In Re Santander Consumer USA, Inc., 445 S.W.3d 216

445 S.W.3d 216

Tex. App.

2013

Lead Opinion

OPINION

HARVEY BROWN, Justice.

The trial court denied Santander Consumer USA, Inc.’s motion to compel arbi*217tration pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act.1 Although the Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides for immediate, interlocutory review of the denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA, Santander did not appeal the trial court’s order. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016 (West Supp.2011) (“In a matter subject to the [FAA], a person may take an appeal ... to the court of appeals from the judgment or interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order or decision would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.”); 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C) (2006) (FAA provision permitting appeals of orders denying application to compel аrbitration); CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 448-49 (Tex.2011) (explaining that section 51.016 provides for interlocutory appeals in FAA cases so long as “it would be permitted under the same circumstances in federal court under section 16”). Instead, after the expiration of the time for filing an interlocutory appeal, Santander challenged the trial court’s order by petition for writ of mandamus. We conclude that the writ should not issue under the circumstances of this case, and we therefore deny San-tander’s petition.

Background

Jan Bonner executed a retail installment contract and security agreement with Ron Hoover RV and Marine for the purchase of boating equipment. An assignment from Ron Hoover to GEMB Lending, Inc. appears on the face of the contract. San-tander alleges thаt it later acquired the contract from GEMB. When Santander attempted to collect amounts due under the contract from Bonner, Bonner filed the underlying lawsuit alleging that he was not liable to Santander on the contract and that Santander’s collection efforts violated the Texas Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Santander answered the lawsuit and moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an arbitration clause in the contract providing in pertinent part:

[A]ny claim or dispute in contract, tort, statute or otherwise ... that arises out of or relates to your credit application, this Contract or any resulting transaction or relationship, including those with third parties who do no sign this Contract, is to be decided by neutral binding arbitration.... The Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.) governs this arbitration agreement and not any state law concerning arbitration, including state law arbitration rules and procedures.

Bonner opposed the motion to compel on the ground that Santander failed to establish that it had properly acquired the contract from GEMB. The trial court denied Santander’s motion.'

Rather than file a timely notice of interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order denying the motion to compel arbitration, Santander filed this petition for writ of mandamus more than forty days after the time for taking an interlocutory appeal had expired.

Mandamus Standard

The standard for the issuance of a writ of mandamus is well established. Thе writ will issue only if the trial court clearly abused its discretion and, relevant here, the relator has no adequate remedy by appeal. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex.2004) (orig. *218proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 838, 839 (Tex.1992) (orig. proceeding). Although “the standard’s ‘operative word, “adequate”, has no comprehensive definition’ and demands a ‘careful balance of jurisprudential considerations that determine when appellate courts will use original mandamus proceedings to review the actions of lower courts,’ mandamus will not issue when the law provides another plain, adequate, and complete remedy.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding) (quoting In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135-36); see also In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex.2009) (orig. proceeding) (“Mandamus should not issue to correct grievances that may be addressed by other remedies.”);. State v. Walker, 679 S.W.2d 484, 485 (Tex.1984) (orig. proceeding) (holding mandamus will not issue where there is “a clear and adequate remedy at law, such as a normal appeal”).

Santander has not established its entitlement to mandamus relief

According to Santander, the Texas Supreme Court has determined that mandamus is the appropriate remedy for the wrongful denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA without the necessity of demonstrating the lack of an adequate appellate remedy on a case-specific basis. See, e.g., In re Dillard Dept. Stores, Inc., 198 S.W.3d 778, 782 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding, per curiam) (granting writ of mandamus and ordering trial court to vacate its order denying motion to compel arbitration without reviewing whether an adequate remedy existed); In re Vesta Ins. Group, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 759, 763-64 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding, per curiam) (same). The Court first addressed thе issue of whether to grant mandamus relief to a party denied arbitration under the FAA in Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 269, 272 (Tex.1992) (orig. proceeding). There, the Court determined that a party improperly denied the benefit of arbitration under the FAA had no right to an interlocutory appeal and “urge[d] the legislature to consider amending the Texas [Arbitration] Act to permit interlocutory appeals of orders issued pursuant to the Federal Act.” Id. at 272. The Court stated, “Such a procedure, already available for orders under the Texas Act, [would be] preferable to reliance on the writ of mandamus to fill this gap in appellate jurisdiction.” Id. Until such time as the legislature acted, the Court determined that a party could seek mandamus relief or else the very subject of an appеal — the right not to litigate but to arbitrate as contracted for by the parties — would be rendered illusory. Id. Absent mandamus relief, the party seeking arbitration “would be deprived of the benefits of the arbitration clause it contracted for, and the purpose of providing a rapid, inexpensive alternative to traditional litigation would be defeated.” Id. at 272-73.

