MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER SUSTAINING THE UNITED STATES TRUSTEE’S OBJECTION TO DEBTOR’S APPLICATION FOR AN ORDER AUTHORIZING THE EMPLOYMENT AND RETENTION OF DLA PIPER LLP (US) AS COUNSEL NUNC PRO TUNC TO THE PETITION DATE
This opinion addresses an important issue whether the use of conflicts counsel to deal with the debtor’s largest unsecured creditor and essential supplier is sufficient to permit court approval under section 327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code of a debt- or’s choice for general bankruptcy counsel that also represents that creditor in unrelated matters. Project Orange Associates, LLC (“Project Orange” or “Debtor”) seeks to retain DLA Piper LLP (US) (“DLA Piper”) as general bankruptcy counsel pursuant to section 327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. The United States Trustee (“U.S. Trustee”) objects, arguing that DLA Piper’s representation of certain General Electric (“GE”) entities, as well as inadequate disclosure about DLA Piper’s relationship with other creditors, requires the Court to deny DLA Piper’s employment application. GE is the Debtor’s largest
I. BACKGROUND
The Debtor filed for chapter 11 protection in this Court on April 29, 2010. On May 20, 2010, DLA Piper filed its employment application (the “DLA Employment Application”). (ECF # 58.) The U.S. Trustee filed its objection on May 27, 2010 (the “U.S. Trustee’s Obj.”). (ECF # 68.) The Court heard argument on the DLA Employment Application on June 7, 2010. Following the hearing, DLA Piper requested permission to file a supplemental brief in support of the DLA Employment Application. (ECF # 95.) The Court granted the request, permitting both DLA Piper and the U.S. Trustee to file supplemental briefs. (ECF # 96.)
The Debtor has retained ownership and continues to operate a steam and electricity cogeneration facility (the “Facility”) in Syracuse, New York. (Affidavit of Adam Victor Pursuant to Rule 1007-2 of the Local Bankruptcy Rules (“Victor Local Rule 1007-2 Aff.”) at ¶¶ 5-7 (ECF # 4).) The Debtor attributes its current financial predicament to the deregulation of the New York State energy market, ongoing litigation with Syracuse University (where the cogeneration facility is located pursuant to a lease and other agreements), and maintenance issues with two electric turbines (the “Turbines”) manufactured and, until recently, maintained by GE. (See id. at ¶¶ 12-16.) The Debtor earns money by, inter alia, providing electrical services to the New York Independent System Operator (“NYISO”), an entity charged with overseeing New York’s electricity markets. NYISO makes payments to the Debtor for (i) producing and supplying electricity to NYISO (“Energy Payments”); (ii) being available to produce electricity, if required (“Capacity Payments”); (iii) selling “Vars” or so-called “reactive power”; and (iv) permitting NYISO to control the load levels of the Debtor’s generators while they are operational (“Regulation Payments”). The Debtor states that it is not generating sufficient income because of maintenance issues with its GE gas turbines. 1 (Id. at ¶ 24.)
A. The Debtor’s History with GE
In 1992, Project Orange and GE entered into a maintenance agreement (the “Maintenance Agreement”) for long term maintenance, including necessary repairs to the Turbines. The Debtor states that, start
These contractual changes did not resolve the Debtor’s issues with the Turbines. The Turbines allegedly continued to breakdown, and in 2008 one Turbine failed less than two days after being repaired by GE. GE removed the Turbine for repairs. Shortly afterwards the remaining Turbine failed, leaving Project Orange with no operational turbines and prompting GE to install a temporary loaned turbine. The Debtor, however, claims that it cannot operate this loaned turbine for extended periods of time due to faulty maintenance performed by GE. This negatively affects the Energy Payments the Debtor receives from NYISO for providing electricity as well as the Regulation Payments the Debtor receives in consideration for allowing NYISO to control load levels of its Turbines when operating. The Debtor also maintains that operating the replacement turbine at capacity would result in its failure, stripping the Debtor of the Capacity Payments NYISO makes in consideration of the Debtor’s availability to produce electricity, if necessary. {Id. at ¶ 22.)
