OPINION DENYING MOTION OF THE 23 AFFECTED DEALERS FOR ALLOWANCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES PURSUANT TO 11 U.S.C. §§ 503(b) AND 507(а)(2)
Before the Court is a motion seeking administrative expense priority for damages sustained by certain domestic automobile dealers as a result of the Debtors’ rejection of executory sales and service agreements with those dealers.
The Court concludes that any claims for damages sustained by the dealers stem from the rejection of the pre-petition exec-utory contracts. Therefore, those claims are pre-petition general unsecured claims not entitled to administrative expense priority.
FACTS
On April 30, 2009, Old Careo LLC (f/k/a Chrysler LLC) and 24 of its domestic direct and indirect subsidiaries
1
(collectively with Chrysler LLC, the “Debtors”) filed for protection under title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”). The Debtors’ cases are being jointly administered for procedural purposes, pursuant to Rule 1015(a) of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. On May 5, 2009,
On June 1, 2009, an order was entered, pursuant to section 363 of the Bankruptcy-Code, granting the Debtors’ motion to approve the sale of substantially all of the Debtors’ operating assets. Thereafter, on June 9, 2009, an order was entered authorizing the Debtors, pursuant to sections 105 and 365 of the Bankruptcy Code, to reject executory contracts and unexpired leases, including 789 sales and service agreements with domestic car dealerships. On June 10, 2009, the sale of the Debtors’ assets closed.
Twenty three of the dealers (the “Affected Dealers”), whose sales and service agreements (the “Dealer Agreements”) were rejected, filed a motion seeking administrative expense priority, pursuant to sections 503(b)(1) and 507(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, for their claims against the estates that have resulted from the rejection of those Dealer Agreements. The Debtors oppose the Affected Dealers’ motion. A hearing on this matter was held befоre the Court on November 19, 2009.
Parties’ Contentions
While acknowledging that damages arising from the rejection of a pre-petition contract ordinarily are pre-petition unsecured claims, the Affected Dealers argue that special considerations relevant here warrant administrative priority treatment for these claims. Specifically, the Affected Dealers contend that because the state in which each Affected Dealer is located has enacted a comprehensive regulatory scheme (the “Dealer Laws”) pursuant to its respective police powers, which scheme was intended to address public health and safety and general economic welfare, and because 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) requires a debtor to operate its business in accordance with the requirements of state law, the Debtors were required to operate their business in accordance with the Dealer Laws. Thus, the Affected Dealers argue that they are seeking administrative priority for violations of state statutory obligations imposed upon automobile manufacturers and, as such, are not seeking administrative priority for contractual damage claims.
In addition, the Affected Dealers argue that they are seeking administrative priority for their claims under a line of cases that hold that actual and necessary costs warranting administrative priority include costs ordinarily incident to the operation of a business. The Affected Dealers assert that it is ordinarily incident to an automobile manufacturer’s business to comply with state Dealer Laws.
The Debtors oppose the Affected Dealers’ motion and argue that section 365 is intended to assist a debtor in freeing itself of burdensome contractual obligations. The Debtors maintain that for the power of rejection under section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code to be effective, federal bankruptcy law establishes the priority of any claim that stems from rejection, and the Bankruptcy Code expressly provides that rejection damage claims are pre-petition claims.
The Debtors disagree with the Affected Dealers’ characterization that these are not rejection damage claims but statutory claims. Accordingly, the Debtors maintain that these claims only arise by virtue of the Dealer Agreements. The Dealer Laws only afford rights to entities that are parties to such a contract; therefore, the Debtors assert that the claims are not independent of the contracts. The Debtors urge that the claims here arise out of the rejection of each such contract and that, as such, the claims are rejection damage claims.
Even apart from the preemption of the state laws, the Debtors contend that 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) only applies to an ongoing business, as does the line of cases concerned with costs ordinarily incident to the operation of a business. The Debtors assert that from the start of these bankruptcy cases, it was clear that the Debtors were ceasing business operations in anticipation of selling their operating assets. The Debtors note that from the commencement of the cases, the Debtors’ intent was to liquidate the assets and make a distribution to creditors. At or prior to the commencement of the cases, the Debtors idled most operations pending the sale of the Debtors’ assets to the purchaser. The Debtors ceased all manufaсturing operations and only held the business enterprise intact until a sale of the assets could be concluded.
