DECISION
This case comes before the court on an objection to the debtor’s motion for lien avoidance under 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1). A decree of divorce entered by a Wisconsin state court granted the debtor’s ex-spouse a lien on the debtor’s residence to secure payment to the ex-spouse of her portion of the property division. The debtor is seeking to avoid this lien under § 522(f)(1) as impairing his homestead exemption. For the reasons set forth below, the debtor’s motion for lien avoidance under § 522(f)(1) will be denied.
The debtor’s former spouse has also objected to the debtor’s valuation of assets in this bankruptcy and argues that the debtor is bound by the determinations of value in their divorce. The court now determines that it is not bound by those values, but in view of its ruling on the debtor’s motion, it is unnecessary for a finding of value to be made at this time.
FACTS
Gerald J. Sanderfoot, the debtor, аnd Jeanne Farrey Sanderfoot were divorced on February 5, 1987. There was no agreement of the parties as to any provision of the division of property, maintenance or child support, and a trial was held on all issues. In the decree of divorce the state court found that the couple owned property including approximately 27 acres of land with the couple’s residence on it valued at $104,000. In addition, thеre was a business, Ragun’s Bar, two cars, a tractor, trailer and numerous items of personal property.
Certain personal property was ordered turned over to the debtor’s ex-spouse or sold at auction. The debtor was awarded title to all of the parties’ remaining property, including house, land, both cars and the business together with responsibility for its attendant liabilities. In return for her interest in that property, the wife was awаrded $29,208.44 in cash, amounting to approximately one-half of the net estate, payable in two equal installments on January 10,1987, and April 10,1987. To secure this payment, the court ordered that a lien in her favor be placed on the marital residence. In addition, the decree provided that the debtor pay child support, maintenance to his ex-spouse and attorney fees.
The record in this court shows that up until the time Mrs. Sanderfоot applied for a relief from stay, the debtor had not complied with a single order of the state court. He had not conducted the auction, delivered the personal property to his ex-wife, or made a single payment toward child support, maintenance or attorney fees. He had not made the cash payments that were ordered by the court to be made to his ex-wife as compensation for her interest in the property.
*566 Four months after entry of the decree of divorce, the debtor filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Claiming that it impaired his homestead exemption in the property, he then moved pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1) to avoid the lien given to his wife on the marital residence. 1 He listed the value of the residence at $82,750 in contrast to the $104,000 which was found by the state court to be the value of that property. The parties later stipulated to an independent appraisal of the property. It was appraised at $95,000, but there was no agreement to accept the appraiser’s valuation.
The parties agree that the following are the only issues in contention: Whether the debtor may, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1), avoid a lien arising from the contested property division in his divorce proceeding, and whether the debtor is bound by the findings of the divorce cоurt regarding the valuation of assets.
DECISION
The debtor argues that because property division payments are dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523, he should be able to avoid the lien on his homestead. Such payments are indeed dischargeable, but this serves only to relieve the debtor of personal liability. The lien on the residence securing these payments will nevertheless remain in force unless it can be avoided under § 522(f) or another Code provision.
In re Williams,
Lien Avoidance
Before any lien may be avoided under § 522(f)(1), the debtor must prove three elements:
1.The lien is fixed on an interest of the debtor in property;
2. The lien impairs an exemption to which the debtor would otherwise be entitled; and
3. The lien is a judicial lien.
In re Hart,
The lien this debtor seeks to avoid is not of the type that Congress intended to address by § 522(f)(1).
Congress intended by § 522(f)(1) to allow the removal of judicial liens obtained by creditors on a debtor’s exempt property. “... the bill gives the debtor certain rights not available under current law with respect to exempt property. The debtor may avoid any judicial lien on exempt property ... (This) right allows the debtor to undo the actions of creditors that bring legal action against the debtor shortly before bankruptcy. Bankruptcy exists to provide relief for an overburdened debtor. If the creditor beats the debtor into сourt, the debtor is nevertheless entitled to his exemptions ...” House Report 95-595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 1977, p. 126, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, 1978, pp. 5787, 6087.
In re Thomas, supra, at 12.
This legislative history makes clear that the policy behind 11 U.S.C. § 522(f) was not to circumvent a divorce court’s decision by allowing one spouse to acquire substantially all of the predivorce assets to the exclusion of the other. Mr. Sanderfoot is attempting to manipulate bankruptcy law for this very purpose, and to permit such a result would be inequitable and contrary to public policy. However, in addition to policy grounds, there are legal grounds for denying avoidance of the lien.