The legislature responded to the Court’s request and closed the gap in appellate jurisdiction by enacting section 51.016 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which authorizes interlocutory appeals under the FAA in suits filed after September 1, 2009. See Act of June 19, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 820, § 2, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws.2061 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2011)); CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 448-49.

Santander does not dispute that section 51.016 confers a right to prosecute an acсelerated, interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order denying the motion to compel arbitration in this case. This is not a case in which the parties are uncertain whether *219the FAA applies — they have expressed ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍agreement on that matter.2 And the underlying case was filed in December 2011, more than two years after section 51.016’s effective date. See Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.016. Yet Santander does not offer any explanation for its failure to timely appeal the trial court’s order. Instead, Santander argues that because section 51.016 uses permissive language — a party “may” appeal a judgment or interlocutory order that would be appealable under the FAA — its failure to exercise the appellate remedy provided therein does not constitute a waiver of the right to challenge the trial court’s order by petition for writ of mandamus.3 Id. Stated differently, Santander argues that because section 51.016 does not require an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order as the sole means of challenging such an order, Santander may pursue mandamus relief under Texas Supreme Court authority predating the enactment of section 51.016. See, e.g., In re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 780 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding); Jack B. Anglin, 842 S.W.2d at 272. Thus, Santander essentially contends that a party improperly denied arbitration may always either take an interlocutory appeal or request mandamus relief and if it chooses mandamus, that party need not demonstrate any case-specific reason why an appeal was not adequate. Bonner, on the othеr hand, contends that because an avenue for immediate review exists through interlocutory appeal, a party may never obtain mandamus relief.

Santander’s argument relies on Hernandez v. Ebrom, a case in which the Texas Supreme Court determined that a defendant’s failure to challenge the adequacy of an expert report by interlocutory appeal under section 51.014(a)(9) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code did not bar the defendant from challenging the report by appeal from a final judgment. 289 S.W.3d 316, 318-19 (Tex.2009); see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(9) (West Supp.2011) (authorizing interlocutory appeal of orders denying all or part of challenge to expert reports in health-care-liability claims). The Court reasoned, “The Legislature authorized health care providers to pursue interlocutory appeals from trial court dеnials of challenges to plaintiffs’ expert reports, but we see no indication that the Legislature effectively man*220dated interlocutory appeals by providing that if no appeal was taken, then the health care provider waived the right to challenge the report under all circumstances.” Id. at 319. While Hernandez supports Santander’s assertion that a challenge to the trial court’s denial of arbitration under the FAA is not waived by San-tander’s failure to pursue an interlocutory appeal, Hernandez does not clarify whether Santander may have immediate review of its challenge by petition for writ of mandamus. Hernandez merely protects Santander’s right to assert his complaint at some later time, specifically, on appeal from a final judgment.4 See id.

In the cases cited by Santander, which predate section 51.016’s enactment, the Texas Supreme Court recognized mandamus as the appropriate remedy for the wrongful denial of motions to compel arbitration under the FAA only because there was no alternative appellate remedy at the time. See In re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d at 780; Jack B. Anglin, 842 S.W.2d at 272-73. Mandamus functioned as a “statutory ‘gap-filler.’ ”5 In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 395 (Tex.2011) (Willett, J., dissenting).

