce Harry, a forensic psychiatrist who works for the Department of Mental Health and for the University of Missouri, School of Medicine. Dr. Harry performed a court ordered evaluation of Spencer in 2004 in order to determine whether Spencer suffered from a mental abnormality and/or was a SVP. As part of his court ordered evaluation, Dr. Harry reviewed all documentation made available to him regarding Spencer’s history. As a result, Dr. Harry diagnosed Spencer with the following disorders: pedophilia, sexually attracted to females, non-exclusive type; delusional disorder, grandiose type; and
During his testimony, Dr. Harry referenced Spencer’s belief that he had a highly specialized relationship with God that no one else had and stated that such beliefs were evidence of “delusional disorder, grandiose type.” He noted that Spencer’s long pattern of holding himself out as superior to others was evidence of his “personality disorder with narcissistic features.” He also explained that Spencer’s history of writing letters to various officials demanding his release was further evidence of his feelings of “grandiosity” and “entitlement.” Dr. Harry opined that Spencer had “very intense, distorted religious beliefs” which he used “as a way of venting his anger towards people in an unrealistic manner.”
Dr. Harry also explained that Spencer’s diagnosis of pedophilia was based upon Spencer’s molestation of his daughter over a four-year period, which went on even after he was caught by his wife, as well as the sexual molestation his younger sister. Dr. Harry stated that although these incidents occurred over twenty years ago, Spencer still suffered from pedophilia. Additionally, Dr. Harry noted that Spencer had not successfully completed the sex offender treatment program.
According to Dr. Harry, Spencer met the statutory requirements for a SVP: he suffered from a mental abnormality that made it seriously difficult for him to control his behavior; he was more likely than not to engage in predatory acts of violence if not confined to a secure facility; and he is predatory because his primary purpose in molesting his daughter was victimization.
Dr. Luis Rosell, a clinical psychologist, testified for Spencer. Dr. Rosell, referencing risk factors from recidivism studies, opined that Spencer was not at a high risk to re-offend. However, when testimony revealed that Spencer currently had a girlfriend with two young children, who was also a nanny by profession, Dr. Rosell expressed his concern about Spencer being around the children in the event he was released.
Dr. Harry Hoberman, a forensic psychologist, was called by the State to rebut Dr. Rosell’s testimony. Dr. Hoberman opined that Dr. Rosell misapplied the relevant risk factors when assessing Spencer’s likelihood of re-offending.
In his first point on appeal, Spencer essentially contends there was “insufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt” that his “diagnosed pedophilia presented a current danger to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence if not confined.... ” Similarly, in his second point he asserts that his “diagnoses of delusional disorder and personality disorder, not otherwise specified,” are “insufficiently precise to identify mental abnormalities limited to future risk of sexual offending, but rather suggest only a propensity to criminality....”
We need not reach the issues set out in Spencer’s second point because Spencer’s first point does not dispute that pedophilia is a mental abnormality for purposes of the
Spencer essentially argues the State did not prove his diagnosed pedophilia created a current danger that he would engage in predatory acts of sexual violence. As support, Spencer cites to Dr. Harry’s testimony that there was no indication at the time of his examination that Spencer had current sexual fantasies regarding children.
As previously related, the State must prove Spencer suffers from a “mental abnormality,” as defined in section 632.480(2), and that the mental abnormality causes the person “serious difficulty” in controlling his behavior.
Thomas,
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury verdict,
Burgess,
Dr. Rosell, testifying on behalf of Spencer, stated that based on relevant factors Spencer was not at a high risk to re-offend; however, Dr. Rosell’s testimony was rebutted by Dr. Hoberman. Dr. Hob-erman asserted that Dr. Rosell applied the term “incest offender” incorrectly when assessing Spencer’s risk to re-offend. Dr. Hoberman related Spencer was not an incest offender because he had “acknowledged several ... underage female victims who are outside his family.” Dr. Hober-man also stated this factor “has a significant effect on the expected base rate for sex offense recidivism.” He further opined that Dr. Rosell had improperly stated that Spencer had refused treatment, when in fact he had been terminated from treatment. Dr. Hoberman explained that “when you get kicked out of treatment once, let alone four times, that dramatically increases ... your risk of re-offending.”
Also, as previously recited, Dr. Engle-hart testified that Spencer’s molestation of his daughter, his history of sexual activity with under-aged females, and his statement that he is attracted to six to ten-year-old girls were all relevant in his diag
Additionally, the State presented evidence that when he was not on anti-psychotic medication, Spencer’s behavior was very aggressive, abusive and erratic. Further, Spencer indicated that he was unwilling to medicate himself if he were released from commitment.
As best we discern, no expert witness has suggested that Spencer’s pedophilia is in remission. Dr. Harry testified that Spencer’s pedophilia has not gone away due to the mere lapse of time. It is apparent from the jury’s verdict that it chose to believe Dr. Harry’s determination that Spencer was more likely than not to re-offend. “It was within the jury’s domain to make a credibility determination as to whose expert testimony it chose to believe.”
Collins,
In his third and fourth points on appeal, Spencer raises two related arguments. In Point Three, he contends the trial court abused its discretion and plainly erred in denying his pretrial motion to exclude expert testimony on the necessary element of “serious difficulty controlling his behavior.” Specifically, Spencer asserts the trial court erred in permitting Dr. Harry to testify that in his opinion Spencer has serious difficulty controlling his behavior, because there was an “insufficient foundation for the admission of Dr. Harry’s testimony in that there is no reasonably reliable basis or methodology upon which psychologists can determine an individual’s ability to control behavior.” Similarly, in Point Four, Spencer contends the trial court abused its discretion and plainly erred in denying Spencer’s motion to exclude expert testimony and in permitting Dr. Harry’s testimony because the “determination of whether a person has shown serious difficulty controlling behavior is one lay persons can make on the basis of their own experience, rendering an expert opinion on this issue inadmissible.”
We note that Spencer filed a pretrial motion to exclude expert testimony relating to whether Spencer has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. His motion was denied. The State then presented evidence in the form of Dr. Harry’s testimony that Spencer has serious difficulty controlling his behavior. However, Spencer’s counsel posed no objection to such testimony; accordingly, Spencer’s third and fourth points cannot be considered in this appeal.
See Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp.,
Rule 84.13(c) provides that: “Plain errors affecting substantial rights may be considered on appeal, in the discretion of the court, though not raised or preserved, when the court finds that manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted therefrom.” “Plain error review is seldom granted in civil cases and ‘may not be invoked to cure the mere failure to make proper and timely objections.’ ”
Gill Constr., Inc. v. 18th & Vine Auth.,
The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. Unless otherwise stated, all statutory references are to RSMo 2000. Rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2005).
. See
Spencer v. State,
. ”[A]n expert ... may be permitted to rely on such information as long as the information is not offered as independent substantive evidence and serves only as background for the expert's opinion.”
Burgess,
. On March 16, 2002, Spencer yelled to a staff member, "[y]ou are so fat I hope you have a heart attack and die. That's what I’m hoping for.” At one point Spencer jumped on his bed took his clothes off and said to staff, "[y]ou want some of this?” while shaking his penis and threatening to urinate on the walls.
.
See In re Care and Treatment of Pate,