IN RE: PUBLIC EMPLOYEES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND HAWAII COALITION MALAMA PONO, PETITIONERS
No. 19-1044
Unitеd States Court of Appeals FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued December 9, 2019
Decided May 1, 2020
Before: HENDERSON, TATEL, and GRIFFITH, Circuit Judges.
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus
Paula N. Dinerstein argued the cause and filed the briefs for petitioners.
Eric Grant, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief were Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Assistant Attorney General, Andrew C. Mergen and Ellen Durkee, Attorneys, and Catherine Basic, Attorney, Federal Aviation Administration.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge GRIFFITH.
I
A
The
Congress directed the agencies to act with dispatch. The Act provides that the FAA “shall make every effort to act on [an] application . . . and issue a decision . . . not later than 24 months after it is received or amended.”
The agencies’ efforts to comply with the Act got off to a promising start. In 2000, they established the National Park Overflights Advisory Group, and by 2002, they had published a rule defining “commercial air tour operations” and launching a permit application system. See
To be sure, the agencies kept busy. Despite their infighting, they took steps to establish management plans at sixteen parks, holding stakeholder meetings, drafting documents, and conducting noise studies. But because the agencies “were never able to resolve a number” of their squabbles, id., they never got “beyond [the] initial stages of environmental review” at any park, Gov‘t Br. 11, and “never issued a draft [management plan or] NEPA document . . . for public review and comment,” Lusk Decl. ¶ 45.
Twelve years passed, and the agencies still hadn‘t come up with a single management plan. In an effort to speed things up, Congress amended the Act to exempt parks with fifty or fewer air tours per year and permit the agencies to enter into voluntary agreements in lieu of management plans. See
After Congress amended the Act, the agencies agreed to put management plans on the back burner and focus their efforts on voluntary agreements. They anticipated that these agreements would be easier to complete, and they were right—to some extent.
In 2015 and 2016, the agencies finalized voluntary agreements with the air tour operators at Big Cypress National Preserve and Biscаyne National Park, bringing these parks into compliance with the Act. But the statutory fix was no magic bullet. Getting air tour operators to sign on to voluntary agreements without the credible threat of a management plan proved difficult. Each operator gains a
B
In 2018, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility and the Hawaii Island Malama Pono Coalition—organizations representing national park employees, visitors, and hiking guides—filed a petition for a writ of mandamus that would compel the agencies to establish management plans or voluntary agreements within two years at seven parks: Bryce Canyon National Park, Glacier National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Haleakala National Park, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and Muir Woods National Monument.1 We dismissed that petition for lack of Article III standing because it listed only the FAA as rеspondent and
Petitioners’ injuries weren‘t redressable by the FAA alone. See In re Pub. Emps. for Envtl. Responsibility, No. 18-1044 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 13, 2018) (per curiam). Petitioners’ new filing, which names both the FAA and NPS as respondents, does not suffer from this jurisdictional defect.
In response to this litigation, the agencies produced a schedule for bringing into compliance one park named in the petition and six other parks. This plan sets target dates for establishing voluntary agreements at Badlands National Pаrk, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Mount Rainier National Park, and Mount Rushmore National Memorial, ranging from January 31, 2020 to March 31, 2022. If the agencies can‘t produce unanimous voluntary agreements at those parks within eighteen months, the plan calls for the agencies to develop management plans. The plan also calls for the agencies to establish management plans at Death Valley National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, and Rainbow Bridge National Monument by May 31, 2022 at the latest. The agencies have not offered a proposed timeline for Petitioners’ other parks but pledge they will “begin preparatory work in additional parks on a rolling basis.” Sauvajot Suppl. Decl. ¶ 24.
II
Before addressing the merits of the petition, we must first assess our jurisdiction.
A
Our court has exclusive jurisdiction over mandamus petitions alleging unreasonable agency delay whenever a statute commits review of the relevant action to the courts of appeals. See Telecomms. Research & Action Ctr. v. FCC (TRAC), 750 F.2d 70, 75 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (explaining that this statutory commitment of review, “read in conjunction with the All Writs Act,” gives this court jurisdiction); see also
B
Petitioners assert associational standing to seek relief. “[A]n association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks tо protect are germane to the organization‘s purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.” Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm‘n, 432 U.S. 333, 343 (1977). The agencies do not dispute, and we agree, that Petitioners satisfy the second and third elements. However, the agencies question whether Petitioners satisfy the first element. They do.