Mrs. Sanderfoot’s lien is without question a type of judicial lien. 11 U.S.C. § 101(32).
But see Wozniak v. Wozniak,
Section 522(f) permits avoidance of the
“fixing
of a lien on an
interest
of the debtor.” The statute uses the word “fixing” instead of “fixed;” “interest” instead of “property.” The implication of the House Report and this language in § 522(f) is that Congress intended the avoidance of liens that became fixed after the debtor’s acquisition of the interest in property, not before.
In re Williams,
As stated in Williams:
[i]t is clear that a lien imposed by a divorce decree does not even remotely resemble the scenario presented here, [where creditors rush to turn their unsecured claims into judicial liens before the dеbtor can file bankruptcy] which presupposes the existence of a property interest in the debtor before the attachment of a judicial lien to that interest, (emphasis original)
Id. at 227-28.
In a divorce proceeding, the document which conveys one spouse’s interest in the homestead to the other spouse simultaneously creates a lien in favor of the spouse who will no longer be allowed to live in the residence. In еffect, the property is conveyed to the debtor subject to a lien to secure payment of the nonresident spouse’s share of the property settlement. Thomas, supra. As such, the debtor’s property interest is an “interest of the debtor in property” which was not owned by him before it was conveyed to him with the judicial lien attached. A lien of this kind, whether or not the creditor is an ex-spouse, may not be avoided. McCormick, supra. (Debtor acquired her intеrest in property after the creditor’s lien attached. Since she received it subject to the lien, it was unavoidable under § 522(f).)
This issue has not yet been decided at the appellate level in the 7th Circuit. The Court *óf Appeals of the 8th and 10th Circuits and the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the 9th Circuit have considered it but reached inconsistent results. In
Boyd v. Robinson,
In Boyd v. Robinson, the wife had owned the homestead prior to marriage and had continued to hold the property in her own name following marriage. The court analyzed Minnesota law to determine whether the nondebtor husband had acquired an interest in the homestead prior to the divorce. Minnesota law restricts conveyance of a homestead without a spouse’s consent and provides for an inchoate right upon the death of the owner spouse during marriage. The court noted that the non-debtor had contributed to the mortgage and improvements on the house and that the value of the equity in the house was divided equally in the divorce according to Minnesota’s statute providing for equitable division of property at divorce. In addition, Minnesota’s definition of a “mortgage” includes the interest created by a divorce decree. In view of the foregoing, the court concludеd that the lien attached to the non-debtor’s property at the time it was conveyed to him by the divorce decree, and that it did not attach to the debtor’s interest. Consequently, the lien was not avoid *568 able under 11 U.S.C. § 522(f). Id. at 1114-15.
In the case at bar, it is not clear from the record whether the parties owned the homestead as joint tenants or tenants in common before the divorce, or whether it was always in Mr. Sanderfoot’s name only. If Mrs. Sanderfoot was a co-owner and the divorce judgment conveyed her interest to the debtor, Mr. Sanderfoot took the property subject to her lien. In that event, the lien did not attach to the interest of the debtor, and it is not avoidable under 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1).
However, whether or not Mrs. Sander-foot held title prior to the divorce is not determinative of this case. Applying the reasoning of Boyd v. Robinson, Mrs. San-derfoot had an interest in the homestead even if it was in Mr. Sanderfoot’s name at all times prior to the divorce. Wisconsin law as well as Minnesota law provides for an equitable property division at divorce. Wis.Stat. § 767.255. With the exception of property acquired by gift or inheritance (which is only divided upon a finding of hardship), all property owned by either spouse at the time of divorce is presumed to be divided equally, although the court may deviate from an equal division based on equitable considerations set forth in the statute. Id. In this case the divorce court found no reason to alter these presumptions, and it divided the Sanderfoots’ net estate equally.
The Wisconsin Supreme Court has analyzed Wisconsin's divorce law as creating a “species of common ownership” tantamount to an interest in property arising during the marriage, regardless of how property is titled or owned.
Krueger v. Wisconsin Department of Revenue,
The court in
Wozniak
distinguished a lien granted by the divorce court on specific property from a judgment lien which, under Wis.Stat. § 806.15, creates a general lien on all real estate of the debtor. The court concluded that the divorce court had created a mortgage lien and not a judicial lien.
