57 How. Pr. 395 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1879
On the 5th day of April, 1879, Mr. Edward Cooper, the mayor of the city of New York, made an order purporting to remove Sidney P. Nichols, one of the police commissioners of said city, from office, which act was approved by the governor of the state, hon. Lucius Lobinsón, on the seventeenth day of the same month. Mr. Nichols asks that a writ of certiorari may issue from this court to the said mayor and governor to review their action in the premises.
The power of removal of the heads of departments in the city of New York is given by its charter (chapter 335 of Laws 1873, sec. 25), and is in these words: “ The heads of all departments, including those retained as above, and all other persons whose appointment is in this section provided for, may be removed by the mayor for cause, and after opportunity to be heard, subject, however, before such removal shall take effect, to the approval of the governor, expressed in writing.”
On the 14th day of March, 1879, according to the papers upon which this application is founded ( and neither that nor any other fact stated therein is denied), the mayor caused a written notice to be served upon Mr. Nichols, which alleged that, under the management of the board of police, of which said Nichols was a member, the police force had become lax in discipline and demoralized, and the cleaning of streets had been neglected; that Mr. Nichols had been negligent in the discharge of his duties, had allowed personal dissentions to interfere therewith and that his conduct had been unbecoming his office. To these .charges Mr. Nichols was to answer at noon of Wednesday, March 19, 1879, at the mayor’s office.
On the return day of the notice, Mr. Nichols appeared before the mayor, with counsel, and desired to be heard through them, which the mayor refused. Mr. Nichols, in writing, protested against the assumption of the mayor contained in the notice served, that he was guilty of acts justifying his removal before a hearing had been had, and claimed that the charges were not specific, and that no sufficient
After this paper had been read considerable conversation occurred between the mayor and the commissioner, in which the mayor assumed to know the conditions of certain streets from observation and in regard to which he wished to interrogate the commissioner. To all these interrogatories Mr. Nichols answered : “ If the mayor will furnish to me specifications of the charges he holds, if any, against me, and will allow me reasonable time to reply to the same, I desire to be heard.” The mayor, however, insisted on a hearing then and there, and proceeded to repeat various questions concerning the streets, to all of which Mr. Nichols gave the answer above stated. After this had continued for some time Mr. Nichols read a paper as follows : “ I am, and have at all times been, ready and willing to give the mayor full information upon every subject connected with the police department or its operations, but it is not proper for me, in a proceeding in which I am denied the right of counsel and have not been furnished with charges or specifications, to make answer which would seem to recognize in any way the regularity of the proceedings against me. ”
After the reading of this paper, a conversation of the same tenor was renewed, which finally resulted in the mayor’s signifying his willingness to receive any further statement from Mr. Nichols, in the course of twenty-four hours, and upon this ‘announcement, the mayor said: “ The matter is closed as to Mr. Nichols.” On the third day of April, however, the mayor enclosed a printed copy of the stenographer’s notes of the interview of March 19, 1879 (from a supposed copy of which the foregoing statement is made), accompanied with a note, declaring he would give Mr. Nichols a further opportunity to be heard on April 5, 1879, and that he (the mayor) would then receive “ any statement, explanation or argument in writing.” The mayor further wrote: “In the absence of
To this communication Mr. Nichols answered at some length, criticising the mayor’s action and asking if he appeared whether he could have specifications of the charges against him? Whether witnesses against him would be produced? Whether he would be permitted to refute, by testimony, the charges made against him and whether he would be allowed counsel upon the hearing ?
To this the mayor made no reply, and on the fifth of April, as already stated, issued and sent to the governor a certificate that he had removed said Nichols for the following causes:
“First. That under the board of police, of which the said Sidney P. Nichols is a member, the government and discipline of the police force have become lax and incapable, the police force has deteriorated in efficiency, and it has become demoralized and that no satisfactory explanation thereof, or satisfactory excuse therefor, has been made by the said Sidney P. Nichols, exonerating either himself or said board from responsibility and blame.
“ Second. That the board of police, of which said Sidney P. Nichols is a member, as aforesaid, has not caused the streets of the city to be thoroughly cleaned and has not removed from the city daily, and as often as necessary, all ashes, dirt, rubbish and garbage, and that no satisfactory explanation thereof, or satisfactory excuse therefor, has been made by the said Sidney P. Nichols, exonerating either himself, as a member of said board, or said board from responsibility and blame.
“ Third. That the said Sidney P. Nichols, as such commissioner of police, had been negligent in his discharge of the public duties which he was bound to perform.”