The Debtor’s issues with GE eventually led to disagreements over invoices. On December 17, 2008, GE commenced an arbitration against Project Orange to recover approximately $2.5 million in outstanding fees and $5,249,604.93 plus interest for services rendered and termination of the Maintenance Agreement (the “Arbitration”). On April 11, 2010, the arbitrator concluded that GE properly terminated the Maintenance Agreement and awarded GE $4,113,017.35 plus interest. The Debt- or’s schedules reflect a claim in this amount in favor of GE. {Id. at ¶ 25.) GE filed a motion to have the arbitration award confirmed in New York State Supreme Court. Briefing in that matter is stayed as a result of the automatic bankruptcy stay. GE also filed a motion requesting relief from the automatic stay to permit the state court to confirm the arbitration award. {See U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at ¶¶ 16-17.)
Despite these issues, the Debtor now maintains that “all major litigation with GE has been substantially resolved.” (DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at 1 (ECF # 84).) Indeed, the Debtor has presented a settlement stipulation (the “Stipulation”) between itself and GE to the Court for approval. (ECF # 118.) The Stipulation recites that GE asserts that, at a minimum, $1,227,152.99 of the Arbitration award represents amounts invoiced for services in repairing one of the Turbines and is secured by a possessory artisan’s lien on the Turbine and spare parts. (Stipulation at ¶ E.) The terms of the Stipulation call for certain payments to GE, funded by the Debtor’s various insurers, to satisfy this lien and pay for the installation of certain Turbine components, a gas generator and accompanying spare parts. (Stipulation at ¶ 3.) These payments, however, do not eliminate GE’s entire claim against Project Orange, only the secured portion. (Stipulation at ¶ 3(c).) After receipt of these amounts, GE would deliver the gas generator and the spare parts to the Debtor. GE would then install these components after the completion of repairs and installation of another key Turbine component, the power turbine.
B. DLA Piper’s Relationship with GE and other Potential Parties in Interest
The Debtor’s application to employ DLA Piper is supported with three declarations
Walsh’s second declaration (the “Supplemental Walsh Declaration”) further explains the relationship between DLA Piper and DLA Piper International. (ECF # 84.) DLA Piper and DLA Piper International are the two components of DLA Piper Global, a Swiss verein entity. 2 The Supplemental Walsh Declaration claims that GEII is technically a client of Advoka-firma DLA Piper Norway DA, which is a limited partner in DLA Piper International. Walsh argues that as a result DLA Piper receives no financial benefit from the work DLA Piper International and its components complete for GEII. (Supplemental Walsh Declaration at ¶¶ 2-3.)
The Walsh Declarations also state that DLA Piper has represented, and may currently represent, numerous other potential parties in interest including Syracuse University, AECOM, National Grid, JP Morgan Chase, U.S. Bank, City of Syracuse, Chartis National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA., and BP Energy Company (together with GEII, the “Conflict Parties”). (Initial Walsh Declaration at ¶ 8; Schedule 2 to Initial Walsh Declaration.) Walsh’s Supplemental Declaration clarifies that DLA Piper may be adverse to Syracuse University. (Supplemental Walsh Declaration at ¶¶ 2-3.) Walsh further reveals that the Conflict Parties, with the exception of GE, represent less than 1% of the revenues generated by DLA Piper in 2008, 2009, and to date in 2010. (Initial Walsh Declaration at ¶ 8 n. 5.) Walsh also notes, however, that DLA Piper’s work for GE entities constituted .92% of revenue in 2008, 1.6% of revenue in 2009, and has accounted for .90% of revenues to date in 2010. (Id. n. 6.)
Walsh’s third declaration (the “Second Supplemental Walsh Declaration”), filed after the June 7, 2010 hearing on this motion, clarifies that DLA Piper would not sue certain Conflict Parties, specifically AECOM, Chartis National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA., BP Energy Company, and GEII. (Second Supplemental Walsh Declaration at Ex. A. (ECF # 101).)
