130 N.H. 430 | N.H. | 1988
Lead Opinion
The State appeals an order of the Merrimack County Probate Court (Cushing, J'.), which dismissed a petition for involuntary civil commitment on the alternative grounds that the respondent was mentally retarded but not mentally ill within the meaning of RSA 135-C:34 (Supp. 1987), and that the State had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the respondent posed “a potentially serious likelihood of danger . . . .” See id. We reverse because the trial court erroneously suppressed evidence of the respondent’s statements to the police, and because Proctor v. Butler, 117 N.H. 927, 935, 380 A.2d 673, 677-78 (1977) must be overruled insofar as it imposed a reasonable doubt burden of proof in civil commitment cases. In place of that rule, we hold that mental illness and dangerousness, as predicates for civil commitment under RSA 135-C:34, may hereafter be demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence.
I.
On September 26, 1985, the respondent, Allen Sanborn, telephoned an acquaintance, whom he asked to call for him by car later in the day at the respondent’s uncle’s camp in Sandown. Some time
On September 30, the respondent met with three State police officers investigating his uncle’s death, one of them dressed in uniform and two in plain clothes. He invited them into the kitchen of his house and served coffee as they asked him for information about the dead man. The officers did not reveal that the body had been found, but told the respondent only that they were seeking information about his uncle’s disappearance. The respondent told the police that his uncle had once said that on his death certain of his real and personal property would go to the respondent, and he admitted that during a recent meeting with his uncle the two of them had argued.
After some further discussion, the police made a point of advising the respondent that he was not under arrest, was free to leave, and was free to end the conversation, although shortly thereafter one of the officers read and explained the Miranda warnings. The respondent indicated that he understood his rights but “wantfed] to tell the truth so [he could] feel better about what [he had] done.” He added that he hadn’t “been able to sleep since it happened, and wantfed] to tell the truth.” He then said that he had fought with his uncle, whom he had pushed into the well in the course of the fight. Later, he stated that he had pressed his uncle’s body against the hot furnace at the camp and had even tried to shove the body into the furnace, before carrying it outside and throwing it down the well.
After making these admissions, the respondent agreed to record his story on tape at the State police barracks, although the police advised him that he was not required to do so. After they had all stopped for lunch at a McDonald’s restaurant, they went to the troop headquarters, where the respondent recorded answers to questions about his personal life, and repeated the admissions incriminating him in his uncle’s death.
Although the respondent was charged with second degree murder, some fourteen months after indictment he was found incompetent to stand trial. He then filed an application for habeas corpus challenging any further confinement, see Sanborn v. Powell (Rockingham No. 86-E-682), to which the deputy attorney general responded on behalf of the State by filing a petition in the probate court for the respondent’s involuntary civil commitment on the ground of mental illness posing a danger to others. See RSA 135-C:34.
Prior to the evidentiary hearing on the petition, the State moved for a determination that its burden to prove mental illness and dangerousness would be measured by the standard of clear and convincing evidence, as distinguished from the reasonable doubt standard imposed by Proctor v. Butler, 117 N.H. at 935, 380 A.2d at 677-78; see In re Champagne, 128 N.H. 791, 792-93, 519 A.2d 310, 311 (1986). The court made no ruling on the motion, and the parties proceeded to trial.
The State opened its case by calling two psychiatrists who testified that the respondent was mentally ill and dangerous. They based their opinions on personal examinations and on records compiled during the respondent’s prior admissions to New Hampshire Hospital. At least one of the doctors also relied on the results of psychological tests administered in anticipation of trial or hearing, and on statements of the police officers who had interviewed the respondent and heard him admit to killing his uncle and attempting to hide the corpse. Although the psychiatrists’ expert opinions were received into evidence, the judge sustained the respondent’s objection to any testimony from them about the admissions, which at least one of them had considered in reaching his conclusion. The State brought the first day of hearing to a close by introducing evidence that the respondent had been at his uncle’s camp at about the time of death, and that he customarily expressed his aggressive feelings by squeezing and crushing the object of his anger.