On the 7th of April, 1879, the governor notified Mr. Nich
This full history of the proceedings up to the time of the present application, which was on due notice to the mayor, governor, and the person appointed to fill Hr. Nichol’s place in the police board, Hr. Charles F. HcLean, has been related to show that the mayor, in the initiation of the proceedings for Hr. Nichol’s removal, assumed that the charges were well founded; that, on a notice of five days, without the aid of counsel, and without the presence of witnesses, Hr. Nichols was required to establish his innocence of charges, of the particulars of which he was uninformed, to a magistrate who had prejudged his case, and that the order of removal was made either upon the assumed accurate knowledge of the mayor, or upon evidence taken in the absence of the accused, of the character of which he was uninformed, and to rebut which, by reason of its careful concealment, was simply impossible.
The question which this motion presents is, ought the writ of certiorari, which, if allowed, enables the courts to decide what power, if any, they possess in the premises, and whether the removal was legal or otherwise, to issue 1 Its simple allowance decides nothing, except that the questions involved are so grave that they deserve settlement by the tribunal of ultimate resort. Wide differences of opinion do exist, even in professional minds, as to the jurisdiction of the courts in cases of this character, and as to the mode and manner in which the power of removal vested in the mayor of the city of New York, and the governor of the state, by the provisions of the charter hereinbefore given should be exercised; and as the present application presents all, fully, it would seem to be wise
The provision of the charter of the city of Hew York (section 25 of chapter 335 of Laws of 1873), above quoted, it will be remembered, authorizes the removal of the head of a department thereof “ for cause ” only. The meaning of those words, “ for cause,” in the connection which they occur is too' obvious to require extended comment. If it had been intended that the power of removal should exist in the mere discretion of the officers to whom it was confided, it would have been accomplished by the conferring thereof, generally,without the addition of any words of restriction. That the words, the' signification of which we are discussing,, were added as a limitation upon the power lodged with the mayor, show that the “ cause ” of removal should be found in some act of omission or commission by the officer in regard to his duties, or affecting his general character, which the law and a sound public opinion will pronounce to be sufficient to justify a forfeiture of the office, and not in the political bias or personal dislike of the city’s executive chief, nor in his leanings toward another individual for whom the place is desired.
This view of the charter of Hew York and of the same words when occurring, as they do in other legislative- and constitutional enactments, is not novel, but, on the contrary, has oftentimes been expressed by eminent statesmen and jurists. On the 17th day of ¡February, 1875 (see “ The City Record” of February 24, 1875), the hon. Samuel J. Tilden, then the governor of this state, wrote to Hr. Wickham, then mayor of the city of Hew York, in regard to the- attempted removal of the corporation counsel, as follows
*402 “ Removals for cause are distinguishable from removals which are in the arbitrary will of the officer vested with the power, and which have generally followed the changes of the removing power or of party ascendency. * * * The principle on which the whole system rests is, that a removal in such cases must be for a substantial, reasonable and just cause. The nature of that cause it is not now necessary to discuss. * * * The power, therefore, exists to give legal effect to a removal without obeying the rule which is binding on .the conscience of the functionary making it. But a disregard of that rule would be none the less a violation of right and duty. It would be the immoral power to do wrong, because the law had not disabled the officer having the discretion. In the case of the governor such a violation, if committed in evident bad faith or by a gross abuse implying bad faith, would doubtless render him liable to removal by impeachment. In the case of the mayor it would expose him to removal in the manner provided by the statute.”
It is proper to state that governor Tilden, in the letter from which the foregoing quotation has been made, assumes that the action of the mayor and governor in a case like this is not reviewable by the courts, the soundness of which assumption will be hereafter considered ; but, as a whole, it is eminently worthy of perusal for its clear definition of a removal “ for cause,” and for its cogent exposition of the danger and wickedness of executive action which converts a power limited by such a phrase into one resting upon arbitrary will.
The point we are discussing, however, has been judicially settled in this state in People ex rel. Munday agt. Fire Commissioners (72 N. Y., 445). The relator had been removed from the office of clerk in the fire department of the city of Rew York. Section 28 of the aforesaid chapter 335 of the Laws of 1873 provides for the appointment and removal by heads of departments of “ all chiefs of bureaus (except the chamberlain), as also all clerks, officers, employes and subor
The case before us is even plainer. Judge Allbit, in defining what “ cause ” for removal meant, in the section of the statute upon which that proceeding reviewed by him was taken, was compelled to construe it as if the power of removal was expressly stated to be “for cause ” only. By
It can hardly be necessary to pursue the further discussion, of. the proposition that the power to remove a person from office “ for cause ” means that a reason must exist which is personal .to the individual sought to be removed, which the law and sound public opinion will recognize as a good cause for his no longer occupying the place. Many cases establishing the correctness of this view can be found. If the meaning claimed is not sufficiently clear as an original proposition, sustained as it is by the opinion of an eminent statesman who once filled the chief executive chair of the state, the judgment of our court of last resort must foreclose and end all argument.
