68 Conn. App. 427 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2002
Lead Opinion
Opinion
The respondent appeals from the judgment of the trial court granting the motion filed by the petitioner, the commissioner of children and families (commissioner), to transfer him from Long Lane School to the John R. Manson Youth Institution pursuant to General Statutes § 17a-12 (a).
The respondent is a mentally disabled youth with the intellect of a four to five year old.
After the respondent was arrested and charged with assaulting personnel at the hospital, the commissioner filed a motion, pursuant to § 17a-12 (a), to transfer him from Long Lane School to John R. Manson Youth Institution, claiming that he was dangerous to himself and others.
Thereafter, on November 6, 2000, the petitioner removed the respondent from John R. Manson Youth Institution and transferred him to Arbor-Fuller Hospital in South Attleboro, Massachusetts. The respondent resided at Arbor-Fuller Hospital until November 11, 2000, when he was discharged and again placed at Long Lane School by the commissioner, where he remained until his eighteenth birthday.
As a preliminary matter, the petitioner argues that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this appeal because it is moot. She argues that because the respondent was returned to Long Lane School, and because he has reached the age of majority and was discharged from the commissioner’s custody pursuant to his delinquency commitment, he no longer is subject to § 17a-12 (a). We agree that our decision will not affect the respondent personally. We conclude, however, that all three requirements are met to qualify for appellate review under the capable of repetition, yet evading review exception to the mootness doctrine.
We decline to address the claim that § 17a-12 (a) is unconstitutional on its face. Rather, we address the respondent’s claim that as the statute was applied, he was denied procedural due process. “A party has standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute only insofar as it has an adverse impact on his own rights. As a general rule, if there is no constitutional defect in the application of the statute to a litigant, he does not have standing to argue that it would be unconstitutional if applied to third parties in hypothetical situations.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Korhn, 41 Conn. App. 874, 878, 678 A.2d 492, cert. denied, 239 Conn. 910, 682 A.2d 1010 (1996). We therefore conclude that the respondent has no standing to challenge the constitutionality of § 17a-12 (a) on its face.
“The requirements for a successful due process claim are well established. The fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution provides that the State [shall not] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law .... In order to prevail on his due process claim, the [respondent] must prove that: (1) he has been deprived of a property [or liberty] interest cognizable under the due process clause; and (2) the deprivation of the property [or liberty] interest has occurred without due process of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Angel C., 245 Conn. 93, 104, 715 A.2d 652 (1998).
“[I]t is important to understand that commitment for any purpose constitutes a significant deprivation of liberty that requires due process protection.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Jason C., 255 Conn. 565, 579, 767 A.2d 710 (2001), quoting Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 361, 103 S. Ct. 3043, 77 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1983). Furthermore, the United States Supreme Court has noted that due process protections may be extended to a decision to impose solitary confinement because “[it] represents a major change in the conditions of confinement and is normally imposed only when it is claimed and proved that there has been a major act of misconduct.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 488, 100 S. Ct. 1254, 63 L. Ed. 2d 552 (1980). We conclude that the circumstances in this case give rise to a liberty interest.
“ ‘A proceeding where the issue is whether the child will be found to be “delinquent” and subjected to the loss of his liberty for years is comparable in seriousness to a felony prosecution.’ In re Gault, supra, 387 U.S. 36. ‘[Commitment is a deprivation of liberty. It is incarceration against one’s will, whether it is called “criminal” or “civil.” ’ Id., 50.” In re Jason C., supra, 255 Conn. 579. When an adult is prosecuted, due process mandates that the person be legally competent to stand trial before he can be convicted of a crime. See State v. Williams, 65 Conn. App. 59, 84, 782 A.2d 149, cert. denied, 258 Conn. 923, 782 A.2d 1251 (2001).
A juvenile cannot be transferred from Long Lane School to John R. Manson Youth Institution unless the court orders the transfer after a hearing. General Statutes § 17a-12 (a). Prior to the respondent’s transfer hearing, he was diagnosed as suffering from dysthymia, conduct disorder, mild mental retardation and borderline personality disorder. Furthermore, the petitioner acknowledges that there was concern regarding the
We hold that to comply with procedural due process, the court must first determine the competency of the juvenile before ordering a transfer from a department facility, Long Lane School, to a department of correction facility, John R. Manson Youth Institution.
Additionally, § 17a-12 (a) requires that a transfer from one facility to another be in the best interest of the child. “The State has ‘a parens patriae interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child,’ Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 766, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982), which makes a juvenile proceeding fundamentally different from an adult criminal trial. We have tried, therefore, to strike a balance—to respect the ‘informality’ and ‘flexibility’ that characterize juvenile proceedings, In re Winship, [397 U.S. 358, 366, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970)], and yet to ensure that such proceedings comport with the ‘fundamental fairness’ demanded by the Due Process Clause.” In re Steven G., 210 Conn. 435, 440-41, 556 A.2d 131 (1989). To comport with fundamental fairness, and in accord with the state’s parens patriae interest, the court must determine whether the proposed transfer is in the best
Although our decision here cannot affect the respondent, for pmposes of future transfer proceedings, the court must first consider the child’s competency and then determine if the transfer is in the best interest of the child, including considering evidence of alternatives to incarceration at John R. Manson Youth Institution.
The judgment is vacated and the matter is remanded with direction to render judgment of dismissal.
In this opinion PETERS, J., concurred.