In addition, the Debtors argue that the Affected Dealers’ claims only seek to effectuate their private economic interests and rights under the Dealer Laws, not any interest the states may have in protecting public health and safety, and especially not any interest in avoiding an imminent threat to public health and safety.
DISCUSSION
Rejection of Executory Contracts and Unexpired Leases
With certain limitations not relevant here, section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that
the trustee, subject to the court’s approval, may assume or reject any execu-tory contract or unexpired leases of the debtor.
11 U.S.C. § 365(a).
Thus, a debtor is afforded a statutory right to reject an executory contract or unexpired lease.
See In re Ames Dept. Stores, Inc.,
As noted by the
Ames
court, “[a] rejection is a court-authorized breach of an executory contract.”
Ames,
“Rejection does not change the substantive rights of the parties to the contract or lease, but merely means that the bankruptcy estate itself will not become a party to it.” Andrew, ExecutoRY Contracts in Bankruptcy: Understanding “Rejection,” 59 U. Colo. L.R. 845, 848
The purpose of treating a rejection as a pre-petition breach is to allow the non-debtor party to have a claim against the debtor.
See Lavigne,
By rejecting a contract or lease, a debtor is granted the opportunity to be relieved of burdensome obligations.
See Ames,
A debtor’s statutory right to reject cannot be qualified by requirements not set forth in the Bankruptcy Code itself.
See Ames,
the ability to reject burdensome post-petition obligations is one of the most fundamental rights of a trustee or debt- or-in-possession (and thus the creditor body generally) under the Bankruptcy Code. It would frustrate the entire purpose of rejection if, in order to reject and thereby be relieved of a burdensome executory contract, the debtor were required, as a condition to doing so, to cоmply with one of the very aspects of the agreement that is burdensome.
Id. at 52. 3
When a debtor assumes a contract or lease, it is required to cure any defaults. Id. However, requiring a cure of defaults to reject a contract or lease would eliminate the Bankruptcy Code benefits provided to a debtor in allowing it to reject burdensome executory contracts and unexpired leases. Id.
Where a claim is based upon an obligation that stems from a rejected pre-petition contract, encumbering a debtor with a “post-petition obligation would seriously undercut the entire purpose of the
With respect to the Affected Dealers’ assertion that one must look to state law to determine the rights arising under the contract and the subsequent breach thereof, it is correct that the parties are left with the remedies available outside of bankruptcy law,
see In re Ciena Capital LLC,
The Affected Dealers seek to elevate the priority of their claims in contravention of the express statutory grant under section 365(g). As noted previously, a rejected contract is treated as abandoned and not a part of the bankruptcy estate. Indeed, absent the Bankruptcy Code provisions affording their claims pre-petition unsecured status against the estate, in most instances, holders of claims arising from a rejected contract would not have any viable recourse to monetize their claims. This is because after the rejection, i.e., after the estate has decided not to assume the contract and the obligations arising thereunder, the holder of a claim would not be able to assert the claim against the estate. By enacting section 365(g) of the Bankruptcy Code, Congress affоrded such claimants an opportunity that they would not otherwise have to assert a claim against the bankruptcy estate. By seeking to elevate the priority of this express grant bestowed by Congress when it sought to avoid the harsh consequences of a rejection, the Affected Dealers seek a priority for their claims beyond that which was envisioned by Congress.
Pursuant to section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code, the Court authorized the Debtors to reject the Dealer Agreements.
See In re Old Carco LLC,
There are instances in which another federal policy may conflict with and
To recapitulate, the Affected Dealers assert that, notwithstanding the rejection of the contracts, the claims are entitled to administrative priority pursuant to either (i) 28 U.S.C. § 959(b), which requires a trustee or debtor-in-possession to manage or operate its business in compliance with state law, or (ii) a line of cases that accord administrative priority to certain obligations incident to the operation of a debt- or’s business. For their part, the Debtors contend that even if the Court’s determination-that the state Dealer Laws were preempted for the purpose of effecting the rejection of the Dealer Agreements-were not dispositive of the issue, the claims do not warrant administrative priority status under either (i) the traditional criteria for administrative priority, (ii) application of 28 U.S.C. § 959(b), or (in) any case law exceptions to the traditional administrative expense priority standard that allow administrative priority.