The State indicated that it would present the police officers themselves to testify about the admissions, but before the second day of trial the respondent moved to suppress all evidence of the
The judge did, however, hear extensive testimony from two further witnesses about the respondent’s mental condition. The State called a third psychiatrist, who based his opinions on a personal interview with the respondent; on records and reports prepared by two other psychiatrists, a psychologist and the staff of New Hampshire Hospital; and on the audiotape and a videotape of the respondent’s statements at the police barracks. The psychiatrist concluded that the respondent was able to perceive, understand, and recall events, and was able to make a genuine choice to give or refuse answers to questions. His opinion was that the respondent’s statements to the police were products of a “meaningful choice and ... a rational intellect.” He went on to testify on the merits of the petition by agreeing with the two psychiatrists who had preceded him that the respondent was dangerously mentally ill. Although this witness was allowed to testify that the respondent had told him of his admissions to the police, he also repeated the respondent’s statement to him that the admissions had been false and that he had been at home with his mother at the time of his uncle’s death.
The psychologist whose report had previously been considered testified otherwise, however, after being called by the respondent. The psychologist based his conclusions on his own examination of the respondent, on psychiatric and hospital reports, and on the audiotape of the respondent’s statements. He concluded that the respondent had a limited memory and a second or third grade verbal capacity, and he gave an opinion that the respondent could not rationally choose between talking and silence, although he conceded that the respondent could make a voluntary choice between the two options. The psychologist, too, proceeded to testify on the merits of the petition, but his testimony again ran contrary to the evidence given by the three psychiatrists who had preceded him. He gave an opinion that the respondent’s mental condition was “primarily caused by mental retardation ... in conjunction with epilepsy” (with the consequence that it could not be regarded as mental illness within the meaning of RSA 135-C:34, see RSA 135-C:2, X (Supp. 1987)).
Thereafter, the court received further lay testimony buttressing the psychiatrists’ opinions. Several witnesses gave evidence that the respondent had threatened, attempted to strike and to bite, and had actually fought with members of the staff of the psychiatric unit in which he had been confined, and a member of the staff testified that on one occasion some sharp steel rods had been confiscated from the respondent.
In ruling on the merits of the petition, the court again accepted the psychologist’s testimony and found that the respondent’s behavior was not the result of “mental illness” within the meaning of RSA 135-C:34. The judge stated from the bench that “the real problem is mental retardation.” Having noted, further, that the State had failed to prove dangerousness beyond a reasonable doubt, he dismissed the petition for commitment. This appeal followed.
II.
We consider first the suppression of the respondent’s admissions, a ruling of obvious evidentiary significance. The facts that the respondent killed his uncle in the course of some quarrel and attempted first to incinerate and then to secrete his corpse were signal indications both of dangerousness and of a mental condition that could not be described merely as retarded. See RSA 135-C:36, 1(b) (Supp. 1987). Without the respondent’s admissions, however, there was only circumstantial evidence of his role in the homicide. Nor was the significance of the admissions limited to their narrative content, for evidence of the respondent’s behavior in making them, and even the phrasing of his statements, could have provided the probate court with further indications of the respondent’s mental condition.
Because the evidentiary relevance of the admissions is thus clear, they are subject to the general rule that “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible, except as limited by constitutional requirements or as otherwise provided by statute” or rule. N.H. R. Ev. 402. There is
The court, it will be recalled, rested the suppression on a finding that the respondent had not had a “fair shake.” While the judge found there had been no coercion in the sense of “browbeating,” he believed that the respondent’s failure “to appreciate his situation” opened the door to a more subtle coercion in the “form of taking advantage of somebody with a lack of skills . . . .”
As we read these observations, we do not understand the court to be suggesting that the respondent’s intellectual limitations had any effect on the evidentiary reliability of the admissions, insofar as they might bear on the matters in issue in this civil commitment proceeding. Nor do we understand the court to say that the police tricked the respondent either by suggesting admissions that he was too ready to adopt, or by manufacturing tensions that placed the respondent on the spot. Rather, the court simply seems to be saying that the respondent’s lack of sophistication placed him at a tactical disadvantage in any communication with the police, such that he talked when a more prudent murder suspect would have kept silent. Taking an unfair advantage, then, consisted of giving the respondent the opportunity to say whatever he might choose to say.
Since these findings suggest no obvious basis for suppression, we must, in the absence of cited authority, evaluate the soundness of the order in light of the respondent’s several arguments in support of the result that the trial court reached. These arguments invoke both State and federal authority.
At the outset we conclude that the respondent has not adequately addressed the question of State constitutional law on which a decision might turn. Whether there is a category of statements by a respondent in a civil commitment proceeding that should be excluded from evidence as involuntary comprises two complementary issues, the meaning of voluntariness in a civil context, and the reasons, if any, for excluding a statement that is not voluntary in that sense. The respondent has not directly addressed either issue.
