Portola Packaging, Inc. appeals from the decision of the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences holding, after reexamination, that claims 1, 3-5, 7, and 8 of U.S. Patent 4,496,-066 are unpatentable. In re Portola Packaging, Inc., No. 95-4121 (Bd. Pat.App. & Int. Feb. 16, 1996). Because the board exceeded its statutory authority by basing its decision solely on prior art previously considered by the PTO, we reverse.
BACKGROUND
On July 27, 1983, Joseph J. Bullock, III filed an application directed to a flexible bottle neck/cap combination. During the examination of that application, claims 1 and 2 were rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 102 (1994) as anticipated by, inter alia, U.S. Patent 3,204,799 to Hunter, and claims 3-6 and 8-11 were rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 103 (1994) as obvious based on, inter alia, the combined teachings of U.S. Patent 4,202,455 to Fauls-tich and two other references. In response to this rejection, Bullock amended the existing claims and added several new claims. Eight of these claims issued in the ’066 patent, which was later assigned to Portola.
On October 27, 1993, a request to reexamine the ’066 patent was filed by a third party, who purported to raise three substantial new questions of patentability: (1) whether claims 1, 3, 5, and 7 were anticipated by the Hunter patent; (2) whether those claims were anticipated by U.S. Patent 4,177,906 to Von Hagel; and (3) whether all of the claims of the ’066 patent were rendered obvious by the combined teachings of the Faulstieh patent and, inter alia, either the Hunter patent or the Von Hagel patent. The PTO granted the request. During reexamination, the examiner first rejected all of the claims as anticipated by, inter alia, the Von Hagel patent. In response, Portola canceled claims 2 and 6, and incorporated their subject matter into claims 1 and 5, respectively. The examiner subsequently rejected claims 1, 3-5, 7, and 8, inter alia, as obvious over the combined teachings of the Faulstieh and Hunter patents. The board affirmed the examiner’s rejection solely on that ground. Portola now appeals to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A) (1994) and 35 U.S.C. §§ 141, 306 (1994).
DISCUSSION
Portola argues that on reexamination the rejection based solely on the combined teachings of the Faulstieh and Hunter patents was improper. Portola asserts that the reexamination statute, in light of its legislative history, does not permit rejections based solely on prior art that was before the PTO in an earlier examination. Accordingly, Por-tola does not dispute the statutory propriety of the initial bases for reexamination or the initial rejection on reexamination to the extent that it was based on the Von Hagel patent. However, Portola does contest the examiner’s final rejection under § 103 and the board’s decision affirming that rejection, neither of which relies on the Von Hagel patent. Portola requests that we reverse the board’s decision and direct the PTO to issue a Certificate of Reexamination under 35 U.S.C. § 307(a) (1994), confirming the pat-entability of the amended claims.
In response, the Commissioner first argues that because the claims of the original application were never rejected under § 103 based on the specific combination of the Faulstieh and Hunter patents, the rejection affirmed by the board is a new one that is permitted by the reexamination statute. The Commissioner notes the absence of evidence that the original examiner- considered these two references in combination during the original application. Second, the Commissioner argues that because Portola amended *788 the claims during reexamination, all of the post-amendment reexamination proceedings were authorized by the reexamination statute, and that those proceedings necessarily concerned questions of patentability that are distinct from those addressed during the original examination.
Whether the rejection based on the combined teachings of the Faulstich and Hunter patents was permissible under the reexamination statute raises an issue of statutory interpretation, a question of law which we review
de novo, see In re Kathawala,
The reexamination statute provides, in pertinent part:
Within three months following the filing of a request for reexamination under the provisions of [35 U.S.C. § 302 (1994)], the Commissioner will determine whether a substantial new question of patentability affecting any claim of the patent concerned is raised by the request, with or without consideration of other patents or printed publications. On his own initiative, and [at] any time, the Commissioner may determine whether a substantial new question of patentability is raised by patents and publications discovered by him or cited under the provisions of [35 U.S.C. § 301 (1994) ].