The Court agrees that its prior determination that the state Dealer Laws were preempted for the purpose of effectuating the rejection of the Dealer Agreements is dispositive of the matter. Nevertheless, for cоmpleteness, the Court will address the parties’ contentions concerning the criteria for administrative expense priority, including the case law addressing exceptions thereto and 28 U.S.C. § 959(b).
Administmtive Expense Priority
Traditional Criteria
Section 503(b)(1)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code provides a priority for “the actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate ... for services rendered after the commencement of the case.” Pursuant to section 507(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, these expenses for administering the estate are afforded a first priority. Thus, expenses incurred by the debtor-in-possession during the reorganization effort are afforded a first priority.
See In re Jartran,
This priority is based upon the premise that the operation of the business by a debtor-in-possession benefits pre-petition creditors; therefore, any claims that result from that operation are entitled to payment prior to payment to “creditors for whose benefit the continued operatiоn of the business was allowed.”
Cramer v. Mammoth Mart, Inc. (In re Mammoth Mart, Inc.),
Administrative expenses are afforded this priority to facilitate the reorganization effort by encouraging third parties, who might otherwise be reluctant to deal with a debtor-in-possession, to transact such business.
See Amalgamated Ins. Fund v. McFarlin’s Inc.,
Nevertheless, in light of the bankruptcy goal of providing equal distribution of a debtor’s assets to all creditors, “statutory priorities, such as those resulting from administrative expense treatment, are narrowly construed.”
Ames,
Ordinarily, an expense will be accorded administrative status
1) if it arises out of a transaction between the creditor and the bankrupt’s trustee or debtor-in-possession; and
2) only to the extent that the consideration supporting the claimant’s right to payment was both supplied to and beneficial to the debtor-in-possession in the operation of the business.
Amalgamated Ins. Fund,
The services performed by the clаimant must have been “induced” by the debtor-in-possession, not the pre-petition debtor.
See Jartran, Inc.,
Where a “debtor-in-possession elects to continue to receive benefits from the other party to an executory contract pending a decision to assume or reject the contract, the debtor-in-possession is obligated to pay for the reasonable value of those services.”
Patient Education Media,
An exception to the requirement that there be an actual benefit to the estate before a claim can be accorded administrative priority has developed in the context of torts committed by the trustee or debt- or-in-possession during the course of a chapter 11 proceeding.
See In re Puerto Rican Food Corp.,
In
Reading,
which concerned an arrangement under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act, the Supreme Court reasoned that if a party were injured by negligence in the operation of an “insolvent business thrust upon it by operation of law,” it was “fairer” to compensate the injured party upon whоm the arrangement had been imposed before compensating those for whose benefit the arrangement was being effected.
See Reading,
In
Spunt v. Charlesbank Laundry, Inc. (In re Charlesbank Laundry, Inc.),
[i]f fairness dictates that a tort claim based on negligence should be paid ahead of pre-reorganization claims, the a fortiori, an intentional act which violates the laws and damages others should be so treated.
Id. at 203.
In addition, courts have accorded administrative priority to certain claims to further the goal of environmental protection.
See Alabama Surface Mining. Comm. v. C. Michael Stilson (In re N.P. Mining Co., Inc.)
28 U.S.C. § 959(b)
As noted above, there is a federal policy concern with ensuring compliance by trustees with state law, and 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) provides, in relevant part, that
[A] trustee ... appointed in any cause pending in any court of the United States, including a debtor in possession, shall manage and operate the property in his possession as such trustee ... according to the requirements of the valid laws of the State in which such property is situated, in the same manner that the owner or possessor would be bound to do if in possession thеreof.
The
N.P. Mining
case concerned the strip-mining business, which is highly regulated due to environmental concerns that affect public health and safety. The
N.P. Mining
court noted that because an entity operating a business similar to that of the debtor’s outside of bankruptcy would be required to pay fines for failure to abate violations of environmental laws, “the policy of section 959(b) that state law govern the actions of a trustee mandates that [such] fines be paid” by an entity operating under bankruptcy protection.