This case, however, is distinguishable from the cases in which parties challenging the denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA were granted mandamus relief in the past because the statutory gap with respect to the availability of immediate appellate review no longer exists. See Tex. Civ. Peac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016. Thus, unlike the parties seeking relief before section 51.016’s enactment, Santander had an avenue for immediate appellate reviеw of the trial court’s order denying its motion to compel arbitration under the FAA. See id. (“In a matter subject to the [FAA], a person may take an appeal ... to the court of appeals from the judgment or interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order or decision would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.”); 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C) (permitting appeals of orders *221denying application to compel arbitration); see also Tex.R.App. P. 29.3 (authorizing appellate courts to “make any temporary orders necessary to preserve the parties’ rights until disposition of the [interlocutory] appeal.... ”).

This . case could potentially raise the question of whether Santander’s petition must be categorically denied because section 51.016 would have afforded Santander a remedy by appeal had Santander timely availed itself of the statute, as mandamus is not ordinarily available if another remedy, though it would have been adequate and complete, was not exercised. See In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d at 613 (“[M]andamus will not issue when the law provides another plain, adequate, and complete remedy.”); see also In re Columbia Med. Ctr., 290 S.W.3d at 207 (“Mandamus should not issue to correct grievances that may be addressed by other remedies.”). But we need not decide that issue for every future case by announcing a rule applicable to all cases; instead we limit ourselves to the record presented here.

The Texas Supreme Court demonstrated judicial restraint in the application of mandamus рrinciples in In re Texas Department of Family & Protective Services. There, the trial court abused its discretion by failing to dismiss a suit affecting the parent-child relationship within the statutory deadline. 210 S.W.3d at 613; see also Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 263.401(a) (West 2011) (“Unless the court has commenced the trial on the merits or granted an extension ..., on the first Monday after the first anniversary of the date the court rendered a temporary order appointing the department as temporary managing conservator, the court shall dismiss the suit affecting the parent-child relationship-”). The Court, after acknowledging the special need for accelerated disposition of cases involving child custody, concluded that, nevertheless, mandamus was not available because “an accelerated appeal provided an adequatе remedy.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d at 613-14. The Court made clear that the scope of its holding was narrow, declining to foreclose mandamus relief from a trial court’s failure to dismiss a SAPCR within the statutory ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍deadline in all cases and stating that, “under the facts of this case, [the Court cannot] conclude that an accelerated appeal was not an adequate remedy.” Id. at 614.

Following the Court’s cautious approach in In re Texas Department of Family & Protective Services, we decline to announce a broad rule applying in all cases. Rather than state a blanket rule that mandamus is never available when a party does not take an interlocutory appeal from an order denying a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA (as suggested by Bonner and as the concurrence would hold), we conclude that judicial restraint requires us to consider only the сircumstances presented by this case and to make a narrow holding that Santander has not demonstrated its entitlement to the writ here.6

First, Santander has not demonstrated that a timely filed, accelerated appeal would not have afforded it a complete and *222adequate remedy. It is unnecessary to determine whether, by creating an avenue of appeal under section 51.016, the Legislature has by implication negated one of the elements of obtaining mandamus relief (no adequate remedy by appeal) in other cases.7 It is sufficient here to decide that under the facts of this case Santander has not demonstrated that the benefits of proceeding by mandamus outweigh the detriments. See In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 136 (requiring “careful balance” of “jur-isdprudential concerns” in determining whether “any benefits to mandamus review are outweighed by the detriments”). Prudential provides that the requirement of an “adequate” remedy on appeal is not subject to simple categories or bright-line rules and instead “is simply a proxy for the careful balance of jurisprudential considerations that determine when áppellate courts will use original mandamus proceedings to review the actions of lower courts.” Id. The test “is practical and prudential.” Id. A complete analysis of the adequacy of appellate remedies requires consideration of the degree to which “important substantive and procedural rights” are subject to “impairment or loss” as one of the factors affecting the adequacy of appeal,8 none of which is discussed by Santander.