Although the suppression motion and the respondent’s brief refer to the “due process clauses of the United States and New Hampshire Constitutions,” the only State law authorities cited stand for applications, not directly in point here, of the uncontested proposition that the guarantee of due process when liberty is at stake applies in a civil as well as in a criminal context. See In re
Once, however, the respondent narrowed his focus to the result he seeks in this case, he rested his pleadings in the probate court exclusively on criminal cases, all of them applying federal standards, save for State v. Damiano, 124 N.H. 742, 746-47, 474 A.2d 1045, 1047-48 (1984), upon which he also relied in his brief. Neither Damiano nor the federal cases, however, address the relevant questions about the significance of voluntariness in this civil context. Since neither the respondent’s argument nor his citations address those questions, his pleadings and brief have not crossed the line dividing passing references to State issues from analysis calling for adjudication on independent State constitutional grounds. See In re N.H. Disabilities Rights Center, Inc., 130 N.H. 328, 541 A.2d 208 (1988); State v. Bradberry, 129 N.H. 68, 522 A.2d 1380 (1986).
Two arguments said to rest on federal authority remain. The first of these, like the State claim, requires little discussion. In addressing the probate court, the respondent invoked the fifth amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination. Although his brief before us likewise refers to the same provision (as well as to its counterpart in part I, article 15 of the State Constitution, see State v. Arsenault, 115 N.H. 109, 112, 336 A.2d 244, 246 (1975)), the respondent virtually concedes that the fifth amendment privilege from compulsion to be a witness against one’s self “in any criminal case” has no bearing on the admissibility in a civil commitment proceeding of a statement already given. See State v. Hudson, 121 N.H. 6, 12, 425 A.2d 255, 258 (1981) (commitment proceeding is civil, not criminal). While the civil nature of a proceeding does not preclude an assertion of the privilege in response to a question arising in the course of it, In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 49 (1967); see State v. Mercier, 128 N.H. 57, 62, 509 A.2d 1246, 1249 (1986), once a statement has been made the fifth amendment privilege can limit the subsequent evidentiary use of that statement only in a proceeding that is criminal in nature, which this is not.
Before going any further, we should say that the respondent’s purpose in relying on the fundamental fairness mandate in addition to the standard of voluntariness is not immediately clear to us. While some criminal cases applying federal due process speak of the fundamental unfairness of admitting a statement that was involuntary because it was obtained by trickery or deception, Moran v. Burbine, 106 S. Ct. 1135, 1147-48 (1986); South Dakota v. Neville, 459 U.S. 553, 565-66 (1983), other cases have found a violation of the fundamental fairness standard in admitting any involuntary confession, even though trickery was no inducement for the defendant to speak, see Blackburn v. Alabama, 361 U.S. 199, 210-11 (1960); see also State v. Reynolds, 124 N.H. 428, 432, 471 A.2d 1172, 1174 (1984). The invocation of fundamental fairness to suppress a confession does not, therefore, necessarily imply a claim that governmental deception induced the statement in question.
Suffice it to say that on the facts of this case it would not be realistic to view the respondent’s fundamental fairness argument as raising any issue of police trickery, for the record discloses no basis to claim that the police engaged in any deceptive practice that could be thought to have circumvented the respondent’s will. While the police did not initially tell him they had found his uncle’s body, there is no reason to assume that they thereby induced him to speak when he would otherwise have been silent, or encouraged him to disclose anything that he did not genuinely volunteer. We read the respondent’s reference to fundamental fairness, therefore, as just another way to seek the suppression of his admissions as involuntarily given, not as a claim that they were deceitfully obtained.
As so understood, however, the position that the admissions were subject to suppression as involuntarily given is untenable. We do not rest this conclusion simply on the fact that this is a civil proceeding to assess the need for confinement as a requirement of safety, rather than a criminal trial begun by the State with the object of punishing a wrongdoer (although, as we noted, every federal due process case the respondent cited in the probate court for the exclusion of an involuntary confession was a criminal case in which the confession was offered to prove the defendant’s guilt). See, e.g., Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568 (1961); Rogers v.