See N.P. Mining,
Several courts have concluded that 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) does not apply when a business is not operating and its assets are being liquidated.
See N.P. Mining,
neither the policy of 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) that a trustee “manage and operate a property” in compliance with state law nor the language of Reading that “costs incident to operation of a business” is implicated.
Id.
In N.P. Mining, while the trustee had ceased all mining operations, the trustee continued to administer a coal-brokering contract. Id. Nevertheless, the N.P. Mining court concluded that although the trustee’s administration was not entirely inactive, the continuance of the coal-brokering contract was an effort to protect an estate asset for future distribution to creditors. Id. The court viewed it as merely a way to maintain the status quo. Id. at 1461. The N.P. Mining court quoted Judge Learned Hand’s interpretation of 28 U.S.C. § 125, the predecessor section to 28 U.S.C. § 959, to the effect that
[m]erely to hold matters in the status quo; to mark time, as it were; to do only what is necessary to hold the assets intact; such activities are not a continuance of the business.
Id.
at 1460 (quoting
Vass v. Conron Bros. Co.,
As previously noted, the Affected Dealers acknowledge that their claims do not meet the traditional criteria of “actual and necessary” costs of administering the estate. The Affected Dealers argue, however, that the Debtors were obligated to comply with the requirements of the Dealer Laws. As such, the Affected Dealers maintain that their claims are entitled to administrative priority, under the Reading line of cases, as costs associated with failure to comply with the Dealer Laws, which constitute costs incident to the operation of a business; or pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 959(b), as costs associated with failure to manage and operate the business in compliance with state law.
The Affected Dealers further argue that the automobile industry is a statutorily protected and regulated industry. The Affected Dealers assert that each state has invoked its police power to implement its respective Dealer Law to regulate the manufacturer-dealer relationship, and that the Affected Dealers are advancing each state’s interest in regulating that industry.
The Affected Dealers maintain that certain states provide that if an automobile manufacturer terminates a dealership franchise agreement without good cаuse, it must compensate the dealer for the loss sustained as a result of that termination. In addition, some states require that automobile manufacturers provide a dealer with “termination assistance” in the form of repurchasing inventory parts and special tools, and in some cases, providing the value for one-year rental of the dealership facility. Thus, the Affected Dealers maintain that their claims should be afforded administrative priority status, under the Reading line of cases, as a cost incident to the operation of a manufacturer’s business and, under 28 U.S.C. § 959(b), as a cost associated with managing and operating a business in compliance with state law.
The Debtors argue that neither the Reading line of cases nor 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) have any application to the priority of a rejection damage claim. The Debtors maintain that there was no violation of the Dealer Laws because the Debtors exercised a right afforded them under the Bankruptcy Code, with Court approval, to reject the Dealer Agreements. The Debtors contend that, even if sections 365(g) and 502(g) of the Bankruptcy Code were not dispositive of the status of these rejection damage claims as pre-petition, unsecured claims, the Affected Dealers’ arguments concerning the Reading line of cases and 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) are flawed.
The Debtors argue that the
Reading
line of cases is inapplicable because the reasoning of those cases is relevant only if one or more of the following elements are present: a debtor’s negligence, a debtor’s intentional misconduct, or injury to an innocent third party with no prior relationship to the debtor. The Debtors maintain that there was neither negligence nor misconduct because their rejection of the Dealer Agreements was a valid and good faith exercise of their right to reject contracts, as found previously by this Court in approving the Debtors’ rejection of the Dealer Agreements. Moreover, the Debtors note that the Affected Dealers were not third parties with no prior relationship to the Debtors, inasmuch as they were the counterparties to the rejected pre-petition contracts. The Debtors contend that although the costs were incurred post-petition, they stem from a pre-petition relationship. The Debtors maintain that the
Reading
exception does not include a right
In addition, the Debtors argue that the Affected Dealers are not trying to advance the state’s governmental interest in public health and safety, as was present in the environmental cases that followed the reasoning of Reading. The Debtors assert that, in the instant case, no ongoing potential health hazard is present. Rather, the Affected Dealers are merely trying to enforce their private economic interests and rights under the Dealer Laws-the same type of economic interest as that held by every other creditor with a claim based upon a breach of a рre-petition contract.
