Pеtitioner Jimmy Richardson seeks relief in habeas corpus from his prior strike conviction on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel. He also asks us to recall the remittitur issued on the underlying appeal on the basis of judicial error. We deny the petition. Many of his claims were addressed earlier on appeal and are not cognizable on a petition for habeas corpus. Those claims that remain fail to show ineffective assistance of counsel or a valid basis for recalling the remittitur.
FACTS
After a jury convicted petitioner in 2004 of assaulting his wife with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)), the court convened a bifurcated jury trial to determine whether petitioner’s two prior felony convictions qualified as strikes for purposes of sentencing under the “Three Strikes” law. One of the alleged strikes was a 1992 conviction for evading a police officer and causing serious bodily injury. (Veh. Code, § 2800.3.)
For the evasion conviction to constitute a serious felony and thus a strike, the prosecution had to prove the serious bodily injury suffered by the victim constituted great bodily injury for purposes of the Three Strikes law, and that the victim who suffered the serious bodily injury from the evasion was not an accomplice. (Pen. Code, §§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(8), 1192.8.) In addition, the evidence supporting these factors had to come from the “record of the conviction.” (People v. Guerrero (1988)
As to the first factor, the trial court determined the issue of whether serious bodily injury under Vehicle Code section 2800.3 constituted great bodily injury under the Three Strikes law was a question of law for it, and not the jury, to decide. The court determined the least adjudicated elements of the Vehicle Code section 2800.3 conviction proved therе was serious bodily injury. It also determined serious bodily injury under Vehicle Code section 2800.3 as a matter of law rose to the level of “great bodily injury” within the meaning of the Three Strikes law.
As to the second factor, the trial court determined the jury would decide whether the victims of the 1992 evasion were also accomplices. The court noted the bare trial court record of the conviction did not show whether the injured victims were accomplices. That was because proving the victims were not accomplices was not an element of the evasion crime. Petitioner had pleaded no contest, so there was no factual record. The statement of facts in our unpublished opinion on the appeal from the 1992 conviction (People v.
To prove the victims were not accomplices, the prosecution submitted as evidence the probation report in the 1992 evasion case. The report contained a statement by petitioner that on the night of his arrest, he had left a bar after consuming two or three beers and arguing with his brothers there. He was in a state of anger when he passed the California Highway Patrol (CHP) patrol vehicle. At that point, he thought it best to get to his home as quickly as possible as he feared the car he was driving would be impounded if he were stopped because he was driving without a valid license. He also had just purchased the car, and he had not yet registered it in his name or obtained insurance. As other law enforcement vehicles joined the pursuit, he became scared, but he continued in his flight for home. He lost control of the car and crashed into a mobilehome. The prosecutor argued this statement was a de facto admission that the victims were not petitioner’s accomplices.
The prosecution also introduced live testimony from the CHP officer who had pursued petitioner’s car in 1992. The officer testified he saw only petitioner in the car during the pursuit and after petitioner crashed into a mobilehome.
Based on this evidence, the jury determined the victims of the 1992 evasion were not accomplices, and that the prior strike allegations were true. Pursuant to the Three Strikes law, the court sentenced petitioner for the 2004 assault to state prison for 25 years to life, plus 14 years.
Petitioner appealed his 2004 conviction to this court. (People v. Richardson (Aug. 18, 2006, C049430) [nonpub. opn.].) He claimed the trial court erred when it (1) determined serious bodily injury under Vehicle Code section 2800.3 was the legal equivalent of great bodily injury under the Three Strikes law; (2) decided that it, instead of the jury, would determine whether the victims suffered great bodily injury; and (3) admitted the CHP officer’s testimony to establish the 1992 evasion victims were not accomplices. Petitioner did not challenge admitting the 1992 probation report statement. In fact, petitioner acknowledged in his opening brief that a defendant’s admission contained in a probation report was admissible to prove a strike. People v. Monreal (1997)
Additionally, we agreed with petitioner’s argument challenging the admission of the CHP officer’s live testimony. Guerrero prevented admitting the officer’s testimony, as it was outside the record of conviction. However, we concluded the error was harmless, as petitioner’s admission to the probation officer provided sufficient evidence establishing his victims were not accomplices. The jurors could deduce petitioner was alone from his statement’s not having mentioned anyone else being in the car.
