In re REPETITIVE STRESS INJURY LITIGATION.
Marguerite DEBRUYNE; Peter Debruyne; Gayle Simms; James
Simms; Madeline Bernice Strange; Robin A. Palley; Tonya
Moore; Cathy Mercantini; Shirley Badon; James Badon;
Karen Motchnik; Deborah Z. Zook; Thomas D. Zook; Linda E.
Hughes; Arthur S. Hughes; Lorraine Nieves; Maryland
Johnson Bush; Carol Jamieson; Thomas Jamieson; Carol
Witzel; Edward S. Witzel; Eunice A. Chattman; Ronald W.
Chattman; Pamela J. Holman; Terry Adamiak; Carmelita
Tacbad; Mario Tacbad; Belinda Edwards; Karen M. Lawrence;
William R. Lawrence; Eleanor M. Kelly; Robert M. Kelly;
Joann N. Richmond; Adelle Martin; Robert D. Martin; Anna
M. Burroughs; Raymond Burroughs; Margaret Johnson; James
Johnson; Margaret Depaolo; Elizabeth D. Moore; Gerald R.
Moore; Gladys Green; Amy L. Turrentine; Helen
Countsouros; Anthony Countsouros; Gregory Timmons;
Kathleen W. Trzeciak; Jane Teabout; Frances Manos; Sharon
Kissling; Barbara Day; Maria Paruolo; Josephine Esposito;
Denise D'Allesandro; Joan E. Bartek; Julius Bartek;
Lorraine Jabkowski; Victor L. Jabkowski; Frances Diane
Pollack; Alexander Pollack; Zorca S. Rada; Hugo Rada;
Donna Scaffaro; Terrence Scaffaro; Dorothy Debiase;
Judith Shoemaker; Benjamin Sotomayer; Argelia Ruiz,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION; Stenograph Corp.;
Quixote Corporation; Atex, Inc.; Eastman Kodak Company;
Globe Food Equipment Company; Northern Telecom Inc.;
Northern Telecom Ltd.; Bell Canada; Bell Northern Research
Ltd.; Kainsai Special USA Corp.; Data Point Corporation;
Prime Computer Inc.; System Integrators, Inc.; Zenith
Electronics Corp.; Zenith Data Systems, Inc.; Panasonic
Company; Flore Industries Inc.; Lockheed Corporation;
Ontel Corporation; Visual Technology Incorporated; NCR
Corporation; Memorex Corporation; Memorex Telex Corp.;
Apple Computer, Inc.; American Telephone and Telegraph
Company; Apollo Computers Inc.; Hewlett Packard Company;
Data General Corp. and as successor to Data-Checker Systems,
Inc., Defendants,
Wang Laboratories, Inc. and International Business
Machines Corporation, Defendants-Appellants.
KAINSAI SPECIAL USA CORP., Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
LEON LEVIN SONS, INC., Third-Party Defendant,
Compaq Computer Corp.; Zenith Data Systems, Intervenors.
Martha BAYLOR, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
XEROX CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant,
International Business Machines, Inc. and Prime Computer,
Inc., Defendants.
Joan TANIN, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
STENOGRAPH CORP., Quixote Corporation, Defendants-Appellants.
Verna Mae HOLLEY, Donald Holley, Dorothy Tarmel, Lucille
Daniels, George Daniels, Linda G. Dimasi, Nicholas
Soviero, Carol Soviero, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NCR
Corporation, Memorex Corporation, Memorex Telex
Corp., American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, Defendants,
NEC America, Inc., also known as Nippon Electric N.Y., NEC
Business Communications Systems, Inc., formerly known as MTI
Business Communication Systems, Inc., NEC Electronics, Inc.,
NEC Industries, Inc.; NEC Technologies, Inc., formerly
known as NEC Electronics, USA, Inc., Defendants-Appellants.
Audrey HULSE, Lewis R. Hulse, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
APPLE COMPUTERS INC., Defendant,
Sony Corporation of America, Defendant-Appellant.
Margaret CARR, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
DATA GENERAL CORP., Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 550, 715, 723, 719, 725 and 713.
Dockets 92-7732, 92-7962, 92-90
06, 92-9014, 92-9016 and 92-9018.
United States Court of Appeals,
Second Circuit.
Argued May 21, 1993.
Decided Dec. 9, 1993.
Steven J. Phillips, New York City (Alani Golanski, Danielle M. Goodman, Levy Phillips & Konigsberg, New York City, Michael A. Ponterio, Lipsitz Green Fahringer Roll Salisbury & Cambria, Buffalo, NY, Arnold C. Lakind, Szaferman Lakind Blumstein Watter & Blader, Lawrenceville, NJ, Alaine S. Williams, Willig Williams & Davidson, Philadelphia, PA, of counsel), for plaintiffs-appellees.