The DLA Employment Application acknowledges that DLA Piper’s relationship with GE gives rise to a conflict. (DLA Employment Application at ¶ 19.) At the June 7, 2010 hearing on the DLA Employment Application, DLA Piper affirmed its conflict with GE. (June 7, 2010 Tr. 55:23— 56:5 (“The Court:.... Don’t you agree you have a conflict [with GE]? Mr. Walsh: I do.”).) Following the June 7, 2010 hearing, however, DLA Piper retreated from its position, and now argues that it has no
Despite DLA Piper’s current position, its relationship with GE caused it sufficient concern that it obtained a conflict waiver from GE to shield it from allegations of ethical wrongdoing (the “Conflict Waiver”). (See U.S. Trustee’s Objection at ¶¶ 30-31.) A copy of the Conflict Waiver is attached as an Exhibit to the Supplemental Walsh Declaration. (See ECF # 84.) The Conflict Waiver is contained in a letter from DLA Piper, not DLA Piper International, and is addressed to GEII, care of senior general counsel for GE. The Conflict Waiver states that DLA Piper “will not bring any litigation or threaten any litigation for the recovery of monetary damages from GE or its affiliates or for any equitable relief against GE or any of its affiliates.” (Conflict Waiver at 1.) The Conflict Waiver, however, would permit DLA Piper to
(a) negotiate with GE on all matters, and (b) review loan, lease or other documents relating to the prepetition credit facilities or lease; provided, however that [the Debtor] has engaged special counsel of its own choosing ... with respect to the potential of bringing or prosecuting any such adversary proceeding or contested matter against GE....
(Conflict Waiver at 1-2.) Lastly, the Conflict Waiver indicates that DLA Piper may take positions regarding relief from the automatic stay, use of cash collateral, DIP financing, or confirmation of a plan that differ from that of GE “except to the extent that any such position taken by [the Debtor] may not be more inconsistent with any provision of any intercreditor agreement.” (Conflict Waiver at 2.) DLA Piper claims that no such intercreditor agreement exists. (DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at ¶ 7.)
II. DISCUSSION
A. Retention of Professionals under Section 327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code
Section 327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code permits a debtor in possession to employ professionals to represent the estate during bankruptcy with court approval.
In re WorldCom, Inc.,
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the trustee, with the court’s approval, may employ one or more attorneys, accountants, appraisers, auctioneers, or other professional persons, that do not hold or represent an interest adverse to the estate, and that are disinterested persons, to represent or assist the trustee in carrying out the trustee’s duties under this title.
11 U.S.C. § 327(a). Professionals must be both disinterested and not hold or represent any interest adverse to the estate to be employed under section 327(a).
Vouzianas v. Ready & Pontisakos (In re Vouzianas),
The structure of the Bankruptcy Code distills these dual requirements into a sin
The Second Circuit has defined “hold or represent an adverse interest” as
(1) to possess or assert any economic interest that would tend to lessen the value of the bankruptcy estate or that would create either an actual or potential dispute in which the estate is a rival claimant; or (2) to possess a predisposition under circumstances that render such a bias against the estate.
In re AroChem Corp.,
Courts determine whether an adverse interest exists on a case-by-case basis, examining the specific facts in a case.
In re AroChem Corp.,
Congress has explicitly stated that a professional’s representation of a creditor in another case does not automatically disqualify it from being retained under section 327.
See
11 U.S.C. § 327(c) (“a person is not disqualified for employment under this section solely because of such person’s employment or representation of a creditor”). The statute, however,
requires
disqualification of a professional following an objection from the U.S. Trustee or a creditor where there is an actual conflict of interest.
Id.
(“the court shall disapprove such employment if there is an actual conflict of interest”). Section 327(c) acknowledges the difficulties debtors have in large chapter 11 bankruptcies to retain competent attorneys with the resources to handle the scope of the cases.
See
3 Collier on BANKRUPTCY ¶ 327.04[7][b] (15th ed. rev.2010). The statute “prevents disqualification based
solely
on the professional’s prior representation of or employment by a creditor” but does not obviate the essential requirement that a professional not have an interest adverse to the estate.