Petitioner sought review by the California Supreme Court, but on November 29, 2006, the high court denied his petition for review. Our court issued a remittitur on December 4, 2006.
One week later, the Supreme Court, on December 11, 2006, issued an opinion casting a shadow on our ruling that petitioner’s admission to his probation officer was admissible to prove a strike. In People v. Trujillo (2006)
About one year later, petitioner filed a habeas corpus petition with the trial court. Among other arguments, рetitioner claimed Trujillo should apply to his case. The trial court issued an order to show cause limited to the issues of whether petitioner could argue on habeas corpus that a change in law affected our decision on appeal, and if so, whether he was entitled to relief under Trujillo.
Following briefing by the parties on these issues, the trial court requested supplemental briefing. Petitioner had raised a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, so the trial court sought briefing on that topic. It asked the parties to address whether petitioner’s appellate counsel had a duty on the underlying appeal to brief the issue of whether Trujillo controlled petitioner’s case or to seek a stay until Trujillo was resolved, and whether appellate counsel’s failure to provide that briefing or seek a stay was prejudicial.
At the hearing on the petition, Attorney Emry Allen testified for petitioner as an appellate criminal practice expert. In Allen’s opinion, a competent attorney handling petitioner’s appeal to our court from his 2004 conviction and his petition for review to the Supreme Court should have argued the trial court erred in admitting petitioner’s 1992 probation report admission to determine whether the 1992 evasion victims had been accomplices for purposes of applying the Three Strikes law. The Supreme Court had expressly left open the issue of whether admissions in probation reports were admissible to prove a strike in People v. Reed (1996)
Allen also testified appellate counsel’s omission of this argument was prejudicial. Petitioner’s petition for review was pending when the Supreme Court had likely already decided Trujillo, and the high court, had the petition notified it, would have recognized Trujillo's effect on the petition and likely would have given petitioner the benefit of Trujillo. These facts, in his opinion, undermined the confidence in the result of petitioner’s case and effectively denied him a crucial defense.
Following the hearing, the trial court denied the petition for writ of habeas corpus. First, it determined Trujillo was not retroactive. The case established a new rule of law, the rule was not essential to the integrity of the factfinding process, and applying it only prospectively did not risk the conviction of innocent persons.
Second, the trial court disagreed with Allen’s testimony and determined petitioner did not suffer ineffective assistance of counsel when his appellate counsel did not challenge the trial court’s admission in 2004 of the 1992 conviction probation report. Appellate counsel’s performance was not deficient where there had been no indication our court would turn to the probation report to uphold the 2004 conviction of a prior strike. Counsel argued the CHP officer’s live testimony should not have been admitted, and
The trial court stated that even if counsel had argued against using the probation report, there is no indication we would have agreed with counsel. Two published and widely accepted appellate opinions upheld admitting statements from probation reports to prove a strike. Moreover, it was not clear that counsel or this court should have been aware the issue was pending in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court stated the issue on review in Trujillo was simply whether the trial court erred by holding a prior conviction was not a strike. Nothing in the high court’s statement of the issue indicated it was reviewing the use of statements in a probation report. The trial court denied the petition for these reasons.
Petitioner now seeks habeas corpus relief from this court. He claims he suffered ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel on the 2004 conviction (1) failed to object under Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000)
Petitioner also claims he suffered ineffective assistance of counsel when his appellate counsel on the 2004 conviction (1) failed to seek reversal based on trial counsel’s alleged ineffective assistаnce; (2) failed to challenge the trial court’s use of petitioner’s admission recited in the 1992 probation report as evidence to prove the victims of the evasion prior were not accomplices and thus the prior qualified as a strike; and (3) failed to seek recall of our remittitur within 90 days after its issuance after the California Supreme Court issued Trujillo.