Without briefing оn the benefits and detriments of mandamus review, we conclude that it would be unnecessary and advisory to announce a bright-line rule that a party who fails to exercise its statutory remedy of interlocutory appeal has an adequate remedy in every circumstance.9 We therefore refuse to speculate on whether a remedy that in fact existed through interlocutory appeal, but was not exercised, is always “adequate.” Furthermore, it is unnecessary for us to decide whether practical or prudential concerns *223countenance ever permitting a party to proceed in an original proceeding or whether the balancing of such concerns would only create an impermissible end-run around the rules for filing interlocutory appeals. See, e.g., Tex.R.App.- P. 26.1(b) (requiring notice of accelerated appeal to be filed within twenty days after the judgment or order is signed). Nor will we speculate whether any exceptional circumstances exist here that would excuse Santander’s failure to pursue an interlocutory appeal or otherwise warrant the issuance of mandamus relief in this case.

In refusing to engage in such speculation — without the benefit of any briefing pertinent to the issue — we are not, as our concurring colleague suggests, expressing an opinion that there could be circumstances under which section 51.016 might fail to provide a complete remedy. We merely decline to give an advisory opinion on that issue in this case. We concludе instead that Santander has not carried its burden to establish the inadequacy of its remedies on appeal, and therefore it has not established its entitlement to mandamus relief. See In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 374 (observing that mandamus is extraordinary remedy issued not as matter of right but at court’s discretion).10

Conclusion

Having concluded that Santander has not established its entitlement to mandamus relief, we deny the petition. All outstanding motions are overruled as moot.

Justice KEYES, concurring only in the judgment.

Notes

. The underlying case is Bonner v. Santander Consumer USA, Inc., No. 2011-76048 in the 80th District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Larry Weiman presiding.

. The arbitration provision at issue explicitly designates arbitration pursuant to the FAA, Santander’s motion to compel specifically requested arbitration under the FAA, and the parties have both stated that arbitration would be under the FAA in their briefing in this Court.

. Santander’s exclusive argumеnt in its petition was that the trial court erred in denying its motion to compel; Santander did not address whether it had an adequate remedy by appeal except to summarily state that ”[m]an-damus is appropriate to review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to compel arbitration.” Bonner in reply contended that Santander had an adequate remedy at law because of the availability of an interlocutory appeal and therefore was not entitled to mandamus relief. Neither party has cited any authority discussing whether mandamus relief is available when the relator has disregarded its right to an interlocutory appeal. We issued an order in which we noted that mandamus “will issue only to correct an abuse of discretion for which there is not adequate remedy by appeal” and requested that Santander file a supplemental brief "explaining why the petition should not be denied because section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides for immediate review of an order denying a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA by interlocutory appeal.” Santander then filed a supplemental brief asserting this argument regarding the permissive nature of interlocutory appeals and citing Hernandez v. Ebrom, 289 S.W.3d 316 (Tex.2009) and Texas LaFiesta Auto Sales, LLC v. Belk, 349 S.W.3d 872 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.), both of which we discuss below.

. Santander also cites Belk for the proposition that the enactment of section 51.016 did not eliminate mandamus as a remedy in all cases in which a party is wrongfully denied arbitration rights under the FAA. 349 S.W.3d 872. In Belk, the parties disputed whether the challengеd order compelled or denied arbitration. The court, in stating that "mandamus relief remains potentially available to the appellants, as 'mandamus is proper to correct a clear abuse of discretion when there is no adequate remedy by appeal, as when a party is erroneously denied its contracted-for arbitration rights under the FAA,’" recognized only that mandamus may still serve as a gap-filler if interlocutory appeal is not statutorily authorized. Id. at 879 (quoting CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 452).

. Mandamus has also served a “gap-filling” purpose in other arbitration contexts. For instance, in CMH Homes, the parties contracted to name their arbitrator but were unable to reach agreement on the issue. The trial court intervened and appointed an arbitrator. CMH Hоmes filed an interlocutory appeal challenging the appointment. The court of appeals concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to decide the interlocutory appeal, and the Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals’ judgment. CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 452. In affirming, however, the Court cited In re Louisiana Pacific Corp., 972 S.W.2d 63 (Tex.1998), in which the Court had concluded that a trial court’s order appointing an arbitrator could be reviewed by mandamus. The Court stated that its holding in Louisiana Pacific was not altered by the Legislature’s adoption of section 51.016 because ”[t]here is still no remedy by appeal because the FAA does not provide for the review of this type of order [appointing an arbitrator] in state court” ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍and instructed that the court of appeals should treat the impermissible appeal as a petitiоn for writ of mandamus since CMH Homes had invoked the court of appeals’ original jurisdiction by requesting such treatment. CMH Homes, 340 S.W.3d at 452.

