In March 1999, death-row inmate Robert Madrid Salazar was convicted of capital murder for the 1997 beating death and sexual assault of his girlfriend’s two-year-old daughter. Having exhausted his initial state and federal habeas claims, Salazar faces execution, scheduled for March 22, 2006.
On February 14, 2006, Salazar filed a subsequent state application for writ of habeas corpus with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals based on
Atkins v. Virginia,
Salazar, maintaining that he is mentally retarded, now moves in this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A) for authorization to file a successive application for writ of habeas corpus with the United States District Court based on the new constitutional rule announced in Atkins. Salazar also moves for a stay of execution. Because we hold that Salazar has failed to establish a prima facie case of mental retardation, we DENY his motions.
I. THE AEDPA STANDARD FOR AUTHORIZING THE FILING OF A SUCCESSIVE APPLICATION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS IN THE DISTRICT COURT
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) strictly limits the ability of federal habeas applicants to file successive applications for writ of habeas corpus in federal court, directing courts to dismiss any claim presented in a successive application unless, inter alia, “the applicant shows that the claim relies on a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(A). An applicant wishing to file a successive federal habeas application with a district court must first “move in the appropriate court of appeals for an order authorizing the district court to consider the application.”
Id.
§ 2244(b)(3)(A). Under this statütory scheme, this court serves a “gatekeeping” function,
Felker v. Turpin,
Because Salazar bases his application on the new constitutional rule announced in
Atkins,
to obtain authorization to file a successive claim, he must make a prima facie showing that “(1) his claim has not previously been presented in a prior application to this court, (2) his claim relies on a decision that stated a new, retroactively applicable rule of constitutional law that was previously unavailable to him, and (3) ... he is mentally retarded.”
In re Hearn,
II. PRIMA FACIE CASE OF MENTAL RETARDATION
While the Supreme Court in
Atkins
categorically barred the execution of mentally retarded persons, it declined to announce a uniform definition of mental retardation, noting that “[n]ot all people who claim to be mentally retarded will be so impaired as to fall within the range of mentally l'etarded offenders about whom there is a national consensus.”
Since the
Atkins
decision, Texas courts addressing
Atkins
claims have followed the definition of mental retardation adopted by the AAMR and the almost identical definition contained in section 591.003(13) of the Texas Health & Safety Code. Under this standard, an applicant claiming mental retardation must show that he suffers from a disability characterized by “(1) ‘significantly subaverage’ general intellectual functioning,” usually defined as an I.Q. of about 70 or below; “(2) accompanied by ‘related’ limitations in adaptive functioning; (3) the onset of which occurs prior to the age of 18.”
Ex parte Briseno,
We are convinced that Salazar’s
Atkins
claim does not have sufficient possible merit to warrant further exploration by the district court. Salazar offers no affirmative evidence tending to show that he suffers from significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning or that any such intellectual functioning has been accompanied by related limitations in adaptive functioning. Specifically, he provides no proof in the form of test scores, school records, doctor reports, affidavits from teachers or family members, or any similar documentation indicating that he has ever been suspected of being mentally retarded, diagnosed with any other disability, or placed in a special needs program. In fact, the only two professionals ever personally to evaluate Salazar have concluded that he is not mentally retarded, and his scores on two separate I.Q. tests are above the cutoff for mental retardation, which Texas recognizes as a score of 70 or below.
See Briseno,
In 1978, Salazar, who was eight years old at the time, scored a 102 on a Slosson Intelligence Test administered by Dr. Michael Ratheal. Dr. Ratheal, who administered several other tests to Salazar and performed a lengthy psychological evaluation, noted that Salazar’s I.Q. score “suggests functioning in the Average range of intelligence.” Ratheal Report at 2. Although Salazar did receive low scores on *433 the Vineland Adaptive Behavior test administered during the same session, Dr. Ratheal noted that the “scores indicate extremely low functioning in the areas of adaptive behavior, especially in consideration of Robert’s average intellectual ability.” Ratheal Report at 5. Based on the totality of her examination, Dr. Ratheal did not conclude that Salazar was mentally retarded. Moreover, in 1999, while Salazar was twenty years old and awaiting trial for capital murder, he scored an 87 on the WAIS-R intelligence test administered by Dr. Antolin Llórente, who spent two days examining Salazar and administering a total of twenty-five tests. Like Dr. Ratheal, Dr. Llórente did not conclude that Salazar was mentally retarded based on his examination, noting in his report that Salazar’s scores indicated that Salazar was “currently functioning within the upper end of the Low Average to low end of the Average range of intelligence.” Llórente Report at 5.
