7 Wis. 643 | Wis. | 1859
By the Court,
This was a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, to bring the petitioner before me with a view to his discharge from imprisonment, upon the grounds stated in the petition. The petitioner represents that he is in custody of Andrew Bishop, under sheriff of the county of Dane, and keeper of the jail in said county, for the supposed offence, to wit: For not obeying the orders of R. W. Lansing, court commissioner of said county, in certain proceedings supplementary to the execution in a case in the circuit court of said county, in which one Michael Harman is plaintiff, and the said petitioner and one Benjamin F. Perry are defendants; that such confinement is by virtue of a warrant, a copy of which was annexed to the petition; that to the best knowledge and belief of the petitioner, he is not committed or detained by virtue of any process issued by any court of the United States, or any judge thereof, or by virtue of the final judgment or decree of any competent tribunal of civil or criminal jurisdiction, or by virtue of any execution issued upon such judgment or decree; that he is advised by his counsel, and verily believes, that his imprisonment is illegal in this, to wit:
1. That the said R. W. Lansing had no authority or power, by law, to make the orders referred to in said warrant of commitment, and had no authority or power conferred upon him
2. The said R. W. Lansing, as court commissioner of Dane county, had no jurisdiction to make any order in such proceedings supplementary to the execution, until it was clearly shown to him that a valid execution had been issued upon the judgment, and regularly returned, that no property, real or personal, could be found in the county, of either of the defendants, upon which to make the amount of the judgment, which does not appear to have been done in this case; and the petitioner states that on the judgment in the circuit court, upon which the supplementary proceedings mentioned in the said warrant were based, an execution had been issued to the sheriff of Dane county, bearing date on the 30th day of May, 1856, with the following return indorsed thereon by said sheriff, to wit:
“I have executed the within execution, by making diligent search, and no goods or chattels can be found. I therefore return this execution, nothing made.
(Signed.) A. BISHOP, Sheriff.
By John D. Welch, Under Sheriff
And that on the 6th day of June, A. D. 1856, another execution was issued out of the clerk’s office of said circuit court, tested on that day, and directed to said sheriff, who returned the same on the 11th day of June, 1856, with the following return indorsed thereon:
“By virtue of the within execution, I have this day levied upon two span of horses, the property of Henry W. Remington, one span sorrel, the other bay.
(Signed.) A. BISHOP, Sheriff
By Butler Stowell, Deputy.”
Dated 7th June, A. D. 1856.
“ The people of the State of Wisconsin, to the sheriff of the county of Dane, greeting:” and that this last paper was returned on the 27th day of March, 1857, with the following return indorsed thereon :
Dane County, ss: (By order of J. C. Ford, plaintiff’s attorney,) I return this execution not satisfied, as there is no (personal) property to be found belonging to the defendant, in my county, whereon to levy. Madison, March 27, 1857.
Signed, JOHN D. WELCH, Sheriff Dane Co.
By F. MOHR. Deputy.”
With the further indorsement on this execution, as follows:
“ The above return amended according to the facts. Madison, May 11, 1857.
F. MOHR, Deputy Sheriff”
And that the words in the last mentioned return enclosed in brackets are the amendments to the same.
And the petitioner represented that no other or different executions have issued upon said judgment, except the ones above mentioned.