35 U.S.C. § 303(a) (1994) (emphasis added). Thus, the resolution of this appeal requires that we determine the meaning Congress intended to attribute to the statutory phrase “a substantial new question of patentability.”
This court recently considered the meaning of this statutory phrase in the case of
In re Recreative Technologies Corp.,
In view of
Recreative Technologies,
the PTO amended the
Manual of Patent Examining Procedure
(MPEP) which, although it does not have the force of law, provides guidance and instructions to examiners.
See Refac Int'l Ltd. v. Lotus Dev. Corp.,
*789 Once reexamination is ordered based on a proper substantial new question of patent-ability, grounds of rejection previously considered by the [PTO] may not be raised by the examiner. For this purpose, a ground of rejection was “previously considered” if it:
1. is applied to the same claimed subject matter as a previous rejection in the examination of the original patent or earlier concluded reexamination;
2. relies on the same combination of patents and printed publications as the previous rejection; and
3. applies the same statutory basis as the previous rejection.
MPEP § 2258 (6th ed. rev. 2, July 1996) (citation omitted). Thus, the amended section would permit the rejection affirmed by the board in this ease because the rejected claims were amended by Portola during reexamination and the references were not cited in the same combination or with respect to the same statutory basis as during the original examination of the ’066 patent.
If we accept Portola’s arguments, it follows that PTO practice under MPEP § 2258 is inconsistent with the mandate of the reexamination statute.
See Federal Election Comm’n v. Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee,
The reexamination statute, Pub.L. 96-517, was enacted with the intent of achieving three principal benefits. Reexamination of patents by the PTO would (i) settle validity disputes more quickly and less expensively than litigation, (ii) allow courts to refer patent validity questions to an agency with expertise in both the patent law and technology, and (iii) reinforce investor confidence in the certainty of patent rights by affording an opportunity to review patents of doubtful validity.
See Patlex Corp. v. Mossinghoff,
However, Congress did not authorize the PTO to evaluate patentability anew whenever there existed doubt as to a patent’s validity. Rather, the PTO was authorized to reexamine an issued patent only within strictly defined limits. Congress recognized that holdings of patent invalidity by courts were mostly based on prior art that was not before the PTO. Patent Reexamination: Hearings on S. 1679 Before the Senate Comm, on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. 2 (1980) (opening statement of Senator Birch Bayh) (“All too often, patent holders find themselves in lengthy court proceedings where valuable patents are challenged on the grounds that the patent examiner missed pertinent data during the initial patent search.”); id. at 14 (testimony of Sydney Diamond, Commissioner, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office) (referring to Gloria K. Koenig, Patent Validity-A Statistical and Substantive Analysis at § 5.05[4] (1974) in which the author found that from 1953 through 1967 “the proportion of invalid patents wherein uneited prior art [i.e., prior art not before the PTO] figured into the result is between 66 and 80 percent”). Congress also was aware that newly-discovered prior art often is identified only after a patent is issued because a potential infringer generally has greater resources and incentives to search for and find prior art than does the PTO. Hearings on S. 1679, at 21-22 (testimony of Donald R. Dunner, President of the American Patent Law Association) (“[I]t is inevitable ... that all of the prior art will not be uncovered [by the PTO]. A determined advocate, desiring to do in a patent, spending tens of thousands of dollars in litigation situations, can often, if not always, find something that has not been considered by the [PTO].”).
