Bankr. L. Rep. P 75,294
In re SOFTWAIRE CENTRE INTERNATIONAL, INC., Debtor.
UPGRADE CORPORATION, aka Softwaire Centre International,
Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
Nos. 91-55591, 91-56109.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Jan. 4, 1993.
Decided May 28, 1993.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing
and Rehearing En Banc
Sept. 15, 1993.
ORDER
This court's opinion, filed May 28, 1993, is amended as follows.
The following footnote shall be added to the last sentence of the first full paragraph on page 5390 of the Slip Opinion. Footnote 2:
With the above amendment, the panel, as constituted above, has voted unanimously to deny the petition for rehearing. Judges Canby and Norris have voted to reject the suggestion for a rehearing en banc, and Judge Boochever has recommended the same.
The full court has been advised of the suggestion for en banc rehearing and no judge of the court has requested a vote on the suggestion for rehearing en banc. Fed.R.App.P. 35(b).
The petition for rehearing is DENIED, and the suggestion for a rehearing en banc is REJECTED.
Steven E. Smith, Danning, Gill, Gould, Joseph & Diamond, Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiff-appellant.
Daniel M. Kolkey, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Los Angeles, CA, for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before: CANBY, ROBERT BOOCHEVER, and NORRIS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This case presents the question whether 11 U.S.C. § 546(a), a bankruptcy code statute of limitations provision, applies to debtors in possession. We hold that it does.
* Softwaire Centre International (SCI) filed its complaint in the instant action more than two years after it filed its bankruptcy petition. Section 546(a), entitled "Limitations on Avoiding Powers", states that actions brought under a variety of bankruptcy code provisions "may not be commenced after the earlier of 1) two years after the appointment of a trustee ... or 2) the time the case is closed or dismissed." Here the case has not been closed or dismissed, nor has a trustee been appointed. Instead, SCI is a debtor in possession. SCI argues that because it is a debtor in possession and no trustee has been appointed, § 546(a) does not apply in this case.
This is a question of first impression in this circuit. The only other circuit to have addressed the issue is the Tenth, which held that § 546(a) limits debtors in possession as well as trustees. Zilkha Energy Co. v. Leighton,
We follow Zilkha, even though it has been criticized by a number of bankruptcy courts.1 Zilkha 's critics make two arguments, neither of which we find persuasive. First, they say § 546(a) on its face refers only to trustees, not to debtors in possession. Cardullo,
[Section 1107] places a debtor in possession in the shoes of a trustee in every way. The debtor is given the rights and powers of a chapter 11 trustee. He is required to perform the functions and duties of a chapter 11 trustee (except the investigative duties). He is also subject to any limitations on a chapter 11 trustee....
See S.Rep. No. 95-989, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess. 116 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5902 (emphasis added). Accord, H.Rep. No. 95-595, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess. 404 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6360; In re Woodson,
Zilkha 's critics also dispute that a debtor in possession is the functional equivalent of a trustee. They argue that this analogy "ignores the reality of reorganization," because debtors in possession typically negotiate with the creditors of the estate. Pullman,
In sum, we are not sufficiently persuaded by the criticisms of Zilkha. We agree with Zilkha that § 546(a), when read in light of § 1107(a), was intended to apply to debtors in possession as well as trustees.2
We conclude, therefore, that SCI's claims are time barred. We also conclude that SCI has not raised a genuine issue of material fact as to its claim that the statute of limitations was tolled by fraudulent concealment or its claim that its post-petition transfer claim was not time barred. Finally, we reject SCI's claim that the district court failed to conduct de novo review of the magistrate's report. The summary judgment in favor of Government Technology Services, Inc. is
AFFIRMED.
Notes
For criticism of Zilkha, see In re Cardullo,
Two courts have followed Zilkha. See Sparmal Enterprises v. Moffit Realty Corp.,
SCI also asserts that certain deadlines in its approved reorganization plan supplanted the § 546(a) statute of limitations. We choose not to consider this issue because it was raised for the first time in a petition for rehearing. See Escobar Ruiz v. I.N.S.,