In re AroChem,
B. DLA Piper’s Relationship with GE Precludes it from Being Employed by the Debtor Under § 327(a)
DLA Piper attempts to distance itself from GE, maintaining that the creditor in this case, GEII, is not even a client of DLA Piper, but rather a client of DLA Piper International. (Initial Walsh Declaration at ¶ 8; Supplemental Walsh Declaration at ¶¶ 2-3.) But the Conflict Waiver severely undermines DLA Piper’s effort to segregate its relationship to GEII. Specifically, the Conflict Waiver was sent by DLA Piper, not DLA Piper International. Moreover, it is addressed to GEII “care of’ an attorney at GE itself. Lastly, the Conflict Waiver combines GEII and GE into a single entity, GE, when requesting a waiver. Thus, the Court does not accept DLA Piper’s effort to draw artificial lines in an attempt to isolate itself from GEII. As DLA Piper’s Conflict Waiver conflates GE and GEII as a single entity, this Court too will treat them as one and the same for purposes of this motion. 3
Despite this acknowledged conflict, DLA Piper argues that it “does not have a conflict of interest in representing the Debt- or.” {Id. at 2.) It is only barred from acting in “litigation directly adverse to GE” and it has “no conflict with representing the Debtor opposite GE in developing and negotiating a plan of reorganization.” (DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at 1-2.) In support of this position, DLA Piper argues that the Court should focus “on the actions DLA Piper proposes to take as to [Project Orange] in this bankruptcy case” and eschew DLA Piper’s other relationships. {See DLA Supplemental Brief at 3.) DLA Piper apparently believes that the Stipulation with GE — which would provide for the eventual return of Turbine components to the Debtor, but not resolve GE’s unsecured claim against the estate— combined with the Conflict Waiver and its use of conflicts counsel somehow permits DLA Piper to represent the Debtor as general bankruptcy counsel despite its close relationship and acknowledged conflict with GE. The Court disagrees with DLA Piper’s assessment of the law.
1. The Debtor’s Execution of the Stipulation did not Resolve DLA Piper’s Conflict with GE
DLA Piper argues in its Supplemental Brief — filed after the Debtor entered into the Stipulation with GE — that the Debtor’s signing of the Stipulation resolved all conflicts between itself and GE. (DLA Supplemental Brief at 2.) DLA Piper is severely mistaken. The Stipulation, by its own terms, is not effective until this Court reviews the Stipulation in accordance with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9019 and approves the settlement. (Stipulation at ¶ 1.) Until then, no settlement exists and GE remains directly adverse to Project Orange. Notably, even if the Court approves the Stipulation, adversity would still remain. Under the terms of the settlement, GE must complete repairing a Turbine component before it can install the Turbine in accordance with other Stipulation provisions. Repairs on the component are anticipated to be completed by July 10, 2010, but the Stipulation states that this date is subject to change. If repairs are more difficult than anticipated, the return of the Debt- or’s Turbines to operation is not assured. Moreover, there would likely be conten
Moreover, Project Orange is locked in highly contentious — but currently stayed— litigation in state court with its landlord, Syracuse University, regarding the validity of their lease. The University maintains that the lease was terminated prepetition as a result of several Project Orange defaults. Under the terms of the Debtor’s lease with the University, arguments exist that termination of the lease would result in the entire Facility reverting to the University: Section 27.02(b)(ii) of the lease specifically allows the University to repossess both the leased property as well as the Facility on termination of the lease. As defined in other agreements between the two parties, the Facility includes the Turbines. Thus, even if the Stipulation and settlement become effective, if Syracuse University is successful in establishing that the lease terminated prepetition, Project Orange will have no assets to liquidate to pay its largest unsecured creditor.
DLA Piper, however, ignores these clear conflicts, suggesting that the Stipulation resolved all adversity in this case. DLA Piper cites to cases that distinguish between present and potential conflicts, arguing that because only the
potential
for adversity with GE exists, it may be retained in this ease. But other bankruptcy judges in this district have refused to distinguish between actual and potential conflicts.
In re Angelika Films 57th,
Even if the Court ignores the disfavored actual/potential distinction, the cases cited by DLA Piper fail to persuade the Court that DLA Piper has no disabling conflict of interest with GE. Indeed, the two cases DLA Piper most heavily relies upon are easily distinguishable from the present case. In
In re Rockaway Bedding, Inc.,
No. 07-14890,
2. DLA Piper’s Conflict Waiver Does Not Permit DLA Piper’s Employment Under 827(a)
The Conflict Waiver does not save DLA Piper’s application from these infirmities. Both commentators and courts conclude that disabling adverse interests may exist where the professional to be retained also represents creditors of the debtor.