Joseph A. D'Avanzo, White Plains, NY (Michael A. Cerussi, Jr., Mark C. Dillon, Kathleen A. Meagle, Cerussi & Spring, of counsel), for defendant-appellant International Business Machines Corp.
George M. Newcombe, New York City (Linda L. Mahoney, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, of counsel), for defendants-appellants NEC America, Inc., NEC Business Communication Systems (Central), Inc., NEC Electronics Inc., NEC Industries, Inc., and NEC Technologies, Inc.
Charles B. Updike, Michael E. Schoeman, Mark D. Miller, Schoeman, Marsh & Updike, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellant Xerox Corp.
Eugene H. Lieber, Daniel S. Becker, Lieber & Lieber, New York City, of counsel, for defendants-appellants Stenograph Corp. and Quixote Corp.
Diane S. Wilner, Lee S. Gayer, Joel B. Rothman, Wilner & Associates, P.C., New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellant Sony Corp. of America.
Marc S. Dreier, Margaret M. Harding, Fulbright & Jaworski, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellant Data General Corp.
John S. Kiernan, Debevoise & Plimpton, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-intervenor Compaq Computer Corp.
Mark K. Anesh, H. Michael O'Brien, Larry H. Lum, Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman, & Dicker, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-intervenor Zenith Data Systems, Inc.
Robert D. Owen, James H. Neale, Owen & Davis, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellant Wang Laboratories, Inc.
Before: MESKILL, WINTER and PRATT, Circuit Judges.
WINTER, Circuit Judge:
Defendants-appellants International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") and Wang Laboratories, Inc. ("Wang") appeal from Judge Weinstein's order ("Weinstein Order"), In re: Repetitive Stress Injury Cases,
Plaintiffs-appellees move to dismiss these appeals for lack of jurisdiction. We grant the motion and dismiss the appeals. However, we treat the attempted appeals as petitions for writs of mandamus and grant the petitions. We vacate the consolidation orders and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs are individuals who have brought actions alleging injuries resulting from "repetitive stress" encountered in the use of equipment manufactured or distributed by various defendants. These so-called "repetitive stress injuries" ("RSI") include "carpal tunnel" syndrome, a malady of the hands and wrists, and a diverse array of other ailments including de Quervain's disease, Raynaud's Syndrome, synovitis, stenosing tenosynovitis crepitans, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, and epicondylitis, commonly known as "tennis elbow." Some plaintiffs also allege that they suffer from rotator cuff tears, lumbrosacal sprain, degenerative disc disease, cervical sprain, muscle spasms, "trigger finger," neck pain, and back pain. The claimed afflictions do not have a single cause and, defendants argue, may result, inter alia, from hereditary factors, vascular disorders, obesity, metabolic disorders, high blood cholesterol levels, connective tissue disorders, primary pulmonary hypertension, and prior trauma.
Defendants are companies that manufacture, and in some cases distribute, various types of equipment, including keyboards, keypunches, alphanumeric machines, video display terminals, cash registers, supermarket workstations, stenographic machines, and computer "mouse" devices. Each plaintiff alleges that a device of this sort caused his or her injury.
On May 12, 1992, plaintiffs applied to Judge Weinstein, sitting as Miscellaneous Part Judge, for an Order to Show Cause why their forty-four separate actions pending before seven judges of the Eastern District should not be consolidated. On June 2, 1992, Judge Weinstein consolidated the forty-four pending "RSI" cases before Judge Hurley as the judge with the earliest-filed RSI case on his docket, pursuant to the usual practice of the district court. In re: Repetitive Stress Injury Cases,
On July 14, 1992, Judge Hurley established preliminary discovery procedures and solicited from the parties their suggestions for composing relevant "subgroups" for purposes of discovery, as suggested by Judge Weinstein. In re: Repetitive Stress Injury Litig., No. 91-CV-2079, slip op. at 4 (E.D.N.Y. July 14, 1992). On August 10, 1992, Judge Hurley issued an order extending the Weinstein Order to all subsequent RSI actions. The Hurley Order gave leave to the defendants in the newly consolidated actions to file letter motions with the court seeking severance, but threatened movants who made "frivolous or ill-conceived" applications with Rule 11 sanctions.