The sheriff, in his return to the writ of habeas corpus, gives a copy of the warrant of commitment by virtue of which he held the petitioner, Remington, in custody, which is as follows :
“ The State of Wisconsin — To the Sheriff of the County of Dane, Greeting :
It duly appearing to me, by the affidavits of J. C. Ford and H. D. B. Cutler, the attorneys for the plaintiff, in the case of*647 Michael Harman, plaintiff, and Henry W. Remington and Benjamin F. Perry, defendants, in proceedings supplementary to the execution of said cause, that the said Henry W. Remington has not complied with an order duly made by me on the 20th of April, A. D. 1857, for the assignment and delivery to the receiver, appointed by me, of the following property, to wit: One gold watch and chain, the certificates of two hundred acres of school land in Vermont, Dane county, and the rents of houses on lots number twelve and thirteen, in block fifty-one, of the city of Madison, for the month of May, 1857, and to be applied towards the satisfaction of the judgment in said cause, in the circuit court of the county of Dane aforesaid; and also, that the said Remington was duly ordered to pay the costs in said supplementary proceedings, taxed by me at 39 29-100 dollars, which he has refused to pay; and also, that the said Remington was duly notified to show cause before me, on the 8th day of May, A. D. 1857, why an attachment should not be issued against him, and he be punished for his alleged misconduct in disobeying my said orders, and not having shown good cause therefor; and that the said Remington has not complied with my said orders, and the said Remington having been attached and brought before me, and after examination of him, and the existence of the facts hereinbefore stated, being made apparent, and not. showing good cause or having made any defence of the same; and whereas I have adjudged the said Remington in contempt for not obeying said orders, and ordered him to be closely imprisoned in the Dane county jail till he should pay the said judgment and costs in said cause, in the circuit court of Dane county, and the sum of thirty-four dollars and twenty-nine cents, being costs and expenses incident to the proceedings supplementary herein, and the costs and expenses incident to the attachment herein issued by me, and the commitment of the said Remington under this warrant, and the said Reming*648 ton not having done any of the acts so ordered by me, under the Code of Procedure, to prevent the issuing of the warrant of commitment therein provided j You are therefore commanded in the name of the State of Wisconsin, to commit the said Henry W. Remington to the jail of the county of Dane, and there to be closely imprisoned, till he shall deliver and assign the said property hereinbefore described, and by me duly ordered to be delivered as aforesaid, or until he shall pay the said judgment and costs, and costs supplementary thereto, and to be detained by the keeper of said jail, who is hereby required to receive and commit the said Remington until he shall comply with said orders, or be thence discharged under § 213 of ch. 2, of the Code of Procedure, of the State of Wisconsin, and for so doing, this shall be your sufficient warrant Given under my hand, at the city of Madison, this 9th day of May, A. D. 1857.
R. W. LANSING,
Court Commissioner for Dane County”
The petitioner files a sworn answer to this return, making substantially the same allegations in reference to the issuing and returns of the writs of execution as those contained in his petition. And upon the hearing, the judgment roll in the case of Harman vs. Remington and Perry, in the circuit court, was introduced, from which it appeared that the executions had issued as stated in the petition, and that the returns thereon were correctly set forth. It also appeared from said judgment roll, that after judgment in the circuit court, the cause was removed by the defendants, by writ of error to the supreme court, and that a supersedeas issued from that court, and further, that the case was subsequently, under rule eight of the supreme court, dismissed.
The above statement of facts, is all, I think, that it is. necessary to make, in order to understand fully the questions involved in the case. For the sake of convenience I will dis
1. What facts must exist to authorize the proceeding to obtain a discovery of the property of the judgment debtor under ch. 2, title 9, of the Code, and
2. Whether a court commissioner is authorized to entertain this proceeding; make orders for the payment of money in satisfaction of the judgment, and for the appointment of a receiver of the property, and in the event the debtor refuses or neglects to obey such orders, the power of the commissioner to proceed and attach the debtor and imprison him for a contempt in disobeying such orders, as was done in this case.
The provision of the Code, which has the most direct bearing upon the first point of inquiry, is the first clause of § 202> and reads as follows :
u When an execution against property of the judgment debt- or or any one of several debtors in the same judgment, issued to the sheriff of the county where he resides, or if he do not reside in the State, to the sheriff of a county where a judgment roll or transcript of a justice’s judgment for ten dollars or upwards, exclusive of costs, is filed, is returned unsatisfied, in whole or in part, the judgment creditor, at any time after such return is made, is entitled to an order from the judge of the court, or a county judge, or a court commissioner of the county to which the execution was issued, requiring such judgment debtor to appear and answer concerning his property, before such judge, at a time and place specified in the order within the county to which the execution was issued.”
