21 F. Cas. 235 | N.D. Ill. | 1875
This motion has been taken under advisement, and carefully considered, because of the importance of the question involved, bearing not only upon the rights and interests of these men. but upon .the general administration of the bankrupt law.
By the 26th section of the bankrupt law it is provided: “That the court may, on the application of the assignee in bankruptcy, or of any creditor, or without any application, at all times require the bankrupt, upon reasonable notice, to attend and submit, to an examination on oath, upon all matters relating to the disposal or condition of his property; to his trade and dealings with others, and his accounts concerning the same; to all debts due or claimed from him; and to all other matters concerning his property and estate, and the due settlement thereof according to law; which examination shall be in writing, and shall be signed by the bankrupt, and
“The bankrupt shall, at all times until his discharge, be subject to the order of the court, and shall, at the expense of the estate, execute all proper writings and instruments, and do and perform all acts required by the court touching the assigned property or estate, and to enable the assignee to demand, recover, and receive all the property and estate assigned,, wherever situated; and for neglect or refusal to obey any order of the court, such bankrupt may be committed and pimished as for a contempt of court. * * * He shall also be at liberty, from time to time, upon oath, to amend and correct his schedule of creditors and property so that the same shall conform to the facts.”.
I have been able to find few, .if :any, adjudged cases under our bankrupt law, throwing any light upon the powers and duties of the court in this proceeding, and must be guided mainly by general principles, and some analogous proceedings in the English bank- • rupt courts and courts of equity.
By the 160th section of 12 & 13 Viet., it is provided, that if the bankrupt shall not fully answer any lawful question put to him by the court, to the satisfaction of the court, he may be committed. And under this section it was held by the common bench of England, in Ex parte Bradbury, 78 E. C. L. 15, that where a bankrupt, on his examination before a commissioner, being asked why a certain check for £100, had been drawn in favor of his brother, who he admitted did not receive the money, and how the proceeds were appropriated, answered that his memory did not serve him, the commissioner committed him to prison for not answering to his satisfaction, and the court held that he was justified in so doing, Jervis, C. J., saying: “The question is, whether the commissioner was reasonably bound to be satisfied, when the bankrupt, in' answer to inquiries as to why his brother’s name was inserted in the £100 check, and how the money was appropriated, merely said that his memory did not serve him. The substance of his answer, is, ‘X know nothing at all about the transaction.’ That clearly could not be satisfactory. If the bankrupt had assigned any reason for his want of recollection, the commissioner might have pursued the inquiry, but all inquiry was effectually closed by the answer.” Maulé, J., says: “I agree with my lord chief justice, in thinking that there is no ground to quarrel with the commitment in this ease. The commissioner must, to say the least, be a very credulous person, if he had been satisfied with such answers as those set out in the warrant. Here is a sum of £100 drawn out of the banker’s on a particular and not very distant day; the man is asked what became of it, and he professes that his mind is a perfect blank on the subject. It would really be too absurd to be satisfied with such an answer.”
In Ex parte Nowlan, reported in 6 Durn. & E. [6 Term R.] 118, it is in substance said: If on the examination of a bankrupt touching the disposition of his property, he swear to an account of the same, which appears to be incredible, the commissioners may commit him to prison. • -
This ease -arose under the bankrupt act passed in 5 Geo. II. which authorizes the commissioners to commit the bankrupt if he do not answer to their satisfaction. Lord Kenyon, O. J., says: “There are no technical rules, by which cases of this kind are determined, ' but the question in each particular case is, whether the answers given by the bankrupt be or be not sufficient to satisfy "the mind of any reasonable person.” Ashhurst, J., says: “It would be a ridiculous ceremony for the commissioners to go through in examining a bankrupt, if they were bound to give credit to his account, however improbable or absurd it might be, merely because he has the effrontery to swear to it. In these cases they are to exercise their judgment upon the whole.” - -- -:
In Taylor’s Gase, reported in 8 Ves. 328, the eommital of a bankrupt was held valid, though he swore positively to his answers, as it .was made to appear that they were not reasonably satisfactory to the commissioners, Lord Chancellor Eldon saying that the answers “must be reasonably satisfactory to the mind that is to decide” upon them. “The commissioners have a duty imposed upon them, as well as an authority to get out an account and discovery for the benefit of the creditors; and if he does not make a satisfactory .an-, swer for the purpose of enabling them to exercise their duty, they have authority to commit If the authority depends upon the point whether the answer is satisfactory, those who have that authority must exercise it upon their judicial examination and view of the answer upon the point, whether it is satisfactory or not.”
So too, -in Ex parte Lord, 16 Mees. & W. 462, the court refused to discharge the bankrupt from custody “for not answering questions to the satisfaction of the commissioner, where they were of opinion that the story contained in his answers is not such as to satisfy a reasonable person of its truth.”
There is also a close analogy between this case and that of a defendant in a suit in equity, brought by creditors when the debtor is required to surrender .his assets to -a receiver, in which any refusal to deliver over assets, or satisfactorily account for them, is punished as a contempt. 2 Daniell, Ch. Prac. 1742.
So a refusal by a party in a Chancery suit, to obey' any order of the court, subjects the party guilty of such refusal to punishment for contempt. Crook v. People, 16 Ill. 534; Hill v. Crandall, 52 Ill. 70; Wightman v. Wightman, 45 Ill. 167.
The district court as a court in bankruptcy is clothed with all the powers of a court of equity. When a man is adjudicated bankrupt, he is bound to schedule and surrender to
The power vested in a court of justice to punish for contempt, for the purpose of enforcing its decrees and orders, and, especially in cases like this, is one which should be, to use the language of Lord Eldon in Taylor’s Case, “sparingly exercised,” and only in cases where there can be no doubt of its propriety.