Petitioner also asks us to recall the remittitur now in light of Trujillo.
We conclude petitioner suffered no ineffective assistance of counsel, and there is no valid ground to recall the remittitur at this point.
I
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
A. Standard of review
“ ‘A criminal defendant is guaranteed the right to the assistance of counsel by both the state and federal Constitutions. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15.) “Construed in light of its purpose, the right entitles the defendant not to some bare assistance but rather to effective assistance.” ([Citation], italics in original.) In order to demonstrаte ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must first show counsel’s performance was “deficient” because his “representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing professional norms.” (Strickland v. Washington (1984)
We apply these standards to petitioner’s claims against both his trial counsel and his appellate counsel.
B. Ineffective assistance by trial counsel
Petitioner challenges trial counsel’s failure to object under Apprendi to the trial court’s determination that it, and not the jury, would determine whether the element of serious bodily injury under Vehicle Code section 2800.3 was
We found against petitioner on the merits of these issues on his appeal from the 2004 conviction, and that decision is final. He thus cannot complain he suffered ineffective assistance when his trial counsel did not take positions contrary to governing law.
In his appeal, we determined the trial court did not violate Apprendi and constitutional law by not having the jury decide whether serious bodily injury equated to great bodily injury for purposes of Three Strikes or whether the victims had in fact suffered serious bodily injury. We also concluded petitioner’s plea of no contest to the evasion claim established that he in fact inflicted serious bodily injury.
We wrote: “In People v. Kelii [(1999)
“In any event, the only relevant factual determinations were whether [petitioner] inflicted serious bodily injury and whether the persons he injured were his accomplices. [Petitioner’s] plea resolved the first issue and the jury determined the second issue. There was no error.” (People v. Richardson, supra, C049430.)
For the same reasons, petitioner suffered no ineffective assistance when his 2004 trial counsel reasonably did not object to the trial court deciding his 1992 evasion crime was a serious felony or tо the sufficiency of evidence supporting the finding he inflicted serious bodily injury when he committed that crime. Apprendi does not require the jury to determine the existence of a prior serious felony, and petitioner’s plea and the record established he inflicted serious bodily injury.
The first case is from the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals suggesting our analysis of the Apprendi issue in petitioner’s appeal was incorrect. In Wilson v. Knowles (9th Cir. 2011)
The California Supreme Court disagrees with the Ninth Circuit. “The United States Supreme Court consistently has stated that the right to a jury trial does not apply to the fact of a prior conviction. [Citations.] ‘[Recidivism ... is a traditional, if not the most traditional, basis for a sentencing court’s increasing an offender’s sentence.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Black (2007)
We are not bound by the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Wilson. (People v. Camacho (2000)
The second recent case submitted by petitioner concerns our and the trial court’s analysis that his plea established he inflicted great bodily injury on the victims of his evasion crime. In People v. Valenzuela (2010)
Here, petitioner in 1992 pleaded to “proximately causing” serious bodily injury in violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.3. Under Valenzuela, petitioner’s plea would be insufficient to establish he personally inflicted great
That opinion was admissible evidence on which the trial court in 2004 could rely. (See People v. Woodell (1998)
C. Ineffective assistance by appellate counsel
Petitioner claims his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing (1) to claim ineffective assistance by trial counsel; (2) to argue before us that the trial court erroneously admitted his 1992 probation report admission to prove a prior strike; and (3) to request we recall the remittitur within 90 days of its issuance on account of Trujillo. Because we have determined petitioner suffered no ineffective assistance by his trial counsel, we need not address his assertion that appellate counsel erred by not claiming trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance.
As to petitioner’s other claims against his appellate counsel, we conclude counsel did not rеnder ineffective assistance. Counsel’s decision not to raise the argument before us was reasonable, and there was no valid basis for seeking the remittitur’s recall.