It is very evident from an examination of the code — and i was so conceded on the argument of this case — that the remedy given by this provision, and other sections following in the same chapter, was intended as a substitute for a creditor’s bill in chancery, under the old practice. A creditor’s bill cou
But obviously, the statute pre-supposes that the creditor would first exhaust his remedy under the execution, and ascertain if his judgment could not be satisfied by the ordinary means or process of the court, before the debtor could be called upon to make discovery of his property. So long as the judgment debtor had tracable, tangible property and effects
For the purposes of this case, let it be conceded that the position of the counsel for the respondent is correct, that the levy under the alias writ was discharged by the suing out of the writ of error and supersedeas from the supreme court— but still the return upon the pluries writ of execution was insufficient to show that the creditor had exhausted his remedy. The return upon this latter writ, sets forth that the execution was returned by the order of the plaintiff’s attorney unsatis-
It was insisted by the counsel for the respondent, that this proceeding was authorized as soon as an execution was returned “ unsatisfied,” regardless of the question as to whether that return was correct or not. I cannot think so, especially when that return is thus made at the instance and under the direction of the creditor or his attorney; and there is a defect in the material point of its not applying to real as well as personal property. So that the conclusion to which I have arrived upon this branch of the case is, that it being indispensably necessary to give the judge jurisdiction of this proceeding, that an execution should have been issued and returned unsatisfied, and that such return should be true as applicable to real and personal estate; and it not appearing that these facts exist in this case, but the contrary; this proceeding
I now pass on to the other question for consideration, has a court commissioner any authority to entertain this proceeding for a discovery of property by the judgment debtor, and to punish as for contempt a disobedience of one of his orders ? And I am very clearly of the opinion that he has neither power to do the one thing or the other.
I have already alluded to my construction of this provision of the code, and it is this: That when an execution is returned unsatisfied in whole or in part, which has been issued to the sheriff oí the county in which the judgment debtor resides, if the debtor is a resident of the state, the judgment creditor at any time after such return is made, is entitled to an order from the judge of the court, or a county judge or court commissioner, requiring the debtor to appear and answer concerning his property before such judge, at a time and place specified in the order, within the county to which the execution issued. It will be observed that the statute requires that the debtor shall be held to answer before a judge within the county to which the execution issued; that is, within the county where the debtor resides. And a question was made upon the argument as to whether a county judge could entertain this proceeding, and it was insisted that he could not unless a court commissioner could; that the same course of reasoning which would show that the county judge had authority over it, would likewise establish the power of a court commissioner. But I do not think so. The language, “ such judge” may, without any violence or forced construction, be held to refer either to the judge of the court or county judge, mentioned in the antecedent part of the section. And when it is borne in mind that there are several counties in a circuit, and that the examination for a discovery must be in the county where the debtor resides, and that consequently a circuit
It is evident, I think, from § 213 of the code, that the legislature did intend to give to a circuit judge in vacation, the power to punish, as for contempt, a disobedience of an order lawfully made by him, in a proceeding supplementary to the execution. I shall not now stop to inquire whether a circuit judge can, under the. constitutional provision of this state, which declares that “ no person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of, or founded on a contract express or implied,” make an order or enter a judgment, in what was once known as actions ex contractu, that a debtor pay money, and upon his disobedience to pay according to the order, treat the debt- or as in contempt, and proceed to punish him by fine or imprisonment, or both; but I will, remark, incidentally, that I cannot now perceive how it is more easy to violate or evade the above constitutional inhibition by an indirect than by a direct proceeding. Still, perhaps it may be competent for him to do so, without violating the constitution.