In re American Printers & Lithographers, Inc.,
DLA Piper argues that because GE has contractually permitted DLA Piper to represent the Debtor on some matters adverse to GE that it cures
all
conflicts for purposes of section 327(a). But an agreement between DLA Piper and GE,
i.e.,
the Conflicts Waiver, cannot trump the requirements of section 327(a). Even if GE agreed that DLA Piper could act against GE on all issues, through litigation, negotiation or otherwise, DLA Piper must still satisfy the statutory requirements of section 327(a) to be retained as general bankruptcy counsel.
See, e.g., In re Granite Partners, L.P.,
This is particularly true with regards to the Stipulation. The Debtor’s ongoing relationship with GE is a core issue for a successful reorganization of the Debtor. Specifically, return of the Turbines to operation is central to the Debtor’s profitability. {See May 3, 2010 Tr. at 15-16, 19 (“Mr. Victor: Nobody’s going to get paid unless we can run [both Turbines] and let ... us see how we can maximize [them].”).) Yet, as indicated above, under the Stipulation there is a possibility that the installation date of the Turbines may slip. If this occurs, Project Orange will be forced to quickly and vigorously negotiate the installation schedule to take advantage of the summer electricity season. Valid negotiation strategies may include threatening lawsuits or withholding payments to be made under the Stipulation. It is unclear whether the Conflict Waiver would permit DLA Piper to take either course of action.
3. The Debtor’s Use of Conflicts Counsel Does Not Warrant DLA Piper’s Employment Under 327(a)
In many cases, the employment of conflicts counsel to handle issues where general bankruptcy counsel has an adverse interest solves most questions regarding the retention of general bankruptcy counsel. Indeed, DLA Piper has identified cases where courts determined that the use of conflicts counsel could insulate proposed counsel from hypothetical and speculative conflicts that may arise in the course of a bankruptcy case with entities that are not central to the debtor’s reorganization efforts.
See, e.g., In re Enron Corp.,
No. 01-16034(ALG),
Even if Golenbock performed
all
work related to GE in this case, the fig leaf of conflicts counsel does not convince the Court that retention of DLA Piper as general bankruptcy counsel is appropriate in these circumstances. As previously indicated, GE is central to this case. It is the Debtor’s largest unsecured creditor. The return and installation of the Turbines, which are central to the Debtor’s ability to reorganize, is currently subject to a Stipu
Other courts have determined that where proposed counsel is conflicted from representing a debtor with regards to matters central to the bankruptcy, even the presence of conflicts counsel does not make the retention appropriate.
5
In
In re Amdura Corp.,
Similarly, in
In re Git-N-Go, Inc.,
DLA Piper attempts to distinguish Gii-N-Go, arguing that unlike the case at bar proposed counsel in
GiNN-Go
(i) represented both the debtor and “several” adverse parties; (ii) admitted it was ethically incapable of acting as counsel for the debt- or in certain circumstances; and (iii) represented parties in interest in matters regarding the debtor prior to the petition date. (DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at ¶ 10.) DLA Piper’s distinctions fail. As an initial matter, proposed counsel in
Gitr-N-Go
only represented two parties in interest in the case prior to the petition date, the Holding Company and Citgo.
In re GiG-N-Go, Inc.,
Finally, the bankruptcy court in
In re Envirodyne Indus., Inc.,
DLA Piper’s retention application suffers from the same issues faced by Cleary in In re Envirodyne. Like Cleary, DLA Piper argues it is “disinterested” for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code because it will not bring litigation against GE and because the Stipulation has allegedly resolved all disputes between the Debtor and GE. (See DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at ¶7; see also DLA Supplemental Brief at 2.) Also like Cleary, DLA Piper seemingly assumes that developing and negotiating a plan of reorganization will not make it directly adverse to GE. (See DLA Piper’s Resp. to U.S. Trustee’s Obj. at ¶ 7; see also DLA Supplemental Brief at 2.) And just like Cleary, DLA Piper’s assumption that it is not conflicted in developing a plan reveals that it has already made a determination regarding the status of matters with GE, specifically with regards to the Stipulation and the resolution of GE’s unsecured claim. Prejudging the status of matters with a debt- or’s largest unsecured creditor, as the En-virodyne court noted, is not consistent with the Debtor’s duty to investigate all possible claims.