. See, e.g., VanDevender v. Woods, 222 S.W.3d 430, 433 (Tex.2007) (noting "the cardinal principle of judicial restraint — if it is not necessary to decide more, it is necessary not to decide more” (quoting PDK Labs., Inc. v. U.S. Drug Enforcement Admin., 362 F.3d 786, 799 (D.C.Cir.2004) (Roberts, J., concurring))); In re Higby, 325 S.W.3d 740, 744 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, orig. proceeding) (declining to address substantive legal arguments about application of medical peer-review privilege when relator failed to present adequate record to facilitate review).

.Citing section 51.016, other courts of appeals have dismissed petitions for writ of mandamus challenging the trial court’s denial of arbitration under the FAA without substantive discussion of the change in the law. See, e.g., In re H.D. Vest, Inc., 334 S.W.3d 333, 334 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2010, orig. proceeding) (denying petition for writ of mandamus bеcause section 51.016 afforded relator appellate review of order denying motion to compel arbitration under FAA); In re Green Tree Servicing, LLC, No. 04-12-00277-CV, 2012 WL 1744264, at *1 (Tex.App.-San Antonio May 16, 2012, orig. proceeding) (mem. op., per curiam) (same); In re Tutle & Tutle Trucking, Inc., No. 05-10-01234-CV, 2010 WL 3946443, at *1 (Tex.App.-Dallas Oct. 11, 2010, orig. proceeding) (same); In re Unit Tex. Drilling, LLC, No. 13-10-00267-CV, 2010 WL 2696603, at *1 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi July 6, 2010, orig. proceeding) (mem. op., per cu-riam) (same). Neither Santander nor Bonner cite or discuss these cases. Only one of these contains any discussion of the law, In re H.D. Vest; the others are summary dispositions. But In re H.D. Vest does not address the tension of recognizing a bright-line rule prohibiting mandamus relief when an interlocutory appeal is available and the Supreme Court's guidance that ”[m]andamus is a remedy not restricted by 'rigid rules' that are 'necessarily inconsistent with the flexibility that is the remedy’s principle virtue.’ ” In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 374 (quoting In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 138).

. E.g., In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 136; In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 374; In re Gulf Exploration, LLC, 289 S.W.3d 836, 843 (Tex.2009) (orig. proceeding); In re GlobalSanteFe Corp., 275 S.W.3d 477, 483 (Tex.2008) (orig. proceeding); In re Team Rocket, LP., 256 S.W.3d 257, 262 (Tex.2008) (orig. proceeding); In re Derzapf 219 S.W.3d 327, 334 (Tex.2007) (orig. proceeding).

. The сoncurrence suggests that we are rendering an advisory opinion by refusing to rule on the ground that we cannot make a rule applicable in all cases trader all circumstances. But it is the concurrence that suggests a broad rule that would necessarily implicate fact patterns not before us. We therefore are not issuing an impermissible advisory opinion; the exact opposite is true — we are refusing to announce a broad rule when it is unnecessary to do so.

. Although we are not required to issue any opinion explaining the denial of mandamus relief, see Tex.R.App. P. 52.8(d), our determination and explanation that Santander failed to carry its burden to demonstrate its right to mandamus relief is fully sufficient to address every issue “necessary to final disрosition” of this original proceeding. Cf. Tex.R.App. P. 47.1.

Concurrence Opinion

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice,

concurring.