To establish standing to sue in their own right, Petitioners’ members must show injury in faсt, causation, and redressability. See Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 157-58 (2014). Petitioners’ members include frequent hikers, whose enjoyment of the woods is marred by the intrusive noise of overflights. See, e.g., Contreras Decl. ¶¶ 6-7; Hingson Decl. ¶¶ 5-9; Plakanis Decl. ¶¶ 3-10. This is a cognizable aesthetic and recreational injury. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 183 (2000). It is caused by the agencies’ failure to regulate air tours and could be redressed by a grant of mandamus relief.
The agencies raise two objections to redressability, but neither is persuasive. First, the agencies object that “there is no guarantee that air tour impacts would be reduced with the implementation of plans or voluntary agreements.” Gov‘t Br. 18. But Petitioners need not show that relief is “certain,” Int‘l Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union v. Donovan, 722 F.2d 795, 811 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks omitted), only that it is “substantial[ly] likel[y],” Vt. Agency of Nat. Res. v. U.S. ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765, 771 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). Management plans may prohibit air tours altogether or establish certain сonditions, including noise mitigation,
Second, the agencies object that Petitioners’ injuries aren‘t redressable because the agencies haven‘t violated a nondiscretionary duty, so mandamus relief is inappropriatе. See Gov‘t Br. 18-22. But that argument confuses standing with the merits, which we address next. See Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. Ashcroft, 286 F.3d 600, 604-06 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (finding standing but denying mandamus relief on the merits).
“Our consideration of any and all mandamus actions starts from the premise that issuance of the writ is an extraordinary remedy, reserved only for the most transparent violations of a clear duty to act.” In re Bluewater Network, 234 F.3d 1305, 1315 (D.C. Cir. 2000). This is the rare case in which mandamus relief is appropriate. For nineteen years, the agencies have failed to comply with their statutory mandate despite Congress‘s command to “make every effort” to do so within two years of an application.
A
Before granting mandamus relief, we must “satisfy ourselves that the agenc[ies] ha[ve] a duty to act.” In re Am. Rivers & Idaho Rivers United, 372 F.3d 413, 418 (D.C. Cir. 2004). The agencies argue that they do not. In their view, “completion of a management plan [or voluntary agreement] is not a ministerial, clear-cut, or non-discretionary duty” because they must exercise their “discretion” over “the environmental analyses and action [that they] will approve.” Gov‘t Br. 20.
This argument confuses the creation of the plans with their content. While the latter may be discretionary, the former is not. As the agencies concede, “the Air Tour Management Act generally requires [the] establishment of plans or voluntary agreements for non-exempt parks.” Id. (emphasis added). The Act provides that the agencies “shall establish an air tour management plan . . . whenever a person applies for authority to conduct a commercial air tour operation.”
B
In evaluating a petition for mandamus relief based on unreasonable agency delay, we consider six factors:
- the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason;
- where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in thе enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason;
- delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake;
- the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority;
- the court should also take into account thе nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and
- the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.
TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). No one factor is determinative, and “[e]ach case must be analyzed according to its own unique circumstances.” Air Line Pilots Ass‘n, Int‘l v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 750 F.2d 81, 86 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Our analysis of the six TRAC factors convinces us mandamus relief is warranted.
1
The majority of the TRAC factors favor granting relief. Time is “[t]he
The agencies argue that the Act‘s timeline is aspirational. See Gov‘t Br. 23-25. But even the lack of a hard deadline “does not give government officials carte blanche to ignore their legal obligations.” Cobell v. Norton, 240 F.3d 1081, 1096 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Although the Act does not impose a rigid schedule, it provides a ruler against which the agencies’ progress must be measured. And that progress simply doesn‘t measure up.