General Statutes § 17a-12 (a) provides in relevant part: “When the commissioner, or his designee, determines that a change of program is in the best interest of any child or youth committed or transferred to the department, he, or his designee, may transfer such person to any appropriate resource or program administered by or available to the department, to any other state department or agency . . . and further provided no transfer shall be made to any institution, hospital or facility under the jurisdiction of the Department of Correction . . . unless it is so ordered by the Superior Court after a hearing. When, in the opinion of the commissioner, or his designee, a person fourteen years of age or older is dangerous to himself or others or cannot be safely held at Long Lane School, or any other facility -within the state available to the Commissioner of Children and Families, the commissioner, or his designee may request an immediate hearing before the Superior Court on the docket for juvenile matters where such person was originally committed to determine whether such person shall be transferred to the John R. Manson Youth Institution, Cheshire, if a male . . . .”
The respondent reached the age of majority after he filed this appeal.
Riverview Hospital is associated with Unified School District No. 2, a special school district within the department of children and families established pursuant to General Statutes § 17a-37. Unified School District No. 1 v. Dept. of Education, 64 Conn. App. 273, 276 n.3, 780 A.2d 154, cert. denied, 258 Conn. 910, 782 A.2d 1253 (2001).
Long Lane School is a juvenile facility maintained by the department of children and families. General Statutes § 17a-3.
The John R. Manson Youth Institution is a correctional institution. General Statutes § 1-1 (w).
Upon his eighteenth birthday, the petitioner was placed in the custody of the commissioner of the department of mental retardation. He continues to reside in a cottage located at the Long Lane School facility in Middletown over which the department of mental retardation assumed full operational control on June 1,2001. He was expected to be moved to another department of mental retardation facility in October, 2001.
Because we conclude that the questions raised in this appeal qualify for review under an exception to the mootness doctrine, the petitioner’s motion to dismiss filed with this court on October 1, 2001, is denied.
“Our cases reveal that for an otherwise moot question to qualify for review under the ‘capable of repetition, yet evading review’ exception, it must meet three requirements. First, the challenged action, or the effect of the challenged action, by its very nature must be of a limited duration so that there is a strong likelihood that the substantial majority of cases raising
The respondent also claims that General Statutes § 17a-12 (a) violates the constitution of Connecticut in several ways. “Because the [respondent] has not briefed his claim[s] separately under the Connecticut constitution, we limit our review to the United States constitution. We have repeatedly apprised litigants that we will not entertain a state constitutional claim unless the [respondent] has provided an independent analysis under the particular provisions of the state constitution at issue. . . . Without a separately briefed and analyzed state constitutional claim, we deem abandoned the [respondent’s] claim[s] . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Jones, 65 Conn. App. 649, 652 n.6, 783 A.2d 511 (2001).
In addition, the court had before it a letter authored by the department of children and families alerting the court to the “likelihood” that the respondent would be found incompetent in the pending adult criminal matters.
The petitioner cites In re Appeal of Bailey, 158 Conn. 439, 262 A.2d 177 (1969), to support her contention that because the respondent has not established that John R. Manson Youth Institution is a penal institution as to his placement there, this court may reject the respondent’s due process claim. That case is inapposite to the present one. In that case, the juvenile did not claim that he was deprived of procedural due process.
At the April 3, 2000 hearing, the respondent’s guardian ad litem argued that the transfer would not be in the respondent’s best interest and made an offer of proof regarding evidence on the best interest issue. The court improperly declined to take evidence on matters beyond the criteria established by General Statutes § 17a-12.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. I concur in the result reached by the majority, but I write separately because I believe that under the circumstances of this case, the department of children and families breached the duty that it owed to the respondent.
The respondent has multiple disabilities. He frequently displays aggressive behavior, and his large size makes him difficult to manage. It is clear that the state of Connecticut could not formulate a plan to handle the respondent adequately. In that regard, the record reflects that on March 17, 2000, an interagency committee met to review the respondent’s case and to develop a coordinated plan to serve him. Twenty-six professionals were present at that meeting, representing the department of correction, the department of mental health and addiction services, the department of mental retardation, and the department of children and families. Robert W. Plant, superintendent for Riverview Hospital, and Patrick Russolillo, supervising psychologist for the
General Statutes § 17a-12 (a) allows for the transfer of “a person fourteen years of age or older” who is “dangerous to himself or others or cannot be safely held at Long Lane School . . . .” The statute does not take into account an individual with the respondent’s disabilities. I believe, however, that transferring the respondent to a penal institution, and incarcerating him in solitary confinement when he is not a criminal, is not within the contemplation of the statute. Individuals such as the respondent require appropriate mental health services, not incarceration in a prison cell. Unless the respondent is placed in an appropriate therapeutic setting, he will not learn how to modify his behavior.
Children with mental illness who are committed to the department of children and families must be offered adequate treatment programs corresponding to their individual needs. The respondent has a profound need for such services. Instead of providing appropriate services, the respondent was incarcerated in a prison cell. In taking that action, the department of children and families breached the duty that it owed to the respondent.
I am writing this concurrence so that no mentally handicapped child will ever have to suffer the debilitating treatment suffered by the respondent. If the department of children and families does not have a facility to handle a disabled child in its custody, it has a duty to find a facility equipped to handle the disability and place the child in a proper setting.
The letter stated in relevant part: “Based on a review of his history and current functioning the team has determined that [the respondent] can only be effectively treated in an environment equipped to safely contain his rage and aggression. At present, there is no known facility of this kind outside of a correctional facility. In the long term, the team is in agreement that [the respondent] will best be served outside of the correctional system in a specially designed and secure treatment setting that we are working together (DMHAS, DCF, DMR & DOC) to develop. In the short-term we feel that he is best served in a highly secure setting such as Hartford Detention or Manson Youth. DCF is committed to arranging for Mental Health Services and Restoration of Competency to be provided in whatever setting can safely maintain him. Our experience has been that he cannot be safely maintained at either Long Lane or Riverview Hospital.”