-It is claimed, however, that the removal of Mr. Nichols was “for cause ” within the definition given, and for that reason the order therefor was legal. It is a fact that the certificate sent by the mayor to the governor stated reasons which, if •.they be true, justified action, provided the steps which the law required to be taken in their ascertainment were followed. A' criminal act will justify the punishment of its perpetrator only when conviction therefor has been had under and through the forms which the statutes provide; and a removal from .qffice, to be effectual, must follow the process prescribed for it. This brings us to the inquiry —What should have been the course of procedure in the case before us ? In the discussion of this question, which relates to the manner of removing one of the heads of a very important department in
Judge Dillon, in his work on Municipal Corporations (sec
The author cites many adjudged cases, both in England and in this country, in support of his position, which are not referred to in this opinion. They will be found to fully justify his conclusions. There is a single case, however (Murdock agt. The Trustees of Phillips' Academy), which was twice before the supreme court of Massachusetts (7 Pickering, 303; 12 Pickering, 244), worthy of special attention.
Dr. Murdock had been removed from the position of professor in the seminary by the trustees. The charter gave the right to remove for “ gross neglect of duty, scandalous immorality, mental incapacity, or any other just and sufficient cause.” In the opinion reported in 7th Pickering, Parker, O. J., in discussing the sufficiency of charges (page 330), says: “ Secondly, it is alleged that the articles of charge are not sufficiently definite and particular, and this would be a
In People ex rel. Munday agt. Fire Commissioners (72 N. Y., 445), referred to above, it will be remembered {see page 449), judge Allen: said: “ The party against whom the proceeding is taken must be informed of the cause of the-supposed removal, and be allowed an opportunity of explanation. * * * An explanation may consist either of excusing any delinquency or apparent neglect or incapacity—that is,, explaining the unfavorable appearance or disproving the-charges.”
In People ex rel. Garling agt. Allen and others (55 N. Y.,
If the conduct of the mayor, in the removal of Mr. ¡Nichols, be tested by the well established course of procedure to be observed in cases of that character, it is very clear that it cannot be upheld. There was no specific statement of charges; the aid of counsel was denied; the proofs against the accused were not taken in his presence, nor was he informed of the nature thereof; no' opportunity to produce witnesses was afforded; and, in short, not a single right secured by the law, except to appear and prove his innocence of general charges, was accorded. It is possible that the mayor acted upon what he supposed was personal knowledge; and, if he had any, perhaps, as he was the city’s official executive head, it might be taken by him as evidence; but it is most obvious th%t he might have been mistaken, and it was the clear right of the accused to an explicit statement by
This brings us to the consideration of the last question presented — Can this court review the action taken ?
As to the right to issue the writ to the mayor, there can be no doubt. It has been so often decided that it is no longer an open question. The following case's, and many others to be found, are directly in point: The People ex rel. Bancroft agt. Weygant, 16 Hun, 546; The People agt. The Board of Police, 39 N. Y., 506; The People ex rel. Folk agt. The Board of Police and Excise of the City of Brooklyn, 69 N. Y, 468 ; The People ex rel. Clapp agt. Board of Police of the City of New York, 72 N. Y., 415; The People ex rel. Munday agt. The Board of Fire Commissioners of the City of New York, 72 N. Y., 445. As to the governor, the question is not free from difficulty, for there are cases, and notably that of Southerland agt. The Governor (29 Michigan, 320), which hold that the action of the chief executive of the state cannot be reviewed nor questioned by the courts. The argument against the power of the courts to state it in the language of the attorney-general’s brief, submitted on this motion, is: “ The powers of the state government are, by the Constitution, divided into three co-ordinate departments — legislative, judicial and executive — each independent of the other, except in so far as subordinated by the Constitution,” and, therefore, the conclusion follows that the one cannot question or review the action of the other. Undoubtedly this proposition is, in a general sense, sound, and yet sometimes it is not true. The courts must, when their power is invoked, declare what the law is, and enforce and protect public and private rights under it. They have not, it is true, the power to prescribe and define executive action in matters of public policy or political expediency, or matters vested in simple executive discretion, nor to dictate to the legislature the course of legislation, but they can, and frequently do interfere with
These general principles are well sustained by adjudged cases.