I respectfully concur in the denial of the petition for writ of mandamus filed by relator Santander Consumer USA, Inc. I would deny the petition on the ground that Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 51.016, allowing an interlocutory appeal of an order denying a motion to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), provides Santander a plain, adequate, and complete remedy for the trial court’s allegedly wrongful denial of its motion to compel; Santander failed to timely avail itself of its remedy and therefore waived it. The majority holds— correctly, in my opinion — that mandamus does not lie under the circumstances of this case. But, in the mistaken belief that it must either “state a blanket rule thаt mandamus is never available when a party does not take an interlocutory appeal from an order denying a motion to compel arbitration” or “consider only the circumstances presented by this case and ... make a narrow holding that Santander has not demonstrated it entitlement to the writ here,” slip op. at 221, it refuses to rule that section 51.016 provides an adequate remedy by appeal for a litigant who, like San-tander, fails to meet the statutory deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal without any showing of legal or factual excuse. See Slip. Op. 224.

When, as here, a court refuses to make a rule applicable under the circumstances of a case and justifies its refusal to rule on the ground that it cannot make a rule applicable in all cases under all circumstances, its justification is an advisory opinion on an abstract question of law. *224This type of opinion is expressly forbidden by both the United States Constitution and by the Texas Supreme Court. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1; Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 444 (Tex.1998) (applying Article III to Texas cases; stating, “The distinctive feature of an advisory opinion is that it decides an abstract question of law without binding the parties”; holding that opinion is advisory when, “rather than remedying actual or imminent harm, the judgment addresses only a hypothetical injury”; and concluding that, to comport with Article Ill’s limitation of judicial power to “cases” and “controversies,” court may hear case only when litigant has been threatened with or has sustained injury). The United States Supreme Court explains the constitutional basis fоr the rule in Cohens v. Virginia, stating,

It is a maxim not to be disregarded, that general expressions, in every opinion, are to be taken in connection with the case in which those expressions are used.... The reason for this maxim is obvious. The question actually before the Court is investigated with care, and considered in its full extent. Other principles which may serve to illustrate it, are considered in their relation to the case decided, but their possible bearing on all other cases is seldom completely investigated.

19 U.S. 264, 899-400, 6 Wheat. 264, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821). Moreover, in this case, the law is thrown into confusion and litigants are erroneously invited to submit each case in which a motion to arbitrate under the FAA is denied by both interlocutory appeal and mandamus — exactly the problem the interlocutory appеal statute was designed to cure.

Because I believe the majority’s opinion is advisory and thus violates the “cases and controversies” clause of the Texas and United States Constitutions, introduces a lack of clarity and finality into the law, undermines Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 51.106, and reintroduces the problem solved by the statute by inviting the filing of duplicative mandamuses along with interlocutory appeals when a motion to arbitrate under the FAA is denied by the trial court, I concur in the result only.

The Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides for immediate, interlocutory review of the denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016 (Vernon Supp. 2012) (providing, for eases brought in Texas state courts, “In a mattеr subject to the [FAA], a person may take an appeal ... to the court of appeals from the judgment or interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order or decision would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.”); see also 9 U.S.C.S. § 16(a)(1)(C) (LexisNexis 2008) (FAA provision permitting appeals of orders denying application to compel arbitration); CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 448-49 (Tex.2011) (explaining that section 51.016 provides for interlocutory appeals in FAA cases in Texas state court so long as “it would be permitted under the same circumstances in federal court under section 16”). Santander, however, did not avail itself of its right to appeal the trial court’s order under seсtion 51.016. Instead, after the expiration of the statutory deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal, Santander challenged the trial court’s order by petition for writ of mandamus.

Under established law, “mandamus will not issue when the law provides another plain, adequate, and complete remedy.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding); see also In re Colum*225bia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex.2009) (orig. proceeding) (“Mandamus should not issue to correct grievances that may be addressed by other remedies.”). Thus, under the plain letter of the law and the undisputed facts of this case, mandamus may not issue.