Thus, Congress provided for reexamination of patents, but it was also concerned about subjecting patentees to repeated examinations on the same prior art. It therefore *790 limited the scope of reexamination. As this court stated in Recreative Technologies:
Congress recognized that [the] broad purpose [of reexamination] must be balanced against the potential for abuse, whereby unwarranted reexaminations can harass the patentee and waste the patent life. The legislative record and the record of the interested public reflect a serious concern that reexamination not create new opportunities for abusive tactics and burdensome procedures. Thus, reexamination as enacted was carefully limited to new prior art, that is, “new information about pre-existing technology which may have escaped review at the time of the initial examination of the patent application.” H.R.Rep. No. 96-1307, [at] 3 (1980) reprinted in 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6460, 6462. No grounds of reexamination were to be permitted other than on new prior art and sections 102 and 103. As explained in the legislative history, matters that were decided in the original examination would be barred from reexamination: “This ‘substantial new question’ requirement would protect patentees from having to respond to; or participate in unjustified reexaminations. Further, it would act to bar reconsideration of any argument already decided by the [PTO], whether during the original examination or an earlier reexamination.” Id. at 7, reprinted [in] 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6466.
In light of this statutory purpose, we cannot agree with the Commissioner’s arguments. First, we do not accept his argument that the absence of direct evidence that the original examiner considered the Faulstich and Hunter patents together in the context of § 103 indicates that the examiner did not so consider them and therefore that the rejection affirmed by the board was based on a substantial new question of patentability. The regulations that prescribe an examiner’s conduct indicate that, in conducting an examination, an examiner must evaluate each cited reference and then determine which of those references, alone or in combination, provides the most appropriate statutory ground for rejecting the claims. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.106(b) (“In rejecting claims for want of novelty or for obviousness, the examiner must cite the best references at his command.”). Therefore, it must be presumed that the original examiner considered the Faulstich and Hunter patents, both alone and in combination with each other and with all of the other cited references, before allowing the original claims.
To suggest otherwise, as urged by the Commissioner, is to imply that the original examiner did not conduct his analysis according to the governing regulations. However, government officials are presumed to have “properly discharged their official duties.”
United States v. Chemical Found., Inc.,
Congress intended that on reexamination a patent holder would not have to argue that claims were valid over the same references that had been considered by the PTO during
*791
the original examination.
See Etter,
We also reject the Commissioner’s argument that the amendments made during reexamination created a substantial new question of patentability. That the claims were amended by Portola does not mean that a new examination of the amended claims involved substantial new issues of patentability. It is clear that the scope of a patent claim may not be enlarged by amendment during reexamination.
See
35 U.S.C. § 305 (1994) (“No proposed amendment or new claim enlarging the scope of a claim of a patent will be permitted in a reexamination proceeding under this chapter.”); 37 C.F.R. § 1.552(b) (1996) (“Amended or new claims presented during a reexamination proceeding must not enlarge the scope of the claims of the patent____”);
see also Quantum Corp. v. Rodime, PLC,
We understand that the PTO’s goal is to perform thoroughly and conscientiously its function of allowing applications claiming only patentable subject matter, and that in order to do so it wishes to take advantage of a second opportunity to examine claims it once issued when reexamination gives it that chance. However, Congress did not grant the PTO such a broad mandate by enacting the reexamination statute. Even when the door to the reexamination gate is opened, the PTO is not freed from the limitations Congress placed on the reexamination process. Whatever the basis on which reexamination is granted, it was intended to deal only with substantial new questions of patentability, essentially those based on prior art that was not before the examiner during an earlier examination. Those circumstances are not in the case before us.
Accordingly, consistent with this court’s holding in
Recreative Technologies,
Since the original bases for concluding that a substantial new question of patent-ability existed to justify reexamination were withdrawn by the PTO during reexamination, leaving only arguments based on references previously considered by the PTO, the reexamination should have been terminated.
See Recreative Techs.,
CONCLUSION
The rejection based on the Hunter and Faulstich patents did not raise a substantial new question of patentability concerning the claims of the ’066 patent, either as issued or as amended during reexamination. Because no other proper ground of rejection was asserted, the decision of the board is
REVERSED.
Notes
. We decline Portola’s invitation to evaluate the improper rejection on its merits. Just as it is inappropriate for the PTO to reevaluate previously considered questions of patentability on reexamination, it is inappropriate for this court to evaluate such questions on appeal from a reexamination proceeding.