In Commonwealth agt. Fowler (10 Massachusetts, 290), the appointment of Fowler by the governor to the office of probate judge of Hampden county was questioned by quo warranto. In answer to the point distinctly made, that the action of the executive was above question, the court (page 301) said: “ The other objection is, that an information of the nature before us in this case does not lie against an officer appointed by the supreme executive authority of the commonwealth. And it is said that, as the executive had the exclusive right of appointing, so it must have exclusively the right to determine when a vacancy in office exists, the filling of which appertains to that branch of the government, the executive being a branch of the sovereignty of the commonwealth equally independent with the judiciary. Our government is founded on principles not known to the laws of any other country. The sovereignty of the commonwealth remains in the people. The several departments of the government — the legislative, the executive and the judicial — are the agents of the people in their respective spheres. When the legislature enact a law not authorized by the Constitution, it is the part and the duty of the judiciary to declare it void. When the executive, in an act or appointment, overleaps the bounds prescribed to it by the Constitution and the laws, it is alike the part and the duty of the judiciary to pronounce such act or appointment null and void.”
To precisely the same effect are the following cases, each presenting the identical question decided in the Massachusetts case: Morton agt. The Mayor (New York Daily Register of
The famous case of Marbury agt. Madison (1 Cranch, 137) fully sustains the positions taken in this opinion. Chief justice Marshall concedes that, “ by the Constitution of the United States, the president is invested with certain important political powers, in the exercise of which he is to use his own discretion, and is accountable only to his country in his political character, and to his own conscience.” Certain officers, too, appointed by the president, the learned judge declares, when they act by his orders, “ in cases in which the executive possesses a constitutional or legal discretion,” are beyond the control of courts. “ But,” he adds, “ when a specific duty is assigned by law, and individual rights depend on the performance of that duty, it seemá equally clear that the individual who considers himself injured has a right to resort to the laws of his country for a remedy.” And again the learned judge says: “What is there in the exalted station of the officer which shall bar a citizen from asserting, in a court of justice, his legal rights, or shall forbid a court to listen to the claim, or to issue a mandamus, directing the performance of a duty, not depending on executive discretion, but on particular acts of congress and the general principles of the law ? It is not by the office of the person to whom the writ is directed, but the nature of the thing to be done, that the propriety or impropriety of issuing a mandamus is to be determined.”
In State of Ohio ex rel. Whiteman and others agt. Salmon P. Chase, Governor, etc. (5 Ohio State Reports, 528), one question involved was the power of the court to issue a memdamus to the governor. Upon that question the court, per Bartley, Oh. J., said: “ Can the chief executive officer of the state be directed or controlled in his official action by
In the Matter of Briscoe (51 How., 422) the writer of the present opinion discussed the same question (pages 328-29-30) and reached the same conclusion. That opinion is, however, only referred to for the purpose of showing that the views herein expressed as to the authority of the courts to interfere with executive action are not new to him, but have been long since deliberately adopted and formally expressed. They are also sustained in the Matter of Manchester (5 California, 237); Hartman agt. Aveline (supreme court of Indiana, 13 Western Jur., 208); Wilcox agt. Nolze (supreme court of Ohio, 18 Western Jur., 209).
Upon reason and principle, then, it is held that when the governor óf a state refuses to act as the law directs, or when he acts contrary to law to another’s injury, or when he makes an error or mistake in the discharge of a judicial duty, which the statute might have authorized another to perform, in any of these cases the party aggrieved may seek the protection of the courts, who, in listening to the complaint and in redressing the grievance, if any exists, usurp no executive functions, but simply assert and exercise their own.
It is assumed that the action which the governor of this state was called upon to take when the mayor transmitted to him the certificate of removal of Uichols was judicial in its character. It is true he is an executive officer, but that fact
A careful examination of the questions which this application involves has led to the conclusion that the court has the power to review the action of both the mayor and the governor, and that, to use no stronger language, the facts require its exercise. Whilst, however, holding that the action of the chief executive of this state is, in a case like the present, reviewable by the courts, still respect for the high office should induce judicial tribunals to be sparing in the use of their reviewing power, when process is asked to issue to or against him directly; and they should not, therefore, grant a writ of certiorari directed to him unless there is no other remedy. In the present case all the rights of Mr. Hiehols can be guarded by a review of the action of the mayor. If that be reversed and held for naught the approval of the governor falls with it, for the conclusion of both the mayor and governor must stand to make effectual the removal. Besides, their action is separate and not joint. Each makes a separate and independent decision, and, in my judgment, each should be separately reviewed.