In Re Mills
delivered the opinion of the court.
' ■ This is an original application to this court for a writ of
habeas corpus. ■
Leave to file the petition having been given, a rule was granted against the warden of the State Penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio,.in which the petitioner was imprisoned, requiring;him to show cause why the writ should not be
It appears that the prisoner was charged by indictment in the District Court of the United States for the Western District of Arkansas with the offence of having, on the 7th day of July, 1889, “ at the Creek Nation, in the Indian country,” within that district, unlawfully engaged in and carried on the business of a retail liquor dealer without having first paid the special tax required by law. The indictment was based upon section 3242 of the - Revised Statutes, providing that “ every person who carries, on the business of a . . retail liquor dealer, . . . without having paid the special tax as required by law, shall, for every such offence, be fined not less than one thousand dollars nor. more than five thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not less than six .months nor more than two years.” Upon a plea of guilty, the court adjudged that the accused be imprisoned in the Ohio State Penitentiary, at Columbus, for the term and period of one year, and pay to the United States a fine of one hundred dollars, and its costs in the prosecution expended.
It also appears, that the petitioner was charged by indictment in the same court with the offence of having on the 7th of July, 1889, “ at the Creek Nation, in the Indian country,” unlawfully introduced into that country, in said district, spirituous liquors, to wit, one gallon of whiskey. '• That indictment was based upon section 2139 of the Revised Statutes, providing : “ No ardent spirits shall be introduced, under any pretence, into the Indian country. Every person who sells, exchanges, gives, barters or 'disposes of any spirituous liquor or wine to any Indian under the charge of any Indian superintendent or agent, or introduces or attempts to introduce any spirituous liquor or wine into the Indian country, shall be punishable by imprisonment for not more than two years, and by a fine of not more than three hundred dollars.” Rev. Stat.
The petition for the writ of habeas corpus proceeds upon the ground that the court which passed the above sentences was' without jurisdiction of the offences charged, and that sole and exclusive jurisdiction thereof was in the court established by the act of Congress, passed March 1,1889, entitled, “An act to establish a United States court in the Indian Territory, and for other purposes.” 25 Stat. 783, c. 333. This question will be first examined.
As the country lying west of - Missouri and Arkansas known as the . Indian Territory was within the Western District of Arkansas when the above act of March 1, 1889, was passed, and as the district courts have jurisdiction of all crimes, and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States,’ and committed within their respective districts, Rev. Stat. §§ 533, 563, it cannot be disputed that the court below had jurisdiction of the offences charged against the petitioner, unless. its jurisdiction wás taken away by the act establishing a court in the Indian Territory. That act establishes “a United States court ” with jurisdiction ^extending over the Indian Territory, bounded on 'the north by Kansas, on the east by Missouri and. Arkansas, on the south by Texas, and on the west by Texas and the Territory of New Mexico. ' Its criminal jurisdiction is thus declared in the fifth section of the act: “ That the.court hereby established shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all offences against the laws of the United States committed within the Indian Territory as in this act defined, not punishable by death or by imprisonment at hard labor.” As the offences charged against the petitioner were offences against the United States, and were committed in the Indian Territory, the question as to the jurisdiction of the court established by this act depends upon the meaning that may
In view of this condition of the law at the time of the passage of the act creating a United States court in the Indian Territory, there is fair ground for dispute as to the true interpretation of the words “punishable . . . by imprisonment at hard labor.” An offence which the statute imperatively requires to be punished by imprisonment “ at hard labor,” and one that must be punished by “ imprisonment,” but the sentence to which imprisonment the court may, in certain cases, and in its discretion, require to be executed in a penitentiary where hard labor is prescribed for convicts, are, each, “ punishable ” by imprisonment at hard labor. The former offence certainly must be thus punished; and as the latter may, in the discretion of the court, be so punished, it may, also, and not. unreasonably, be held to be “punishable” by imprisonment at. hard labor. Shall the act of Congress be so interpreted as to exclude from the jurisdiction of the court established in the
It would seem that the same considerations of public policy that induced Congress to exclude the former from the jurisdiction of the new court would demand the exclusion of the latter. It must be remembered, in this connection, that prior to the passage of the act of March 1, 1889, this court decided, in respect to crimes against the United States that are punishable by “ imprisonment,” that being punishable.by imprisonment in a state prison or penitentiary, they are infamous, within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution, whether the accused is or is not put to hard labor, and, therefore, can be proceeded against only by presentment or indictment of a grand jury. In
Ex parte Wilson,
We think it apparent from the very face of the act of March 1,1889, that Congress did not intend to invest' the court created by it with power to organize a grand jury, or with jurisdiction of offences that could not be proceeded against except on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury. The offences with • which the petitioner Mills were charged could not be proceeded against by information for the reason that, being “punishable” by imprisonment in a state prison or penitentiary, he could not be required to make answer thereto except on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury.
These considerations justify us in holding, as we do, that the words “ punishable ... by imprisonment at' hard labor,” in the act of March 1,1889, embrace offences which, although not imperatively required by statute to be so punished, may, in the discretion of the court, be punished by imprisonment in a penitentiary. This interpretation will best effectuate the intention of Congress. A different interpretation would impute to Congress a purpose to invest the court, established by that act for the Indian Territory, with jurisdiction of offences which it could not punish, for the want of authority to empanel a grand jury to return presentments or indictments against the offenders.
It results that the jurisdiction of the court below of the offences charged against the petitioner was not affected by the act-of March 1,1889, creating a United States court in the Indian Territory. -
If the application for the writ depended upon the question :>f the jurisdiction of the District Court of the United States ’or the Western District of Arkansas, of the offences with diich the petitioner was charged, it would be denied. But "ie petition alleges that his detention in the penitentiary, under
It is provided by section 5541 of the Revised Statutes that “in every case where any person convicted of any offence against the United States is sentenced to imprisonment for a period longer than one year, the court by which the sentence is passed may order the same to be executed in any state jail" or penitentiary within the district or. state where such court is held, the use of which jail or penitentiary is, allowed by the legislature of the State for that purpose; ” by section. 5546, that “ all persons who have been, or' who may hereafter be, convicted of crime by ány court of the United States whose punishment is imprisonment in a district or territory where, at the time of conviction, or at any time during the- term of imprisonment, there may be no penitentiary or jail suitable for the confinement of convicts, or available therefor, shall be confined during the term for which they may have beep-or may be sentenced, or during the residue of said term, in some suitable jail or -penitentiary in a convenient State or Territory, to be designated by the Attorney General; ” and by section 5547,, that “ the Attorney General shall, contract with the managers or proper authorities having control of such prisoners, for the imprisonment, subsistence, ap'd proper employment of them, and shall give the court having jurisdiction of such offences notice of the jail or penitentiary where such prisoners will be confined.”
Assuming that the penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio, has-been designated as one in which a judgment of the court below, sen-, tencing to imprisonment a person found guilty of an offence
Such is the effect of section 5541, which is, in part, and without substantial change, a reproduction of the third section of the act of March 3, 1865, entitled “ An act regulating proceedings in criminal cases, and for other purposes.” 13 Stat. 500, c. 86. That section provides : “ That in every case where any person convicted of any offence against the United States shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period longer- than one year, it shall be lawful for-the court by which the sentence is passed to order the same to be executed in any state prison or penitentiary within the' district or state where such court is held, the use of which prison or penitentiary is
For the reasons stated, we are of opinion that the detention of the petitioner by the respondent, the Warden of the Penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio, is in violation of the laws of the United States. The rule is, therefore, made absolute. The petitioner is entitled to the writ' of habeas corpus.
Writ granted.