273 B.R. 186 | Bankr. C.D. Ill. | 2002
In re Ray RODGERS and Diane J. Rodgers, Debtors.
United States Bankruptcy Court, C.D. Illinois.
*187 *188 Michael A. Williams, Rock Island, IL, for debtor.
OPINION
THOMAS L. PERKINS, Bankruptcy Judge.
In this case that converted from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7, Ford Motor Credit Company ("FMCC") objects to a motion filed by the Debtors, Ray and Diane J. Rodgers ("DEBTORS"), to redeem a 1996 Ford Mustang from FMCC'S lien. FMCC opposes the redemption for two reasons: that the proposed redemption is untimely since the motion for redemption was filed more than forty-five days after the DEBTORS' statement of intention and, that the redemption price should be determined by the vehicle's current value rather than the balance remaining to be paid on the secured claim allowed in the Chapter 13 plan.
A. FACTS
The DEBTORS' amended Chapter 13 plan, confirmed on January 27, 1998, provides that FMCC is "to be paid $13,850.00 plus interest for a total of $14,382.00 secured by a 1996 Ford Mustang, balance unsecured." In June, 2001, two and one-half years into their five year plan, the DEBTORS converted from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7. While the case was in Chapter 13, FMCC received payments totaling $13,485.27, all but $895.73 of FMCC'S allowed secured claim. After converting to Chapter 7, the DEBTORS, pursuant to Section 521(2)(A), filed their statement of intention on July 5, 2001, stating an intent to reaffirm the debt with FMCC secured by the 1996 Ford Mustang. No reaffirmation agreement was filed. On September 17, 2001, FMCC moved for relief from the automatic stay in order to repossess and foreclose its security interest in the vehicle. On October 1, 2001, the DEBTORS filed an objection to FMCC'S motion, followed promptly by a motion for redemption on October 3, 2001, seeking to redeem the Ford Mustang for the sum of $895.73, the remaining balance of FMCC'S secured claim under the confirmed Chapter 13 plan.
FMCC objected to the redemption, asserting that the proposed redemption price was far below both the vehicle's value, alleged to be $11,800.00, and the remaining balance on the original retail installment contract in the amount of $8,198.58. Both parties were given an opportunity to brief the issues. Only FMCC filed a brief, making three alternative arguments. First, *189 the forty-five day period in which debtors have to exercise their intention to redeem secured property or reaffirm a secured debt is mandatory and, since the DEBTORS failed to redeem the Ford Mustang within that time, they lost the right to redeem. Second, if redemption is permitted, the redemption price should be the lesser of the vehicle's current value or the original contract balance and should not be limited to the remaining balance due on its secured claim provided in the Chapter 13 plan. Third, if redemption is allowed for an amount based upon the remaining Chapter 13 claim balance, because of the accrual of interest on the allowed secured claim during the pendency of the Chapter 13 case, the remaining balance is substantially greater than the $895.73 amount proposed by the DEBTORS.
B. ANALYSIS
In the Seventh Circuit, a Chapter 7 debtor has only two options by which to retain property encumbered by an unavoidable lien: redemption pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 722 or reaffirmation pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 524(c). Matter of Edwards, 901 F.2d 1383 (7th Cir.1990). A debtor does not have the option of retaining property simply by remaining current on installment payments. Id. The Edwards decision is premised, in part, upon the mandatory language of subsection (A) of Section 521(2), added to the Bankruptcy Code by the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984.[1] Section 521(2), 11 U.S.C. § 521(2), provides as follows:
2) if an individual debtor's schedule of assets and liabilities includes consumer debts which are secured by property of the estate
(A) within thirty days after the date of the filing of a petition under chapter 7 of this title or on or before the date of the meeting of creditors, whichever is earlier, or within such additional time as the court, for cause, within such period fixes, the debtor shall file with the clerk a statement of his intention with respect to the retention or surrender of such property and, if applicable, specifying that such property is claimed as exempt, that the debtor intends to redeem such property, or that the debtor intends to reaffirm debts secured by such property;
(B) within forty-five days after the filing of a notice of intent under this section, or within such additional time as the court, for cause, within such forty-five day period fixes, the debtor shall perform his intention with respect to such property, as specified by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph; and
(C) nothing in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph shall alter the debtor's or the trustee's rights with regard to such property under this title;