The agencies further insist that their task is complicated and time intensive. See Gov‘t Br. 28-29. Of course, a reasonable time for action depends on “the complexity of the task at hand, the significance (and permanence) of the outcome, and the resources available to the agency.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 2003). But the failure to meet the timeline in this case is primarily attributable to interagency conflict, not financial or personnel shortages. Mandamus relief can‘t make money grow on trees, but it can end an interagency turf war.
Most of the remaining TRAC factors either favor granting relief or are neutral. “[T]ak[ing] into account the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay,” 750 F.2d at 80, we note that park visitors are among the Act‘s intended beneficiaries and the ones most harmed by the agencies’ listless pace. Granting relief will aid these visitors by reducing the disruptive impacts of air tours. See
2
Only one TRAC factor—competing agenсy priorities—seems to favor the agencies. Precedent directs us to “consider the effect of expediting delayed action on
But the agencies’ competing obligations cannot justify their nineteen-year holdup. See Cobell, 240 F.3d at 1097 (“[N]either a lack of sufficient funds nor administrative complexity, in and of themselves, justify extensive delay.“). Although we appreciate that it may be difficult for the agencies to complete management plans or voluntary agreements at all of the outstanding parks in the two years that Petitioners request, that doesn‘t make mandamus relief inappropriate. Recognizing that the agencies have legitimate resource-based concerns, we order the agencies to propose a schedule for bringing all parks into compliance. In crafting this schedule, the agencies should bear in mind that Congress expected them to complete the task in two years.
Moreover, while we will not grant mandamus relief that serves only to put the petitioner “at the head of the queue” while “mov[ing] all others back one space,” In re Barr Laboratories, Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 75 (D.C. Cir. 1991), we need not reorder the agencies’ priorities to grant relief here. Petitioners “are not asking to jump the line.” Oral Arg. Tr. 13:6-7. By ordering the agencies to produce a schedule, we do not require them to address any particular park first. The agencies remain free to choose the order, provided they bring all parks into compliаnce within a reasonable timeframe.
Finally, the agencies implore us to allow them to try out their new plan before granting mandamus relief. Had the agencies submitted a plan imposing reasonable deadlines for all parks, we might agree. But they did not. The agencies’ plan covers only seven of the twenty-three outstanding parks. And while many of these parks have partial voluntary agreements or low levels of air tours, thе agencies still anticipate that their plan will take up to four years to complete. That is too long.
In any event, the agencies have already missed some of the target dates they‘ve set for themselves. For example, the agencies promised to publish final voluntary agreements with fixed-wing operators at Badlands National Park and Mount Rushmore National Memorial by January 31, 2020. Sauvajot Supp. Decl. ¶¶ 15, 17. It‘s now May, аnd the agencies still have not published either agreement. See National Park Units Requiring Air Tour Management Plans, FAA, https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/arc/programs/air_tour_management_plan/park_specific_plans; see also Gov‘t 28(j) Letter (Dec. 6, 2019) (explaining that the agencies were also “unable to meet [their] target” for publishing “notices of draft voluntary agreements” at these parks). If the agencies can‘t stick to their own plan with the threat of judicial supervision hanging over them, how can we expect them to do so when the threat is gone?
IV
Left to their own devices, the agencies have failed to comply with their statutory mandate for the past nineteen years. Accordingly, we grant the petition for a writ of mandamus and order the agencies to produce a schedule within 120 days of the issuance of this opinion for bringing all twenty-three parks intо compliance. See In re United Mine Workers of Am. Int‘l Union, 190 F.3d 545, 554-56 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (ordering an agency to produce a schedule in response to a mandamus petition and retaining jurisdiction); MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. FCC, 627 F.2d 322, 343-46 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (same); Nader, 520 F.2d at 207 (same).
We fully expect that the agencies will make every effort to produce a plan that will enable them to complete the task within two years, as Congress directed. If the agencies anticipate that it will take them more than two years, they must offer specific, conсrete reasons for why that is so in their proposal.
The court will retain jurisdiction to approve the plan and monitor the agencies’ progress. After the plan is approved, the agencies are directed to submit updates on their progress every ninety days until their statutory obligations are fulfilled.
So ordered.