As the majority acknowledges, in 1992, the Texas Supreme Court determined that interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s denial of a motion for arbitration under ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the FAA was not available in Texas state court when suit was brought under the Texas Arbitration Act (“TAA”) but was found to be preempted by the FAA. See Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex.1992) (orig. proceeding). The court reasoned that appeal from a Texas court order was a procedural matter not governed by the provisions in the FAA itself. See id. The court observed that both the TAA and the FAA permitted an appeal from an interlocutory order granting or denying a request to compel arbitration, but, “[ujnder Texas procedure” — which must be applied by Texas state courts — an order denying arbitration under the FAA did not fall within the statutory exceptions allowing an interlocutory appeal, as would an order denying arbitration under the TAA. Id. at 271-72. It determined that mandamus was the appropriate remedy when a party was denied the right to arbitrate in a case filed under the FAA or found to be preempted by the FAA, stating, “Although we can conceive of no benefit from such an unnecessarily expensive and cumbersome rule, we may not enlarge appellate jurisdiction absent legislative mandate.” Id. at 272.

After well over a thousand cases had been filed in the Texas courts of appeals as both an interlocutory appeal and a duplica-tive petition for mandamus because of the Jack B. Anglin decision, the Legislature finally responded to the problem and closed the gap by enacting Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 51.016, which authorizes interlocutory appeals of suits that are filed in state courts after September 1, 2009 and are brought under the FAA. See Act of May 27, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 820, § 2, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 2061 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016); see also Perez, 340 S.W.3d at 448-49 (explaining that section 51.016 provides for interlocutory appeals in FAA cases so long as “it would be permitted under the same circumstances in federal court under section 16”); Senate Comm, on State Affairs, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 1650, 81st Leg., R.S. (2009) (noting that purpose of enacting section 51.016 was to alleviate unnecessary expense and burden of parties having to pursue parallel proceedings to seek review of orders denying motions to compel arbitration under TAA and FAA). This is one such case.

Santander does not dispute that section 51.016 confers a right to prosecute an accelerated, interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order denying the motion to compel arbitration in this case. Nor does Santander explain why a timely filed interlоcutory appeal would not have been an adequate remedy in this case. The arbitration provision at issue explicitly designates arbitration pursuant to the FAA; Santander’s motion to compel specifically requested arbitration under the FAA; and the parties both stated that arbitration would be conducted under the FAA in their briefing to this Court. Moreover, although the underlying case was filed on December 20, 2011, more than two years after section 51.016’s effective date, San-tander did not, and has not, offered any explanation for why it failed to timely file a notice of accelerated, interlocutory appeal. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016.

*226Santander argues only that because section 51.016 does not require an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order, but states that a party may file an interlocutory appeal, Santander may also pursue mandamus relief. In support of its argument, it cites to supreme court authority predating the enactment of section 51.016. See Act of May 27, 2009, 81st Leg., ch. 820, § 2, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 2061 (stating law becomes effective on September 1, 2009); see, e.g., In re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 780 (Tex.2006) (orig. proceeding); Jack B. Anglin, 842 S.W.2d at 272. The authority cited by Santander is thus inapplicable because it has been superseded by the statute that the real party in interest alleges provides an adequate remedy by appeal in this case — section 51.016.

The supreme court recognized mandamus as the appropriate remedy for the wrongful denial of motions to compel arbitration under the FAA only because, prior to the enactment of section 51.016, there was no alternative appellate remedy. See In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 374-75 (Tex.2011) (orig. proceeding); Jack B. Anglin, 842 S.W.2d at 272. Thus, mandamus functioned as a “statutory ‘gap-filler.’ ” Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 395 (Willett, J., dissenting). This case is, however, clearly distinguishable from the cases in which parties challenging the denial of a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA were granted mandamus relief in the past because the statutory gap with respect to the availability of immediate appellate review no longer exists. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.016. Thus, unlike the parties seeking relief before section 51.016’s enactment, Santander had an avenue for immediate appellate review of the trial court’s order denying its motion to compel arbitration under the FAA. See id. (“In a matter subject to the [FAA], a person may take an appeal ... to the court of appeals from the judgment or interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court under the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order or decision would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16.”); 9 U.S.C.S. § 16(a)(1)(C) (permitting appeals of orders denying application to compel arbitration); see also Tex,R.App. P. 29.3 (authorizing appellate courts to “make any temporary orders necessary to preserve the parties’ rights until disposition of the [interlocutory] appeal....”).