Id.,
Finally, Wisconsin’s enactment of the Marital Property Act, effective January 1, 1986, gave spouses an equal ownership interest in property earned or acquired during the marriage and after the determination date (the date from which the Act applies to a married couple, Wis.Stat. § 766.01(5)). Wis.Stat. § 766.31. Since the parties remained married for over a year after the Act became effective, it is likely that improvements or mortgage payments during the year were made with marital property and that Mrs. Sanderfoot thereby acquired an ownership interest. Wis.Stat. § 766.63. 2
Taken together, these considerations warrant application of the Boyd v. Robinson analysis to Wisconsin law, and they support a similar result in this case. In this case, regardless of how title was previously held, the debtor acquired his interest by virtue of the divorce judgment and subject to the lien. The lien did not attach to the debtor’s interest, аnd it is accordingly not avoidable.
In an almost identical fact situation to that in
Boyd v. Robinson,
the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the lien
did
attach to an interest of the debtor in property.
In re Pederson,
Maus v. Maus,
In re Grimes,
Although the cases just cited are to the contrary, the greater weight of authority is that bankruptcy courts will not allow a debtor to avoid a lien arising from a property settlement in a divorce proceeding.
See, e.g., In re Wicks,
One such theory is the equitable lien.
3
In some cases equitable liens have been imposed by bankruptcy courts when ex-spouses filed bankruptcy primarily to avoid compliance with the property division provisions of their divorce decrees. The equitable lien is a special and limited form of constructive trust. Both the equitable lien and the constructive trust are imрosed to
*570
prevent unjust enrichment.
4
"The difference is that where the constructive trust gives completed title to the plaintiff, the equitable lien gives him only a security interest in the property, which he can then use to satisfy a money claim.”
In re Bailey,
Where no lien is expressly imposed by the divorce decree, the unsecured property division payments may be discharged in bankruptcy.
See Stout v. Prussel,
Another theory (not applicable here) by which a lien of this kind has been preserved in bankruptcy is that although it resembles a judicial lien, it is in fact a security interest. The Bankruptcy Code defines a judicial lien as a “lien obtained by judgment, levy, sequestration, or other legal or equitable process or рroceeding.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(32). A security interest is a “lien created by agreement.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(45). Where a property division decree results from an agreement of the parties and expressly includes a lien to secure payment, the lien is considered to have the character of a security interest as well as meeting the definition of judicial lien. Since “security interest” in these situations is considered the more accurate category, suсh liens have been held to be unavoidable under 11 U.S.C. § 522(f).
In re Hart, supra,
at 961 (lien considered more in nature of purchase money obligation than judicial lien);
In re Rosen,
As a result of these court decisions that distinguish between divorce decree liens which are the result of an agreement between the parties and those which are judicially imposed, the impression was created that because the former cannot be avoided as security interеsts, the latter
can
be avoided as judicial liens.
In re Wicks,
Valuation of Assets
The debtor’s ex-spouse has objected to the valuation of assets set out by the debtor in his schedule. She claims that res judicata or collateral estoppel 5 confine the debtor to the findings of the state court divorce decree as to the value of assets.
For either
res judicata
or collateral es-toppel to apply, the first requirement is that the claim or issue sought to be precluded be the same as in the prior action.
Klingman v. Levinson,
An order will be entered denying the debtor’s motion under § 522(f)(1).
Notes
. (f) Notwithstanding any waiver of exemptions, the debtor may avoid the fixing of a lien on an interest of the debtor in property to the extent that such lien impairs an exemption to which the debtor would have been entitled under subsection (b) оf this section, if such lien is—
(1) a judicial lien; ...
11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1)
. Christiansen, Haberman, Haydon, Kinnamon, McGarity and Wilcox, Marital Property Law in Wisconsin, ATS-CLE State Bar of Wisconsin (2nd ed. 1986) Ch. 3.
. However, an equitable mortgage is available under Wisconsin law only where a technical error prevented the creation of a legal mortgage.
Matter of Bailey,
. Under certain circumstances, courts will also impose constructive trusts to protect an ex-spousе's interest in property.
In re Graham,
.
Res judicata
in its broader sense is sometimes taken to include both concepts.
See Brown v. Felsen,