1. Right to redeem does not expire under Section 521(2)(B).
FMCC points to the mandatory language of Section 521(2)(B) which states that "the debtor shall perform his intention" within forty-five days after filing the notice of intent unless the court, for cause, enlarges that time. (Emphasis added). *190 Since the DEBTORS did not redeem within the forty-five day period, and did not obtain an extension, FMCC contends that the DEBTORS thereby lost their right to redeem.[2]
Since Congress provided no express method of enforcing Section 521(2), In re Irvine, 192 B.R. 920, 921 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1996), the appropriate remedy for a violation is a matter of the court's discretion to be applied on a case-by-case basis. American Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. DeJournette, 222 B.R. 86, 97 (W.D.Va.1998). The court in In re Donnell, 234 B.R. 567 (Bankr.D.N.H.1999), reviewed a substantial body of case law and concluded that courts have used the following four remedies:
1. Compelling the debtor to comply with Section 521(2)(B), pursuant to its powers under Section 105(a);
2. Dismissing the case pursuant to Section 707(a);
3. Declaring the relevant debt nondischargeable, pursuant to Section 523(a); or
4. Granting relief from the automatic stay pursuant to Section 362.
FMCC relies upon In re Harris, 226 B.R. 924 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1998), where the court dismissed the debtors' case because of their delaying tactics. While the court acknowledged that most debtors do not perform their intention within the time required by Section 521(2)(B), it held that the debtors' refusal to perform their stated intention, or to amend their statement of intention, or to perform another of the alternatives, despite the passage of four months since their statement was filed, amounted to unreasonable delay that justified dismissal under Section 707(a)(1).
Since the debtors in Harris did not move to redeem in response to the creditor's motion to compel, the Harris court did not address whether the right to redeem is automatically lost upon expiration of the Section 521(2)(B) time period. From this Court's perspective, Harris represents a relatively harsh reaction, premised on unusual facts, to an issue that the court acknowledges as routine, that debtors seldom perform their intention within the forty-five day period.[3]
A recent bankruptcy court decision, noting a split of authority as to whether a debtor's Section 521 duties are mandatory and collecting cases on both sides of the issue, holds that a debtor's failure to perform a stated intent to redeem within the Section 521(2)(B) time period, results in irrevocable loss of the right to redeem. In re Jones, 261 B.R. 479 (Bankr.N.D.Ala.2001). This Court does not agree that such a result is intended by Section 521(2).
In determining whether the forty-five day period established by Section 521(2)(B) is the kind of drop-dead, use-it-or-lose-it, wait-one-day-too-long-and-all-is-lost, provision that FMCC claims it is, the starting point is the language of the statute itself. While a statute's use of the *191 word "shall" is ordinarily accorded a mandatory effect, Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 231, 121 S. Ct. 714, 148 L. Ed. 2d 635 (2001), it does not follow that a debtor's failure to timely perform a stated intent to redeem, results in loss of that option. Statutory construction is a holistic endeavor. United Sav. Ass'n of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., 484 U.S. 365, 371, 108 S. Ct. 626, 630, 98 L. Ed. 2d 740 (1988). In construing a statute, a court must not be guided by a single sentence or member of a sentence, but should look to the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy. Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 51, 107 S. Ct. 1549, 1555, 95 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1987).
The statute itself does not specifically provide that a(2)(B) violation precludes redemption and, in fact, provides no express remedy. Subparagraph (C), however, does provide that nothing in subparagraphs (A) and (B), including the mandatory time for performance, shall alter the debtor's rights with regard to the secured property under the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. § 521(2)(C). One of those rights is the right of redemption pursuant to Section 722. Accordingly, while the statute provides a time limit for performance in subsection (B), it preserves the right of redemption, even if tardily performed, through subsection (C).
The forty-five day period was the result of a Congressional compromise. Shortly after its enactment, the bankruptcy court in In re Eagle, 51 B.R. 959 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1985), reviewed the legislative history of Section 521(2) and described the section as a "subdued version" of an earlier bill which would have required the debtor to perform his intention at or prior to the first meeting of creditors, with the result of noncompliance being automatic termination of the Section 362(a) stay allowing the creditor to immediately enforce its lien. The court put the statute in context, as follows:
The earlier proposed amendment to section 521 indicates a legislative intent to punish the debtor for failure to timely state and perform his intention to redeem or reaffirm. Congress retrenched from that position after debate and compromise and fashioned a procedure which encourages out-of-court compromise between debtor and creditor in restructuring the debt. The new section is not intended to abrogate those substantive rights of exemption and redemption retained by the debtor. The notice and time limitation components of section 521(2) are intended to facilitate speedy resolution of debt compromise and repayment.