1. Failure to argue the issue before us
Petitioner claims appellate counsel’s performance on the appeal from his 2004 conviction was deficient because he failed to claim the 1992 probation report admissions were inadmissible to prove a prior strike. This alleged omission occurred before us and in petitioner’s petition for review.
Petitioner also claims the omission was prejudicial. He asserts the Supreme Court would have shirked its duty had it not granted review of his appeal in the face of proper briefing and with the imminent decision in Trujillo.
“We assess the reasonableness of counsel’s performance deferentially. [Citations.] We consider counsel’s performance from his perspective, analyzing counsel’s decisions based on what he knew or should have known at the time. [Citations.]” (In re Thomas (2006)
“In evaluating counsel’s performance, we assess both the reasonableness of counsel’s decisions and the reasonableness of the investigation that underlay each decision. ‘[B]efore counsel undertakes to act, or not to act, counsel must make a rational and informed decision on strategy and tactics founded upon adequate investigation and preparation.’ [Citations.] ‘ “[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words, counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.” ’ (In re Lucas (2004)
Petitioner claims appellate counsel’s failure to recognize the Supreme Court might resolve the issue it left open in Reed—whether admissions in probation reports were admissible to prove a strike—and to raise that argument before us and on a petition for review was not reasonable. We disagree. An attorney is not required to be clairvoyant. As a matter of common sense, an attorney is not required to raise an argument based on an as-yet-to-be-filed opinion. (See People v. Green (1980)
At the time of petitioner’s appeal, two districts of the Court of Appeal had held admissions in probation reports were included in the record of conviction and were admissible to prove a strike. The Supreme Court earlier declined to resolve the issue in Reed, and thus the appellate opinions were the extant law. It was not unreasonable for appellate counsel to rely upon these opinions and choose not to challenge them in this appeal.
It also was not unreasonable here because the Supreme Court, when it granted review in Trujillo, gavе no indication it would resolve the issue it did not address in Reed. The court initially granted review in Trujillo on a “grant and hold” basis behind another case (People v. Samples, S112201) which did not concern the admissibility of probation report admissions to prove a strike. (People v. Trujillo, S130080, Supreme Ct. Mins., Feb. 16, 2005; see also People v. Samples (Nov. 7, 2002, D039196) [nonpub. opn.], review granted Feb. 25, 2003, SI 12201, review dism. May 9, 2007.) The court then ordered briefing in Trujillo on whether the People could appeal a trial court’s order that found a prior conviction was not a strike. (People v. Trujillo, S130080, Supreme Ct. Mins., May 18, 2005.) Later, the court ordered supplemental briefing on the merits of the trial court’s determination that the prior conviction was not a strike. (People v. Trujillo, S130080, Supreme Ct. Mins., Apr. 26, 2006.) Nothing in the court’s notices in Trujillo would have led an attorney to reasonably believe the court was going to address whether probation report admissions were admissible to prove a strike.
Under these circumstances, appellate counsel’s decision not to raise the argument before us or conduct further research into what issues were actually being briefed in Trujillo was reasonable and did not constitute ineffective assistance. Because counsel’s performance was not deficient, we need not discuss petitioner’s claim of prejudice.
2. Failure to request recalling the remittitur
Petitioner next claims his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not asking us to recall the remittitur we issued in 2006 after the Supreme Court denied his petition for review. We disagree. As there was no valid basis on which we could have recalled the remittitur, counsel was not deficient for refusing to make the request.
No cause existed to justify recalling the remittitur. There is no evidence whatsoever that our decision on appeal from petitioner’s 2004 conviction resulted from fraud, mistake, or inadvertence. The decision was not the result of any oversight, neglect, accident, or other clerical error. The decision was not obtained by improper means in any respect, and thus was not subject to remittitur recall.