On the facts of this case, as DLA Piper’s conflict is with the Debtor’s largest unsecured creditor that is central to the issues in this case, the Court concludes that it is inappropriate to approve the retention application. It is not a sufficient answer, as DLA Piper posits, that the firm has had a long-standing relationship with the Debtor. Conflicts rules do not apply only when application of the rules will not inconvenience the party seeking to retain conflicted counsel.
CONCLUSION
DLA Piper’s representation of GE creates a conflict of interest with the Debtor. GE is the largest creditor in this case, has been highly active in the proceedings, and is certain to play a key role in any plan negotiations or confirmation hearing. Here, given DLA Piper’s admitted conflict of interest with GE and GE’s central role in this case, the Court does not believe that the use of conflicts counsel warrants DLA Piper’s retention in this matter. Thus, the DLA Employment Application is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. Debtor’s cogeneration facility was built on property owned by Syracuse University. The Debtor and Syracuse University are parties to a written lease that by its terms is scheduled to expire in 2032. Syracuse University argues, however, and the parties have litigated in state court for several years, that the lease terminated prepetition because of Project Orange's defaults in the lease and other agreements between them. The details of the dispute are omitted from this Opinion. Suffice it to say, however, that if the lease terminated prepetition, the Debtor is unlikely to be able to reorganize as an operating business. Syracuse University has filed a motion to lift the automatic stay to permit it to proceed with the state court litigation. A separate opinion or order will be entered concerning that motion.
. A Swiss verein is essentially an incorporated membership association, but has no precise counterpart in the United States.
In re Lemout & Hauspie Secs. Litig.,
. Since DLA Piper dealt with itself and its affiliates as one entity in negotiating a conflict waiver with GE entities (likewise treated as one entity), the Court does not need to consider whether different conflicts rules might apply in some circumstances where international law firms share a relationship through a Swiss verein. DLA Piper's website proclaims that "DLA Piper became one of the largest legal service providers in the world in 2005 through a merger of unprecedented scope in the legal sector. While large in scale, the merger strategy was simple — to create an international legal practice capable of taking care of the most important legal needs of clients wherever they do business.... DLA Piper today has 3,500 lawyers in offices throughout Asia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States. We represent more clients in a broader range of geographies and prac
. DLA Piper's attorneys have also shown that they are tone-deaf when it comes to conflicts issues. During the June 7, 2010 hearing, counsel presented a proposed settlement between the Debtor and BP regarding the delivery of natural gas needed to operate the Debt- or’s Turbines. No objections were filed to the proposed settlement. The Court indicated that it would approve the settlement. Later in the hearing, however, almost in passing, counsel acknowledged that it could not be adverse to BP, an existing client of DLA Piper. The U.S. Trustee then questioned how DLA Piper could negotiate and present the settlement if it cannot be adverse to BP. Counsel then responded that it had identified BP as a conflict party in exhibits to its retention application, as if the disclosure could cure the conflict. The Court withdrew its approval of the settlement, which has since been resubmitted by Golenbock, Debtor’s conflict counsel. Identifying conflicts does not involve a game of “gotcha,” where disclosure of a conflict party in one schedule excuses counsel from the consequences of a conflict if no one finds the earlier disclosure and objects.
. The Court is surprised at the dearth of precedent on this point. In addition to the case law discussed in this Opinion, at least one commentator concurs with the Court’s assessment in an analogous setting. See Susan M. Freeman, Are DIP and Committee Counsel Fiduciaries for their Clients’ Constituents or the Bankruptcy Estate? What is a Fiduciary Anyway?, 17 Am. BankrInst. L. Rev. 291, 367 (2009) ("Courts have allowed ... counsel to avoid the lack of disinterestedness or existence of an adverse interest caused by the role of other firm clients in the bankruptcy case by appointing special counsel to deal with all matters adverse to the other clients. If a creditor client's role is central to the case, such as carve-out of ... representation may be infeasible.”) (footnotes omitted).