Attempting to cast doubt on the reliability of these assessments, Salazar offers the lone statement of Dr. Richard Garnett, a frequent expert witness in Texas capital cases who has experience in diagnosing and working with people with mental retardation. Dr. Garnett, who reviewed Salazar’s medical records and I.Q. scores at the request of Salazar’s attorney, asserts that the Slosson Test “should not be considered a valid indicator of Mr. Salazar’s intellectual functioning” and that the test results “must be followed by a more formal and in-depth evaluation and diagnosis.” Garnett Report at 3. However, Dr. Garnett fails to note in his analysis that, in addition to administering the Slosson Test, Dr. Ratheal did perform an in-depth evaluation of Salazar, and her nine-page psychological evaluation report never suggested that Salazar might be mentally retarded, instead describing him as “a bright youngster” and “functioning in an average range of intellectual ability.” Ratheal Report at 6.
Dr. Garnett also posits that Salazar’s later score of 87 on the WAIS-R test might have been artificially inflated because of a phenomenon called the “Flynn Effect.” This theory attributes the general rise of I.Q. scores of a population over time to the use of outdated testing procedures, emphasizing the need for the repeated renormalization of I.Q.-test standard deviations over time. Although Dr. Garnett describes the effect of this phenomenon on the average I.Q. score in the general population, he does not indicate what effect it would have had on Salazar’s score in particular or even whether it is appropriate to adjust an individuáis score based on this theory. 1
Finally, Dr. Garnett emphasizes that Salazar scored poorly on the Vineland
*434
Adaptive Behavior Test administered by Dr. Ratheal and that these scores could be indicative of mental retardation. Although this fact, standing alone, might be troubling, the definition for mental retardation adopted by the AAMR and by the state of Texas requires us to consider the data in context. Thus, Dr. Ratheal’s note that Salazar’s adaptive behavior “scores indicate extremely low functioning in the areas of adaptive behavior,
especially in consideration of Robert’s average intellectual ability”
indicates that, while Salazar might have suffered from limitations in adaptive behavior as a child, it was not accompanied by the significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning required under the definition. Ratheal Report at 5 (emphasis added);
see
Tex. Health & Safety Code § 591.003(13) (defining mental retardation as subaverage general intellectual functioning that is “concurrent with” deficits in adaptive behavior);
Hall,
In short, no professional who has ever personally evaluated Salazar has labeled him mentally retarded, and Salazar offers no support for his claim other than the statement of Dr. Garnett, who never personally evaluated or tested Salazar. Dr. Garnett’s statement, without more, “is simply insufficient to suggest that further development of [Salazar’s] claim has any likelihood of success under the
Atkins
criteria.”
In re Johnson,
*435 III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Salazar’s motion for authorization to file a successive habeas application based on Atkins. His motion for a stay of execution is also DENIED.
Notes
. Even assuming that the Flynn Effect is a valid scientific theory and is applicable to Salazar's individual I.Q. score — and we express no opinion as to whether this is actually the case — Salazar's score readjusted to account for score inflation is still above the cutoff for mental retardation. Dr. Garnett explains that, under the Flynn Effect theory, the passage of time has inflated test scores by approximately one-third to two-thirds of a point per year since the normalization of the particular test in question. Therefore,
one can establish a range of estimated score inflation by taking the number of years that has [sic] passed since the standardization norms were established and the date of test admission, and then multiply .3 and .6 to get the range of inflation. Those amounts are subtracted from the IQ score to obtain . the range of effect.
Garnett Report at 5. Salazar took his WAIS-R test in 1999, twenty-one years after it was normalized; thus, using the above equation, his readjusted score would range from 80.7 to 74.4, both of which are above the cutoff score of 70.
. We also note that, even if we were to grant Salazar's motion for authorization to file a successive habeas application, his application would be time barred in district court under the AEDPA one-year limitations provision unless equitable tolling were deemed appropriate.
See 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C) (limiting the period for filing a successive habeas application based on a new rule of retroactively applicable constitutional law to one year from "the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court"). The Supreme Court issued its decision in
Atkins
on June 20, 2002; therefore, the AEDPA limitations period expired on June 20, 2003, more than two and a half years ago.
See In re Hearn,
The state urges us to deny Salazar's motion solely on the ground that the successive application would be time barred under § 2244(d)(1)(C) without addressing whether Salazar has made a sufficient prima facie showing as required for authorization under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(C). However, we need not make this determination — or answer the open question of whether, in our role as "gatekeeper" under § 2244(b)(3)(C), we have the statutory authority to deny a motion for authorization solely on the basis of timeliness under § 2244(d)(1)(C) — because we hold that Salazar has failed to make a prima facie showing that the application satisfies the requirements of § 2244(b).
Cf. In re Wilson,