In an argument he did not make before the trial court, petitioner cites to an exception that purports to allow recalling a remittitur where the decision was based on judicial error. “An ‘exception’ to the rule that a remittitur cannot be recalled to correct an error of law was recognized by California’s Supreme Court in People v. Mutch (1971)
Petitioner claims he was entitled to recall of the remittitur, and to habeas corpus relief, because at thе time we issued our remittitur, his appeal from his 2004 conviction and sentence under the Three Strikes law was not yet final for purposes of determining Trujillo’s retroactivity. Under the rule that even a nonretroactive decision governs all cases still pending on direct review when the decision is rendered (People v. Guerra (1984)
He asserts his appeal was not final for purposes of application of Trujillo until the time allowed to petition for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court had expired.
For purposes of determining retroactivity, a judgment becomes final at “that point at which the courts can no longer provide a remedy on direct review.” (In re Pine (1977)
However, while the retroactivity of a United States Supreme Court opinion is a matter of federal law, state courts independently determine whether a state court decision addressing a matter of state law is retroactive. (American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Smith (1990)
The parties have not cited to us, and we have not found, any California opinion dеtermining the finality of a criminal case for purposes of calculating the retroactivity of a California Supreme Court case addressing an issue of state criminal law, such as Trujillo. Petitioner relies on People v. Vieira (2005)
Opposing petitioner, the Attorney General argues Vieira is limited to only favorable statutory changes and does not apply to changes in law imposed by a judicial decision. However, neither party answers the question of whether the potential availability of petitioning for a writ of certiorari should affect the retroactivity of a state Supreme Court decision that does not involvе a federal constitutional right. As we explain, we need not resolve that issue in order to decide this case.
Even when we assume, for purposes of argument only, that petitioner’s appeal from his 2004 conviction was not final when Trujillo was announced because he still could have sought certiorari, and if we assume appellate counsel’s performance was deficient for not seeking recall of the remittitur on that basis, we still would not conclude petitioner suffered ineffective assistance by counsel’s omission. That is because petitioner suffered no prejudice and would not have received a more favorable sentence had counsel sought recall.
There was additional evidence in the record of conviction besides petitioner’s 1992 probation report admission that established the victims of his evasion crime were not accomplices and that conviction qualified as a prior strike. That evidence was our opinion on his appeal of the 1992 evasion conviction, evidence the trial court hearing the strike allegations wrongly excluded. “[A]ppellate opinions, in general, are part of the record of conviction that the trier of fact may consider in determining whether a conviction qualifies under the sentencing scheme at issue.” (Woodell, supra,
“If the appellate court did state the pertinent facts, a trier of fact is entitled to find that those statements accurately reflect the trial record. Moreover, the defendant, who suffered the conviction and took the appeal, would know of and be able to challenge any material flaws or omissions in the opinion.” (Woodell, supra,
The Woodell court made clear that appellate opinions introduced as part of the record of conviction to prove a strike may be admitted into evidence even
For example, in Woodell, the defendant was charged with burglary and a prior strike conviction out of North Carolina of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. The trial court admitted the North Carolina appellate court’s opinion, which recited as evidence the defendant’s statement to an inmate that he was going to kill someone, and the inmate’s statement that he saw the defendant sharpening a scissor blade, and five minutes later saw the defendant stab the victim. (Woodell, supra, 17 Cal.4th at pp. 451-452.)
The Supreme Court held the appellate opinion was part of the record of conviction and was properly admitted by the trial court for purposes of determining the existence of a prior strike. The high court saw “no reason to limit the record of conviction to the trial court record and to preclude reference to the appellate court record, including the appellate opinion. Indeed, the appellate record might show the conviction was no longer valid. As the Attorney General notes, it would be absurd to preclude reference to an appellate opinion to show that a conviction had been reversed or modified to a lesser, nonqualifying offense. We also see no basis for allowing one party (the defendant), but not the other party (the prosecution), to rely on the appellate opinion.” (Woodell, supra,
The Supreme Court also determined such use of an appellate opinion is not barred by the hearsay rule. The opinion was admissible “for the nonhearsay purpose of determining the basis of the conviction.” (Woodell, supra,
However, the question for the fact finder “was not whether defendant did precisely those things, but only whether defendant’s conviction was based on
So it is here. Our opinion on petitioner’s appeal from his 1992 evasion conviction was admissible in his 2004 trial to show whether the trial court in 1992 found, at least impliedly, that his conviction for evasion was based on his inflicting serious bodily injury to nonaccomplices. We found that it was, and the trial court was entitled to rely upon our opinion for that basis.