In other words, since the options of redemption and reaffirmation require some negotiation with the secured creditor, Section 521(2) requires the debtor to make the first move by affirmatively giving the creditor notice of his intention. The purpose behind Section 521(2) is one of notice. Irvine, 192 B.R. at 921. The time limit for performance is the impetus to the debtor to carry out his intention promptly, without undue delay, and gives courts a statutory basis to deal sternly with recalcitrance. The court in Eagle rejected the argument that FMCC makes here, holding that a failure by a debtor to timely state an intention to redeem and perform that intention within the forty-five day period mandated by Section 521(2)(B) does not result in loss of the right to redeem. This Court agrees with that conclusion.[4]
*192 Following conversion, the DEBTORS filed their statement of intention indicating an intent to reaffirm with FMCC. The DEBTORS did not perform and subsequently abandoned that intention. The time for performance expired without the DEBTORS having either moved for enlargement of time or amended their statement to express an intent to redeem.[5] In fact, the DEBTORS did not file their motion to redeem until October 3, 2001, ninety days after they filed their statement of intention and forty-five days after expiration of the mandatory period for performance of their intention and only after FMCC moved for relief from stay. Despite violating the letter and spirit of Section 521(2), the DEBTORS' right to redeem is nevertheless preserved by Section 521(2)(C).
This result need not prejudice the rights of a secured creditor with respect to its collateral. A secured creditor may file a motion for relief from automatic stay at any time which will, necessarily, push a dilatory debtor to action, as it did in this case. This Court agrees with Donnell and with Irvine, that a motion for relief from the automatic stay is the most efficient and sensible action for a creditor to take when faced with a dilatory debtor. This is not to say that stay relief should automatically be granted whenever the forty-five day period has expired without performance. As in the case at bar, and in accordance with Section 521(2)(C), it has been and continues to be this Court's practice to permit redemption by a debtor who promptly files a motion to redeem in response to a creditor's motion for relief from the automatic stay. The potential prejudice to the secured creditor in the way of depreciation to its collateral caused by the debtor's delay may be addressed by adjusting the valuation date or by awarding adequate protection to the creditor. For example, the court in Eagle held that the petition date is the proper time for valuing the secured claim for redemption purposes. In re Eagle, 51 B.R. at 962. Because the redemption value in this converted case is not determined based upon the vehicle's market value, it is not necessary for the Court to determine the appropriate date for valuation.
2. Redemption price is Chapter 13 claim balance.
A Chapter 7 debtor's right of redemption under Section 722 is a right accorded by the Bankruptcy Code and exists independent of any right of redemption that the debtor may have by contract or under state law. To redeem secured property from the lien of a creditor, the debtor must pay the lienholder "the amount of the allowed secured claim of such holder that is secured by such lien." 11 U.S.C. § 722. An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on estate property "is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor's interest in the estate's interest in such property, . . . and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor's interest . . . is less than the amount of such allowed *193 claim." 11 U.S.C. § 506(a). In other words, the amount of an undersecured creditor's secured claim is tied to the value of its collateral, whereas the amount of an oversecured creditor's secured claim is determined by the balance owed on the debt.[6] By basing the redemption price upon the creditor's "allowed secured claim," Section 722 incorporates the secured claim determination process contemplated by Section 506(a).
In Chapter 13 cases, secured claim amounts are determined at confirmation and are based upon the "replacement value" of the collateral at that time. Associates Commercial Corp. v. Rash, 520 U.S. 953, 117 S. Ct. 1879, 138 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1997). In an ordinary Chapter 7 case, the redemption price for an automobile is, generally, the lesser of its current wholesale value and the remaining contract balance. In re Tripplett, 256 B.R. 594 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2000). FMCC wants the Court to apply the usual Chapter 7 redemption rule here, which, using FMCC'S numbers, would yield a redemption price in excess of $8,000. The DEBTORS, of course, want the "allowed secured claim" under Section 722 to be determined by using the remaining balance due on FMCC'S Chapter 13 secured claim amount, which is now less than $1,000.
Prior to the 1994 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code, FMCC'S position had some support. See In re Burba, 42 F.3d 1388 (6th Cir.1994) (collecting cases). A significant split of authority on this issue was resolved by the addition of Section 348(f) in the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994. Section 348(f)(1)(B) now provides, with an exception not pertinent here, as follows:
(f)(1) [W]hen a case under chapter 13 of this title is converted to a case under another chapter under this title
. . .