It is, rather, on the very assumption that evidentiary use of his admissions is governed by standards of voluntariness akin to those applied in criminal cases that the respondent goes astray in trying to portray his admissions as involuntary in a constitutional sense. To understand his error, one need look no further than his counsel’s repeated assertions to the trial court and to us that his client’s cognitive deficiencies preclude any finding that the admissions were products of a “rational intellect” or of “free will.” For he thereby implicitly argues that due process bars a respondent’s admissions unless his intellect reaches some threshold of intelligence and unless his volition rests on the analytical capacity identified with intelligence of that degree.
This argument, however, cannot withstand the most recent leading federal case on this subject of fourteenth amendment due process, upon which the State relied in the probate court and which squarely holds against the respondent. In Colorado v. Connelly, 107 S. Ct. 515 (1986), the Supreme Court rejected the position that a schizophrenic defendant’s confession induced by “command hallucinations,” id. at 519, was for that reason subject to suppression as involuntary under the fourteenth amendment. Id. at 519-22. The Court summarized a half century of its opinions, including the leading cases cited in the respondent’s suppression motion, in support of its holding that an inquiry into a confessor’s mental condition can never be dispositive in applying the constitutional concept of voluntariness, id. at 520-21. For in the absence of some overreaching official conduct that produces the
Given the need, then, to find some deceptive or coercive governmental action as a predicate for excluding the respondent’s admissions, their exclusion was error. As we noted before, while the police did not immediately tell the respondent that his uncle’s body had been found, they did not thereby inveigle him into making inculpatory statements and in fact left him perfectly free to persist in professing ignorance of what had happened. As for coercion, the trial court was candid to say that the police did nothing to “browbeat” the respondent. And if we assume with the Supreme Court of the United States that there is something inherently coercive in any guilty person’s conversation with a police officer, see Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977), that effect could only, be viewed as de minimis during a conversation with police officers, only one of whom was in uniform, sitting at the respondent’s kitchen table at his own invitation.
The trial judge did, of course, find a “subtle form of coercion” in “the form of taking advantage of somebody with a lack of skills.” But this is to equivocate. There simply was nothing coercive in asking what the respondent knew about a disappearance that he himself had brought to the police’s attention, nor are there any apparently coercive circumstances in sitting at a kitchen table drinking coffee. The police did nothing to deny the respondent a “fair shake.”
III.
We turn now to the second substantive issue, the appropriate burden of proof that the State or other petitioner must satisfy in demonstrating that a respondent in a civil commitment proceeding under RSA 135-C:34 (Supp. 1987) is a “person in such mental condition as a result of mental illness as to create a potentially serious likelihood of danger to himself or to others.” Id. Although the State requested the probate court to order commitment if it drew the requisite statutory conclusions with a clear and convincing degree of assurance, the court held the State to a reasonable doubt standard, as mandated by Proctor v. Butler, 117 N.H. at 935, 380 A.2d at 677-78. While the court was, of course, correct in following the existing law, we are satisfied that Proctor's holding establishing the burden of proof must be overruled and that the clear and convincing standard must hereafter be employed in civil commitment cases.
The burden of proof allocates the risk of error, as we noted in Proctor when we quoted Justice Harlan’s explanation that the function of the standard is “‘to instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions for a particular type of adjudication.’” Id. at 932, 380 A.2d at 676 (quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 370 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring)). Thus in the typical civil case proof by a preponderance is thought to be satisfactory because “a mistaken judgment for the plaintiff is no worse than a mistaken judgment for the defendant.” C. McCormick, Evidence § 341, at 962 (3rd ed. 1984). At the other end of the spectrum, the liberty that may be subject to punitive
Proctor imposed the reasonable doubt standard for two reasons. First, the court saw no significant distinction between the loss of liberty and the stigmatization imposed by civil commitment, on the one hand, and the consequences of incarceration for crime, on the other. Id. at 932-33, 380 A.2d at 676. The court’s conclusion that a comparable loss of liberty should rest on a comparable factual certainty was underscored by a second feature of civil commitments, the trial court’s normally heavy reliance on disputed psychiatric opinion evidence about the significance of a respondent’s actions in revealing his present condition and likely future behavior.
“If anything, the predictive nature of the ultimate finding and the frequently conflicting opinions of psychiatric experts, see People v. Burnick, 14 Cal. 3d at 326-31; Diamond, The Psychiatric Prediction of Dangerousness, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 439, 451 (1975), reinforce our determination to impose a standard of proof that will ensure the utmost care in reaching an involuntary commitment decision. See Szasz, The Danger of Coercive Psychiatry, 61 A.B.A.J. 1246 (1975); State v. Phinney, 117 N.H. 145, 370 A.2d 1153 (1977).”