The Debtors also assert that the Reading line of cases and 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) only apply to a debtor’s ongoing business operations. Here, however, the Debtors ceased production and operations as an automobile manufacturer upon filing of the petitions. The Debtors directed their efforts to maintaining the status quo until the conclusion of a sale of substantially all of the assets to a purchaser, which occurred within several weeks of the filing. Indeed, prior to the rejection of the Dealer Agreements, the Court approved the Debtors’ request to sell substantially all of its operating assets, and the sale closed one day after the rejection. The Debtors assert that this Court has already concluded that the Dealer Laws constitute primarily economic regulation as applied to the dealers and are not intended to protect the health and safety of the general public. Moreover, the Debtors contend that when confronted with claims premised upon a law that invokes a state’s police power to protect health and safety, courts limit the availability of administrative expense priority for such claims only to instances where there is an “imminent and identifiable hazard,” which is not present in this case.
The Court concludes that the traditional standard for an administrative priority as set forth in
Mammoth Mart
is not met because the services were neither induced by the debtor-in-possession nor beneficial to the estate.
5
Further, the Court previ
In the Opinion approving the rejection of the Dealer Agreements, this Court concluded that the Dealer Laws constitute primarily commercial and economic regulation as applied to the dealers and are not intended to protect the health and safety of the general public.
See Old Careo,
Moreover, even if the general purpose of the Dealer Laws include some concern for public health and safety, in the present case, there is no allegation of an imminent and identifiable hazard. In
Old Carco,
Further, the justification for requiring a trustee or debtor-in-possession to comply with costs incident to and incurred in the operation of a business is to preclude the estate’s business from obtaining an unfair advantage over a competing business. Here, as set forth in the Affidavit, dated April 30, 2009 (the “Kolka Affidavit”) of Ronald E. Kolka, in support of First Day Pleadings, the Debtors ceased manufacturing operations upon the filing of their petitions and were in liquidation from the first day of the case.
See
Kolka Affidavit ¶ 89. Therefore, the unfair advantаge rationale does not apply. As the
N.P. Mining
court concluded, these circumstances implicate “neither the policy of 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) that a trustee ‘manage and operate a property’ in compliance with state law nor the language of
Reading
that ‘costs incident to operation of a business’ [are entitled to administrative priority].”
N.P. Mining,
The Affected Dealers also reference the fact that the actual rejection occurred on June 9, 2009, one day prior to the closing of the sale of the assets on June 10, 2009, thereby implying that the expense was a post-petition expense that occurred while the Debtors were still “operating” the business. However, as previously noted, the Debtors effectively ceased all manufacturing operations at the сommencement of these cases with a view to liquidating the estate for a distribution to creditors. Thus, similar to the analysis of the N.P. Mining court, whatever minimal activity continued for that one day was effected to maintain the status quo and hold the assets intact until their sale was concluded. See Kolka Affidavit at ¶ 89 (noting that, pending the sale of the assets to the purchaser, the Debtors had “idled most operations as it conserves its resources, while at the same time ensuring that (a) the facilities are prepared to resume normal production schedules quickly upon the completion of a sale and (b) consumers are not impacted by the filing”). It was not the continuation of an automobile manufacturer’s business.
The Affected Dealers also cite to
H.L.S. Energy Co., Inc.,
The
H.L.S. Energy
case, however, is distinguishable because it was decided in the context of the strong public policy favoring environmental protection, which precludes a trustee from abandoning property in contravention of a state law reasonably designed to protect public health or safety.
See Midlantic,
The Court has already concluded that, pursuant to federal bankruptcy law, the Debtors may reject the burdensome Dealer Agreements.
See Old Carco. LLC,
Incentives and Warranties
In their motion, the Affected Dealers also sought payment, as administrative priority claims, of all unpaid warranty and sales-incentive payments earned through June 10, 2009. The Debtors note that the warranty payment obligations were assumed by the entity that purchased the Debtors’ assets. The Debtors acknоwledge that any properly documented sales-incentive claims are entitled to administrative expense priority; however, the Debtors assert that all such valid payments have been made. Given the nature of the disagreement, the parties are directed to confer to attempt to resolve any discrepancies concerning the amount due for sales-incentive payments. If the parties cannot reach an agreement, the Court will conduct a hearing (the “Sales Incentives Hearing”) to determine whether there are any outstanding amounts due for sales-incentive payments.