In Dresser’s Case [Case No. 4,077], the bankrupt returned by his schedule a sum of money on hand; failing to deliver it to his assignee, he was called upon to account for it, and stated that he had used it between the time of filing his petition and the election of the as-signee, and the court ordered him committed for contempt, until he should pay it over to the assignee.
Our bankrupt law contains no special authority to commit for refusal to answer or account to the satisfaction of the court: and yet it seems to me there can be no doubt that the principle running through all the cases which I have cited is clearly involved in our law. The bankrupt, when on examination, after admitting the possession of property', must clearlj' account for the same to the satisfaction of the court; otherwise he must be held to still have it in his possession, and be able to hand it over to his assignee, and on failing or refusing to account in a reasonable manner for the disposition of assets which have been traced to him, must be held to be acting in contempt of the jurisdiction of the court.
The bankrupts in this case occupy substantially the attitude of saying to the court: We have had in our possession assets to the value of over $20,000, between January and October. 1S73, and refuse to give any account thereof. We have not turned them over to our assignee. We do not admit we have them now in our possession. The court and creditors must help themselves; do the best you can; we stand mute, and refuse to throw any light upon the subject of the disposition of this large amount of funds.
Is the court to sit tamely by and be baffled by such acts of practical contumacy on the part of a bankrupt? Perhaps no more forcible illustration of the necessity of the exercise of the powers specifically granted to the English bankrupt court, and as I have claimed, impliedly granted to the bankrupt courts under our law, could be imagined than the case before us. Here the bankrupts admit that between the first of January, 1S73, and the time that proceedings in bankruptcy were commenced against them, they had merchandise and property in their possession which they had purchased on credit and not paid for, to the value of over $35,000. They refuse to explain what has become of that property; they offer no hypothesis to account for its disappearance; but simply say, in response to the final order for accounting, that they have no further account to give. Can It be said that any reasonable mind should be satisfied with such an accounting by a bankrupt for his assets? Can it be said that a court charged with the administration of the estate of a bankrupt, and bound to see that all the estate goes to the assignee for the benefit of creditors, is to be satisfied on such a showing that The bankrupts have honestly turned over to the officers of the court all their assets? Ought the court to be put off with mere silence or refusal, or neglect to account in a reasonable manner for assets traced clearly to and admitted by the bankrupts themselves to have been in their hands and under their control at so recent a date? The administration of bankrupt estates is in the main unsatisfactory enough at best, but how much more must it be if there is no power to unearth concealed assets, and compel bankrupts to disgorge their hidden property? The duty of the bankrupt is to honestly account for his assets according to facts. He may have lost his property by unfortunate speculations, or gambling even, so that it is beyond his reach or that of his assignees, and a true statement of the facts would be an accounting for it. That is a showing what has become of it, within the intention of the law, but until some explanation is made, the court must hold the bankrupt answerable.
If upon such an examination it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the court that a bankrupt has assets secreted which he has not delivered to his assignee, surely it could not be expected that the court should be content with the mere barren results of the information which the examination should give; but the court clearly has the power to enforce the surrender of the property, if it appears to the satisfaction of the court that it is still in the control of the bankrupts
The conclusion is inevitable; from the admissions of the bankrupts in the examinations, that they still have the possession in some maimer of those goods or their proceeds; or they have information and knowledge as to where the goods or proceeds can be found, and fraudulently withhold such information. ,
It appears from the evidence in this case, that for several weeks prior to the proceedings in bankruptcy, the goods of the bankrupts were manifestly disappearing from their store. Creditors calling there to collect their overdue bills, saw from day to day and from time to time, as they called, that the stock of goods was diminishing rapidly. And it cannot be supposed that the bankrupts, who were every day about the store, did not know where these goods went. They were not sold on credit in the usual way, for their books of account contain no outstanding accounts of any consequence. The only natural and legitimate conclusion must be that they have been fraudulently removed and concealed, for the purpose of defrauding the creditors, and that the bankrupts now know where these goods or their proceeds are. Honest men would at least make some attempt to explain this large depletion. It even appears that when creditors called for their pay, and mentioned the fact that the stock in the store- was rapidly diminishing, they were laughed at,, derided and defied by the bankrupts, and told .they could not help themselves. And when the store was finally closed by the proceedings in bankruptcy, only goods to the beggarly amount of $6,000, at the bankrupts’ own valuation, remained to represent the $35,000 of indebtedness which had been contracted by these men for goods which had gone into their store in the preceding eight months, and remained unpaid for.
There were no outstandings upon their books; no bills receivable; no assets, except the remnant of the stock of goods subsequently sold for less than $3,000, and the store fixtures.
If ever there was a case where the circumstances pointed indubitably to the conclusion that the bankrupts had deliberately and wilfully secreted their goods or the proceeds thereof, for the purpose of preventing them from coming into the hands of their creditors, this is such a case. And yet, on being arraigned and asked by the court to account for these goods, the bankrupts coolly say, they have no further account io give.
It seems to me that the court ought not to allow itself and the creditors of these men to be mocked in this way. It ought to compel these men to account for these goods, to tell where they have gone, to disgorge the proceeds or tell who has them, in order that the assignee may obtain them, and that not only that justice may be done to the creditors of these bankrupts, but that such highhanded .and impudent attempts at swindling may, as far as possible, be prevented :in future.
The order of the court, therefore, will be that the bankrupts stand committed to jail until they shall account for the goods thus traced into their hands.