Id. at 934, 380 A.2d at 677. Despite the State’s argument that frequent conflicts among psychiatric opinions bearing on a “predictive ... finding” would render certainty beyond a reasonable doubt illusory or impossible, id. at 933, 380 A.2d at 677, the court decided that proof beyond a reasonable doubt of “‘potentially serious likelihood’ of dangerousness,” id. at 934, 380 A.2d at 677, was readily conceivable, id., and the court emphasized that difficulty of proof was not a justification for relaxed standards where liberty was at stake. Hence, the due process requirement of part I, article 15 of the State Constitution was held to mandate the highest burden, id. at 935, 380 A.2d at 677-78, a conclusion that was adopted on like reasoning when the State sought commitment for like reasons in criminal cases, following a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. See State v. Gregoire, 118 N.H. 140, 143, 384 A.2d 132, 133 (1978); Gibbs v. Helgemoe, 116 N.H. 825, 827-28, 367 A.2d 1041, 1043 (1976).
Addington rejected a claim that the fourteenth amendment’s due process clause mandated proof beyond a reasonable doubt before an individual could be committed on grounds of mental illness requiring hospitalization for the protection of himself or others. Having observed that an erroneously committed respondent had a better chance of obtaining release than an erroneously convicted criminal defendant, and that the dangerously ill respondent has a genuine need for hospitalization, the Court rejected the analogy between loss of liberty on criminal conviction and its loss by involuntary hospitalization. Id. at 428. Having thus denied that liberty was jeopardized identically in criminal trials and civil commitment proceedings, the Supreme Court had freedom to view the uncertainties of predictive psychiatric diagnosis in a different light from what this court had perceived in Proctor. Thus, the Supreme Court could seriously question
“whether a state could ever prove beyond a reasonable doubt that an individual is both mentally ill and likely to be dangerous. See O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 584 (1975) (concurring opinion); Blocker v. United States, 110 U.S. App. D.C. 41, 48-49, 288 F.2d 853, 860-861 (1961) (opinion concurring in result). See also Tippett v. Maryland, 436 F.2d, at 1165 (Sobeloff, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Note, Civil Commitment of the Mentally 111: Theories and Procedures, 79 Harv. L. Rev. 1288, 1291 (1966); Note, Due Process and the Development of ‘Criminal’ Safeguards in Civil Commitment Adjudications, 42 Ford. L. Rev. 611, 624 (1974).”
Id. at 429-30. Accordingly, the Court concluded that a “state [should not] be required to employ a standard of proof that may completely undercut its efforts to further the legitimate interests of both the state and the patient that are served by civil commitments,” id. at 430, and it held that clear and convincing proof of mental illness and the need for hospitalization would satisfy the demands of the fourteenth amendment. Id. at 433.
But what the General Court could not accomplish by legislation, the Constitutional Convention of 1984 proposed, and in the same year the voters subsequently adopted, as an amendment to part I, article 15:
“[I]n any proceeding to commit a person acquitted of a criminal charge by reason of insanity, due process shall require that clear and convincing evidence that the person is potentially dangerous to himself or to others and that the person suffers from a mental disorder must be established.”
Thus was Gregoire superseded (and the phrase “due process” imported for the first time into the State Constitution).
The effect of this amendment on the standard for commitment on civil petition is the question before us. The terms of the amendment do not, of course, deal with commitments under RSA 135-C:34, and the respondent urges us to limit the amendment’s effect to criminal insanity cases, which the application of its terms literally requires. On the respondent’s view, for purposes of a commitment sought under § 34, this court is still free to affirm or rejéct the due process analysis adopted a decade ago in Proctor (a freedom that probably would not produce a unanimous opinion from the members of the court today).