CONCLUSION
The Court concludes that the Affected Dealers’ claims stemming from the rejection, and resulting breach, of the Dealer Agreements are not entitled to administrative expense priority. Rather, any such claim is a pre-petition general unsecured claim pursuant to section 365(g) of the Bankruptcy Code. To the extent that the Dealer Laws wоuld otherwise eliminate the benefit to the Debtors, pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code, of rejecting the Dealer Agreements, those laws have been preempted.
Further, in their motion, the Affected Dealers seek to advance their private economic interests and rights under the Dealer Laws, not any interest that the states may have in protecting public health and safety. Moreover, there is no threat of an imminent danger to public health and safety, as may be present in situations involving environmental concerns. As such, no federal policy is at issue that would over
Apart from preemption of the state laws, which undermine the Debtors’ ability to reject burdensome contracts, the circumstances herein do not implicate the policy of 28 U.S.C. § 959(b) concerning a trustee managing and operating a business in compliance with state law because the Debtors were not conducting an ongoing business. Nor is the language of the Reading line of cases concerning “costs incident to operation of a business” implicated.
The Debtors are to submit a proposed order, consistent with this Opinion. Prior to submitting the proposed order, the Debtors should contact Chambers to obtain a date for the Sales Incentives Hearing, and a reference to such hearing date shall be included in the proposed order.
Notes
. On May 19, 2009, an additional affiliate of Chrysler LLC filed a petition for relief under title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.
. In addition, section 502(g) of the Bankruptcy Code provides, in relevant part, that
[a] claim arising from the rejection, under section 365 of this title ..., of an executory contract or unexpired lease of the debtor that has not been assumed shall be determined ... the same as if such claim had arisen before the date of the filing of the petition.
. As discussed subsequently, some courts afford sрecial consideration to situations where an imminent identifiable hazard affecting public health and safety is present. In such circumstances, there may be an exception to the rule that a debtor in possession is not obligated to perform following a rejection. However, even that exception requiring performance would be a temporary measure that ceases to apply when the hazard can be otherwise addressed.
. The governmental interest in environmental protection is addressed more fully in the following section concerning the criteria for administrative expense priority.
. Prior to the day before the Hearing, the Affected Dealers had consistently asserted that they acknowledged that the traditional standard for an administrative expense priority set forth in Mammoth Mart had not been met. However, on the day before the Hearing, the Affected Dealers submitted a supplemental memorandum detailing their displеasure with a certain program promulgated to repurchase parts inventory from the former dealers at a discounted price and to reallocate such items to the continued dealers. The sales and service agreements of those continued dealers have been assumed and assigned to the purchaser of the Debtors' assets. In addition, the asset purchaser would also participate in purchasing parts inventory at that same discounted price. The Affected Dealers now argue that this reallocation program benefits the Debtors’ estates at their expense because it strengthens the dealer network that was assumed and assigned to the purchaser, which network was part of the consideration given to the purchaser in the sale of the Debtors’ assets. The Affected Dealers complain that the purchase price for the inventory is greatly discounted.
The Debtors note that the realloсation program is voluntary and that the Debtors merely function as middlemen or facilitators to assist the former dealers in selling their inventory and to mitigate damages asserted against the estates. The Debtors assert that they are not purchasing the inventory, nor do they benefit from any perceived benefit to the dealer network because that network was assigned to the asset purchaser.
The Affected Dealers have the burden of establishing their entitlement to an administrative claim. The Court concludes that they have not established it. The Debtors' estates did not get the discounted parts inventory. The Affected Dealers were fully compensated for whatever benefit the estate received in the form of mitigation of damage claims against the Debtors’ estates. Any reduction in the amount of damages asserted against the Debtors’ estates due to the purchase of inventory
. In support of this assertion, the Affected Dealers cite to page 12 of the appellant’s brief before the Fifth Circuit,
see Appellant’s Brief,