Even if the Supreme Court were ultimately to limit the scope of Woodell and determine under the rule of Trujillo that appellate opinions are not part of the record of proceedings to the extent they rely on a probation report as the basis for their statement of facts, our opinion on the appeal of defendant’s 1992 evasion cоnviction would satisfy the higher standard. At the trial court hearing in that case to accept defendant’s no contest plea, and before the trial court accepted defendant’s plea, defense counsel agreed on the record that the victims of that crime were not accomplices. To establish the factual basis for defendant’s plea, the prosecutor stated: “[Wjhile driving a vehicle in excessive speed in the county of Sacramento, the defendant was chased by marked units with red lights and sirens. He crashed. As a result of the crash, debris caused injury to two victims in a residence.” The court then asked defense counsel whether he wished to comment on the factual basis, and he replied he did not. The court determined this was a sufficient factual basis to support defendant’s plea and defendant did not object. This exchange before defendant entered his plea is evidence in the record of proceedings that supported the statement of facts in our earlier opinion, and thereby rendered that opinion part of the record of proceedings as well.
Thus, if petitioner had sought recall of the remittitur on the basis of judicial error under Trujillo, we would have denied the request. Our opinion on the 1992 evasion conviction stated petitioner’s victims were occupants of a mobilehome that was damaged by petitioner’s crash. Our opinion is evidence in the record of conviction that establishes the victims of the 1992 evasion conviction were not accomplices, and therefore the evasion conviction qualifies as a prior strike. Trujillo would not have changed this result.
Petitioner thus did not suffer ineffective assistance when his appellate counsel did nоt seek recall of the remittitur. Counsel had no ground to seek the relief, and no prejudice flowed from counsel’s decision. Had counsel
n
Recalling the Remittitur Now
Petitioner asks us to recall the remittitur now and apply Trujillo to his case. However, we will not recall it now for the same reasons we would not have recalled it after Trujillo’s issuance. As we have shown, there is no basis for recalling the remittitur as an adjunct of habeas corpus relief. Petitioner suffered no ineffective assistance of counsel, and his conviction was not the result of judicial error worthy of habeas corpus relief. The record establishes the trial court correctly determined his prior conviction of evasion qualified as a strike.
Again, we need not determine whether Trujillo is retroactive to petitioner’s case. Even if it is, there was additional evidence in the record of conviction in the form of our opinion on petitioner’s appeal from his 1992 evasion conviction that established his victims in that crime were not accomplices. The conviction thus qualified as a prior strike.
Moreover, the cases petitioner relies upon to claim we have the authority to recall the remittitur now authorize the remedy in the context of habeas corpus where the appellate court’s dismissal of the appeal “is shown to result from the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.” (In re Grunau (2008)
DISPOSITION
The order to show cause is discharged and the petition for writ of habeas corpus is denied.
Hull, J., and Robie, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied July 12, 2011, and on June 29, 2011, and July 12, 2011, the opinion was modified to read as printed above. Petitioner’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied September 28, 2011, S195067.
Notes
A writ of certiorari issued by the United States Supreme Court is a remedy available on direct review of certain state court cases. By that writ, the high court may review final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state “in which a decision could be had . . . where the validity of a treaty or statute of the United States is drawn in question or where the validity of a statute of any State is drawn in question on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States, or where any title, right, privilege, or immunity is specially set up or claimed under the Constitution or the treaties or statutes of . . . the United States.” (28 U.S.C. § 1257(a).)