We are unanimous, however, in believing that we have no such option to confine the effect of the 1984 amendment, for we perceive no intellectually realistic basis for holding that due process can require a burden of proof under RSA 135-C:34 that is different from the State’s burden when it seeks commitment after a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity to a criminal charge. From the moment this court first considered the burden of proof applicable in proceedings to commit for dangerous mental illness it has accepted the close resemblance, if not the virtual identity, of the
Nor is there any better reason today for distinguishing the cases with criminal origins from those with civil beginnings. In each, a commitment is conditioned on two findings: (a) that the respondent is “presently suffering from a mental disease or defect,” RSA 651:8-b, IV (Supp. 1987), or has a “mental illness,” RSA 135-C:34 (Supp. 1987); which mental disease or illness would (b) “create a substantial risk of bodily injury [to the respondent] or another, or serious damage to the property of another,” RSA 651:8-b, IV (Supp. 1987), or “create a potentially serious likelihood of danger to [the respondent] or to others,” RSA 135-C:34 (Supp. 1987). Except for the specific reference in the insanity statute to the risk of property damage, these provisions are parallel and substantially identical to each other. In each instance the court may deprive the respondent of his liberty by commitment against his will. In each case a commitment may be ordered only on a demonstration of mental illness that renders the respondent dangerous in the future. In each instance an initial commitment must be justified by proof of a specific act indicative of future risk (the criminal act charged in the insanity case, or an act charged in the petition under RSA 135-C:36, 1(b) (Supp. 1987)); and in each instance the commitment order may be valid for a period as long as five years (RSA 651: 9-a, :ll-a, I; RSA 135-C:46 (Supp. 1987)).
Although there are administrative, and perhaps some substantive, distinctions between the two types of cases, compare, e.g., RSA 651:9-a (on finding dangerousness, court “shall commit ... to secure psychiatric unit for five years”) with RSA 135-C:45 (Supp. 1987) (court may order out-patient treatment), there is no distinction either in the potential for limiting liberty, or in the reliability of the evidentiary basis for doing so, that would justify a higher burden of proof in cases under RSA 185-C:34 than the burden now imposed by virtue of article 15 when the request for commitment follows a verdict of insanity in a criminal case. Cf.
IV.
The final issue for our consideration arises on the respondent’s argument that any error in excluding the admissions should be treated as harmless, not calling for reversal. We have left this contention for the end, because the effect of the error should be assessed not only in relation to the record of other evidence but also in light of our holding that the burden of proof on the issues of mental illness and dangerousness will be by clear and convincing evidence if there is a retrial.
In a civil trial, when “‘the case is a close one on the facts, and the [fact-finder] might have decided either way, any substantial error which might have tipped the scales in favor of the successful party calls for reversal.’” Welch v. Gonic Realty Trust Co., 128 N.H. 532, 538, 517 A.2d 808, 811 (1986) (quoting Bath v. Nelson, 31 Ill. 2d 511, 514, 202 N.E.2d 494, 496 (1964)). A fortiori, when evidence erroneously excluded would have rendered a different result not only possible but probable, reversal and retrial are demanded.
As we observed above, exclusion of the respondent’s admissions left the State with only circumstantial indications that the respondent had done the killing and tried to hide the body: there was evidence that he had quarrelled with his uncle at about the time of the death, and that the cause of death was consistent with the form that the respondent’s aggressive behavior had taken in the past. The tepid indications of homicidal behavior by the respondent were supplemented by contested psychiatric evidence of illness, and by evidence indicating that the respondent was dangerous, but only under conditions of enforced confinement.
The addition of the respondent’s admissions to this evidentiary record would have made a quantum difference to the proof of each element the State had to establish; and if there have been no significant changes of fact since the first trial, the effect of the admissions will be equally important on retrial. As against the court’s prior finding that the respondent’s mental condition was caused primarily by epilepsy or retardation, the respondent’s own admissions give no indication that he killed during an epileptic seizure, and the unequivocal evidence that he did the killing will
If the probate court had considered the admissions and applied a clear and convincing standard of proof, a different result at the first trial would have been not merely possible, but highly probable. Although the possibility that further relevant evidence has developed in the intervening time precludes any pre-judgment about the result of retrial, the combined significance of the admissions erroneously excluded and the burden of proof now redefined requires that an opportunity for retrial be granted forthwith.
Reversed and remanded.
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part: I concur in part III of the majority opinion, as well as in part II insofar as the decision is based on federal constitutional law. I disagree, however, with the majority’s conclusion in part II of the opinion that a State constitutional claim was not sufficiently litigated to prompt an independent analysis by this court on the issue of voluntariness of the respondent’s statements. I would conclude that the prerequisites set forth in State v. Dellorfano, 128 N.H. 628, 632, 517 A.2d 1163, 1166 (1986) have been met in this case and that the respondent is therefore entitled to an independent analysis of his claim under our constitution. In my view, the majority opinion is unduly restrictive in its application of Dellorfano and its progeny.