As the majority notes, the other courts of appeals that have been presented with the issue in this case since section 51.016 was enacted have dismissed petitions for writ of mandamus challenging the trial court’s denial of arbitration under the FAA, citing section 51.016 without substantive discussion of the change in the law. See, e.g., In re H.D. Vest, Inc., 334 S.W.3d 333, 334 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2010, orig. proceeding) (denying petitiоn for writ of mandamus because section 51.016 afforded relator appellate review of order denying motion to compel arbitration under FAA); In re Green Tree Servicing, LLC, No. 04-12-00277-CV, 2012 WL 1744264, at *1 (Tex.App.-San Antonio May 16, 2012, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (same); In re Tutle & Tutle Trucking, Inc., No. 05-10-01234-CV, 2010 WL 3946443, at *1 (Tex.App.-Dallas Oct. 11, 2010, orig. proceeding) (same); In re Unit Tex. Drilling, LLC, No. 13-10-00267-CV, 2010 WL 2696603, at *1 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi July 6, 2010, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (same). Like the other courts that have considered this issue, I would conclude that Santander had a fully adequate appellate remedy in the form of an interlocutory appeal pursuant to section 51.016 that it failed to exercise. Therefore, I would hold that Santander is not entitled to a writ of mandamus.

*227In my view, the majority radically mistakes the question in this case. The question is not whether mandamus will ever lie under some cirсumstances not present here when a party has missed the deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal under section 51.016. The real question is whether section 51.016 provides an adequate and complete remedy by appeal when a trial court has denied a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA. The answer is “yes.” Santander failed to comply with the terms of the statute. Therefore, as in any other case, it lost its remedy through its own fault and may not, by its wrongful action, secure a different one through mandamus. The majority correctly holds that Santander is not entitled to mandamus on the facts of this case. But by misstating the question presented by the case as a global one, and not a particular one, and then by proceeding to answer the question posed by the case by refusing to establish a rule applicable to the particular circumstances presented by this case and going on to advise that it might grant mandamus under circumstances not presented by this case, the majority writes an improper advisory opinion. The mischief done, however, does not stop with this case. Permitting mandamus under the circumstances presented in this case, as Santander requests — or in any materially similar case — would effectively eliminate the requirement that appeals from interlocutory orders must be filed within twenty days after the challenged order is signed and would work against the “main purpose of the interlocutory appeal statute, which is to increase efficiency of the judicial process.” City of Houston v. Estate of Jones, 388 S.W.3d 663, 667 (Tex.2012) (construing Civil Practice and Remedies Code section ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍51.014(a)(8)) (citing Tex. R Apr. P. 26.1(b), 28.1(1), and Tex. A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 845 (Tex.2007)). By refusing to hold that section 51.016 provides an adequate remedy by appeal for a complaint that a party was wrongfully denied arbitration under the FAA, the majority vitiates the certainty of the interlocutory appeal statute in a class of cases in which its terms are clearly violated. It also commits this Court to an open door policy in which mandamuses will continue to be filed along with interlocutory appeals in the hope that the Court will find that the circumstances of the particular case meet its unannounced criteria for permitting a mandamus in lieu of an interlocutory appeal of denial of a motion to arbitrate, even thоugh it failed to find such circumstances in this case.

The Texas Courts of Appeals are required by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 47.1 to decide every issue presented to the court by the parties and necessary for the disposition of the case. See Tex. RApp. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written opinion that is as brief as practicable but that addresses ev-eiy issue raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”). We are also required by our mandate under the United States Constitution to decide only ripe cases and controversies. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1; Cohens, 19 U.S. at 399-400, 6 Wheat. 264; Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 444.

I would hold that Santander had a plain, adequate, and complete appellate remedy for any error made by the trial court in denying its motion to compel arbitration and that it clearly violated the statutory procedures for availing itself of that remedy. Therefore, I would deny the petition for writ of mandamus.

Justice KEYES, concurring.

Read the detailed case summary