The case of Gaylord Blair, in 4 Wis. R., 522, has a remote bearing upon this point, though not a direct adjudication upon it Still, it will be time enough to consider and determine the question as to how'far the circuit judge can go in punishing, as for contempt, a disobedience of an order to pay mon
But to return, the proposition cannot be maintained that under the laws of this State a court commissioner can do all the acts and exercise all the powers of a circuit judge at chambers. The proposition is too broad and requires limitation, as was admitted upon the argument by the counsel for the respondent; for confessedly there are some official acts which a judge may perform at chambers, and which a court commissioner has no authority to perform. I shall not mention them, as they will readily occur to one familiar with the statutes. So this rule does not furnish a safe criterion. As a general thing, subject of course to some exceptions, a court commissioner can perform the ordinary duties of a circuit judge at chambers. But suppose the Legislature sees fit to devolve upon the circuit judges in vacation, new duties and unusual powers, does it follow that thereby those duties and those powers can be exercised and discharged by court commissioners ? For illustration, suppose the Legislature had required the circuit judges to meet in vacation and codify the statutes, or make rules of practice for their respective circuits, or had given them the power oí hearing and determining at chambers all contested claims to the right of pre-emption upon the School and University Lands in their circuits, would any one thereupon seriously contend that court commissioners could codify the laws, frame rules of practice, or hear pre- . emption claims ? I presume not And yet the assumption of power in the present case, appears to my mind as great and unwarranted, as it would be for a commissioner to insist upon his right to act in the cases supposed. The powers and duties of a circuit judge, or county judge, under this and the subsequent provisions of the code, in the chapter under examination, are new, peculiar and unusual. In no proper sense of
The court commissioner is designated as one of the officers who may grant the preliminary order, not by the name of "judge,” however. I have no doubt but he was studiously and purposely excluded, by the legislature from the exercise of any further power over the proceeding. It was insisted that the context shows that it was the intention of the legislature to confer this power upon court commissioners. But how shall we determine that this was the intention of the legislature ? Certainly it is not so expressed in the law. I suppose if the legislature had intended to confer this power upon court commissioners, it would have said so in clear and explicit terms. But such is not the case. Certain officers are named who shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding, but court commissioners are not among them. Can there be a clearer case for the application of the rule, expressio unius, exclusio alterius.
I therefore consider it to be contrary to all known rules of construction to hold that a commissioner is authorized, under the code, to take jurisdiction of this proceeding, and enter up orders for the payment of money, the appointment of a receiver, and to punish as for a contempt, a person who has
My attention was called to other provisions under the code, where court commissioners are expressly designated as persons authorized to perform various acts, for the purpose of showing that when the legislature intended to confer a power upon them, it was done so in clear and explicit terms. But the language in the first clause of § 202 is so clear, so free from ambiguity and doubt, that I do not deem it necessary to enlarge upon this branch of the case. It may perhaps be proper to remark that the second clause of § 202, is not so clearly expressed and at first, I was in doubt as to what construction should be given to it. I am of opinion that when steps are taken to secure a discovery of property by the judgment debtor, before the return of the execution, that a court commissioner, under that clause, can take the affidavit, and perhaps grant an order for the debtor to appear and answer before a judge of the county, as provided upon the return of the execution. My reason for this construction of the clause is, that to give the statute full effect, the commissioner should have the power to grant the preliminary orders for a discovery or there would be no propriety in enabling him to take the affidavit. But, however this may be upon the first clause of this section, and the clause under which the proceeding in the present case was instituted, there does not seem to be any room for doubt The intention of the legislature is expressed in clear and apt words and must prevail.
I have only incidentaly alluded to the power of the commissioner to make orders for the appointment of receivers, and the payment of money, or delivery of property, to satisfy an execution.
But, if I am wrong in all that I have stated, if the commissioner has the power to entertain the proceeding and make these orders, I still hold, that under the laws of this State, he has no power to punish as for a contempt a person who disobeys his orders, and that, therefore, the commitment of the petitioner was illegal, and he must be discharged. I do not intend to give much prominence to this question or to argue it, for I should hope that it deserved little argument. That a court commissioner — a mere appointee of the circuit court— can attach a citizen and imprison him summarily, at his own pleasure, for a contempt, without any reference even to chapter 115 Rev. Stat., is certainly a most extraordinary position. Now, I deny in toto the power of a court commissioner to punish for contempt, even in a matter where he has full and ample jurisdiction. If he has this power, where is the statute that confers it upon him ? I have been referred to none, and I know of none. I have no doubt but the commissioner in this case acted from the best of motives; I cannot believe that he intended to act oppressively; but he certainly very widely misjudged as to the extent of his power, when he at
The order of Mr. Justice Cole, discharging the petitioner, must he affirmed.