Appellants appealed from the consolidation orders. Soon after both sets of appellants filed appeals, appellees moved to dismiss the appeals for lack of jurisdiction because the interlocutory appeals had not been certified by the district court under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b). Other panels referred the motions to us, the panel hearing the appeal.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1407, appellees have also moved before the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ("MDL") for an order consolidating all RSI cases pending nationwide in the Eastern District of New York. The MDL Panel denied appellees' motion because it was not persuaded that "the degree of common questions of fact among these actions rises to the level that transfer under Section 1407 would best serve the overall convenience of the parties and witnesses and promote the just and efficient conduct of this entire litigation." In re: Repetitive Stress Injury Products Liability Litig.,
DISCUSSION
1. Appellate Jurisdiction
Title 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 confers jurisdiction over appeals "from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States." A consolidation order is concededly not a final judgment. Appellants therefore argue that this appeal falls within the "collateral order" exception to the final judgment rule. See Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp.,
We believe the jurisdictional issue is governed by Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay,
As was the case with the class certification issue in Coopers & Lybrand, consolidation orders may be modified or revised as the litigation proceeds. That indeed appears to have been contemplated by both district judges. Moreover, the merits of the consolidation orders are thoroughly "enmeshed in ... factual and legal issues." For example, defendants deny commonality even in the claim of repetitive stress syndrome, which, they say, is a label applied to maladies with very different symptoms and causes. Finally, the consolidation orders can be reviewed on appeal to the extent that consolidation affects substantive rights. We thus decline to expand the collateral order doctrine to encompass consolidation orders.
In saying this, we recognize that we may be stressing the theoretical at the expense of the practical. Defendants assert that consolidation unnecessarily increases their expenses by forcing them to participate in discovery and other proceedings irrelevant to their particular actions. These costs, they say, will force them to settle what they regard as baseless claims. If so, the effect of a consolidation order may not be redressable on appeal. However, the disposition of this matter itself should ease such fears, and we continue to believe that the Cohen rule must be narrowly construed, "lest this exception swallow the salutary 'final judgment' rule." Weight Watchers of Phila., Inc. v. Weight Watchers Int'l, Inc.,
2. Mandamus
We may, however, treat an attempted appeal as a petition for leave to file a writ of mandamus. In re: Hooker Investments, Inc.,
A party moving for consolidation must bear the burden of showing the commonality of factual and legal issues in different actions, MacAlister v. Guterma,
We believe that consolidation here was a sufficiently clear abuse of discretion to warrant mandamus relief. At this stage of the litigation, the sole common fact among these cases is a claim of injury of such generality that it covers a number of different ailments for each of which there are numerous possible causes other than the tortious conduct of one of the defendants. As a class, the plaintiffs presumably have the usual wide variety of individual health conditions and problems that are found in any similar sample of persons and that might be relevant to the claimed injuries. The defendants manufacture or distribute a variety of mechanical devices with differing propensities, if any, to cause the harm alleged. With regard to issues of law, the plaintiffs come from a variety of jurisdictions and rely for their claims on the laws of different states. An order that merges all discovery and court proceedings and requires the participation of all counsel simply has no basis in Rule 42.
Although consolidation may enhance judicial efficiency, "[c]onsiderations of convenience and economy must yield to a paramount concern for a fair and impartial trial." Johnson v. Celotex Corp.,
In Johnson, we enumerated the factors to consider in ordering consolidation in the context of analogous claims involving asbestos. They are, in relevant part: " '(1) common worksite; (2) similar occupation; (3) similar time of exposure; (4) type of disease ...; (6) status of discovery in each case; (7) whether all plaintiffs were represented by the same counsel....' " Johnson,
When entering the consolidation orders, the district court contemplated the subdividing of discovery or other proceedings and even the severance of some cases as the litigation proceeds. Because the question of whether there are common issues of law or fact in these cases is open, there is no doubt some discovery that is applicable to a group of, or all, cases. The district judges' approach, however, reverses the proper process. The burden is on the party seeking aggregation to show common issues of law or fact; the burden is not on the party opposing aggregation to show divergences. MacAlister,
We emphasize, however, that we see nothing wrong with assigning all RSI cases in a district to a single district judge who may order that particular proceedings or certain discovery requests relate to defined groups of RSI cases or, when appropriate, all the RSI cases in the district. Our differences with the district court are more than philosophical. The burden is on the party seeking aggregation of discovery or other proceedings to show common factual or legal issues warranting it. A party may not use aggregation as a method of increasing the costs of its adversaries--whether plaintiffs or defendants--by forcing them to participate in discovery or other proceedings that are irrelevant to their case. It may be that such increased costs would make settlement easier to achieve, but that would occur only at the cost of elemental fairness.
CONCLUSION
We dismiss the appeals. We treat the attempted appeals as petitions for writs of mandamus. We grant the petitions and vacate the consolidation orders.