(B) valuations of property and of allowed secured claims in the chapter 13 case shall apply in the converted case, with allowed secured claims reduced to the extent that they have been paid in accordance with the chapter 13 plan.
This Court is aware of only one post-amendment published opinion directly on point. In In re Archie, 240 B.R. 425 (Bankr.S.D.Ala.1999), the court held that Section 348(f)(1)(B) compels the conclusion that the secured claim determination made in conjunction with confirmation of the Chapter 13 plan remains in effect for post-conversion redemption purposes thereby precluding a new secured claim determination based upon the current value of the collateral. The language of Section 348(f)(1)(B) is clear and unambiguous. This Court agrees with the court's analysis in Archie and holds that, where a creditor's secured claim is determined in a Chapter 13 case that subsequently converts to Chapter 7, in order to redeem under Section 722, the debtor need only pay the remaining Chapter 13 claim balance, regardless of the collateral's current value.
3. The secured claim as allowed in the plan includes interest.
The only remaining issue is the calculation of the balance of the Chapter 13 secured claim. Tracking the language of the plan, the confirmation order provides that FMCC is "to be paid $13,850.00 plus interest for a total of $14,382.00 secured by a 1996 Ford Mustang, balance unsecured." Since no interest rate is stated, *194 this provision must be interpreted as providing for a lump sum interest amount of $532.00, unaffected by the actual timing or amount of the plan payments. FMCC argues that it was entitled to accrue interest at the contract rate of 6.9% and that if the plan payments it received are applied first to interest accruing at that rate and then to principal, the balance remaining to be paid on its secured claim is $3,145.92 as of the date of conversion.
The confirmed plan, however, to which FMCC did not object, does not provide that interest will accrue on the unpaid balance of FMCC'S secured claim at the rate of 6.9% or at any rate. It simply provides that, over the course of the plan, FMCC will be paid a total of $14,382.00, inclusive of interest. Therefore, the computation contemplated by Section 348(f)(1)(B) is performed simply by subtracting $13,485.27, the total payments paid to FMCC by the Chapter 13 Trustee, from $14,382.00, the amount of the allowed secured claim with interest. This subtraction yields a remaining balance of $895.73. The DEBTORS will be permitted to redeem the 1996 Ford Mustang from the lien of FMCC by paying this amount, in full, within thirty days.
This Opinion constitutes this Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052. A separate Order will be entered.
NOTES
[1] The Seventh Circuit also reasoned that permitting a debtor to retain property simply by keeping up installment payments without a reaffirmation of personal liability would render the Code's reaffirmation provision nugatory and would be contrary to the policy behind the 1984 Amendments of protecting creditors from the risks of quickly depreciating assets and preventing credit costs from escalating. 901 F.2d at 1386.
[2] This issue was not before the court in Edwards, although the panel acknowledged that the statute "clearly contemplates performance within a specified period of time of the alternatives outlined by it." 901 F.2d at 1386. It is worth noting, however, that the Seventh Circuit upheld the bankruptcy court's ruling which permitted the debtor to reaffirm the debt or redeem the collateral long after the expiration of the forty-five day period.
[3] Likewise, in this Court's experience, most debtors do not perform the stated intention within forty-five days. Since a debtor's decision, and implementation of that decision, to redeem, reaffirm or surrender, does not affect the general administration of the case, the sanction of dismissal is disproportionate to the sin, absent other aggravating factors.
[4] This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that the statute permits a debtor to unilaterally extend the time for performance to seventy-five days by waiting thirty days after the petition to file the statement of intention and permits the time for performance to be extended further upon motion. In addition, the debtor has the right to change his mind and amend the statement of intention. Fed.R.Bankr.P. 1009(b). Furthermore, Section 722 itself contains no deadline for redemption and makes no reference to Section 521(2). It has been held that a debtor may redeem property even after entry of the discharge. In re Hawkins, 136 B.R. 649 (Bankr.W.D.Va.1991).
[5] A debtor is not bound by a stated intention even where the performance period elapses without modification of the statement of intention. In re Crooks, 148 B.R. 867 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1993).
[6] Oversecured creditors may be allowed to recover postpetition interest and reasonable attorney's fees as part of their secured claim pursuant to Section 506(b).
