128 P. 1106 | Idaho | 1913
— Norman D. McLeod filed an original petition in this court for a writ of habeas corpus. The petition alleges his imprisonment and confinement and restraint, and that such imprisonment, detention and confinement are illegal for the following reasons: That the county attorney of Elmore county, on November 11, 1912, filed an information against the petitioner charging him with murder in the words and in the manner and form as follows: ‘ ‘ That said Norman D. McLeod on or about the 19th day of October, 1912, at Rocky Bar, Idaho, and prior to the time of filing this information, did then and there yrilfully, unlawfully, feloniously and with maliee aforethought, kill and murder one George Guay, a human being. All of which is contrary to the form and force of the statute in such cases made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the state of Idaho.”
And that thereafter, on November 22, 1912, while upon trial for said offense, the jury in said cause rendered a verdict of guilty of assault with a deadly weapon in the words and form as follows: “We, the jury, empanelled in the above-entitled cause find the defendant guilty of an assault with a deadly weapon.” That thereafter the judge of the district court of the fourth judicial district of the state of Idaho, Hon. C. O. Stockslager, pronounced sentence and entered up judgment against the petitioner, whereby he sentenced him to serve a term in the penitentiary of the state of Idaho from six months to two years.
The contention of the petitioner, and the grounds upon which the writ is demanded, is, that the district court had no authority or jurisdiction to try the defendant, the petitioner herein, for the reason that the crime of which he is charged was not shown by the information to have been committed within the county of Elmore, and that the jury did not have
A general demurrer was'filed to this petition, based upon the ground that the petition did not state facts sufficient to entitle the petitioner to the release sought. The controlling question presented by this demurrer is, where an information is filed against a person, charging such person with murder in the language of the statute, the charging part of such information being in the following form, “that the said Norman D. McLeod, on or about the 19th day of October, 1912, at Bocky Bar, Idaho, and prior to the time of filing this information, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously ‘and with malice aforethought, kill and murder one George Guay, a human being. All of which is contrary to the form and force of the statute in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Idaho,” was it within the power of the jury, and had the jury the authority under the statute to find the defendant guilty of “an assault with a deadly weapon”?
This question is a new one in this state, and likewise in all other jurisdictions. The court’s attention has not been called to any case where this identical question has ever been decided, and the court has not been able to discover any -authority dealing with the identical question involved in this case. There are many decisions which deal with the question of a charge for murder, and the degrees of murder, and what crimes are included within the general charge of murder. There are other cases which deal with and discuss the means used in the commission of the crime of murder, but there are few cases which deal specifically with the question where the information charges murder without describing the in
In determining the question it is necessary to take into consideration' and apply several different sections of the penal code of this state. Sec. 6560 defines murder as follows: “Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, with malice aforethought.” Sec. 6562 defines the degrees of murder: “All murder which is perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any other kind of wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or mayhem, is murder in the first degree. All other kinds of murder are of the second degree. ’ ’ See. 6565 defines manslaughter: “Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being, without malice. It is of two kinds: 1. Voluntary — upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion; 2. Involuntary — in the commission of an unlawful act, not -amounting to felony; or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or without due caution -and circumspection.”
Different punishment is prescribed by the statute for the different degrees of murder, including manslaughter.
See. 6727 defines an assault as an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another. Sec. 6732 of the Rev. Codes provides: “Every person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument, or by any means or force likely to produce great bodily injury, is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding two years, or by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by both. ’ ’
Sec. 7925 provides: “Whenever a crime is distinguished into degrees, the jury, if they convict the defendant, must find the degree of the crime of which he is guilty.”
Sec. 7926 provides: “The jury may find the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is necessarily
It is admitted that the information in this case is sufficient, and charges the crime of murder, and this court has so held in the following cases: People v. Blotter, 1 Ida. 231; State v. Ellington, 4 Ida. 529, 43 Pac. 60; State v. Keller, 8 Ida. 699, 70 Pac. 1051; State v. Sly, 11 Ida. 110, 80 Pac. 1125.
This court has also adopted and applied the same rule of construction to criminal proceedings as to pleadings in civil cases. This rule is in effect that the code has provided for the same liberality in pleadings and the construction thereof in criminal cases as in civil cases, and if the substantial facts necessary to constitute the crime charged appear in the indictment or information, it Avill be held sufficient.
In State v. Ellington, supra, this court in defining murder and the degree of murder and the verdict that may be rendered by the jury where the charge is murder, said, quoting from People v. Ah Choy, 1 Ida. 317: “The definition of ‘murder’ given in the statute is ‘the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied.’ This definition includes both degrees of murder, and it is sufficient if the indictment charges the offense in the language of the statute defining it. This conclusion is supported by many decisions from the supreme court of California, from which state our statutes were taken. The degrees of murder are defined by our statute; and by section 7925 of the Revised Statutes of Idaho it is provided: ‘Whenever a crime is distinguished into degrees, the jury, if they convict the defendant, must find the degree of the crime of which he is guilty.....It seems to me the answer is unavoidable, as it is conclusive, that the degree of the crime is solely for the trial jury, and it is not requisite or essential that the words defining the degree of murder should be set forth in the indictment to constitute a good indictment for murder in the first degree under our statutes. ’ ’
In the case of State v. Phinney, 13 Ida. 307, 89 Pac. 634, 12 Ann. Cas. 1079, 12 L. R. A., N. S., 935, this court, after reciting the various sections of the statute, says: “It should
In that same case this court refers to and approves the ease of State v. Lindsey, 19 Nev. 47, 3 Am. St. 776, 5 Pac. 822, in which the court was discussing the right of the jury to find a defendant guilty of a crime necessarily included Within the charge, where it is said: “A judge should always inform the jury of the degree which the law attaches to murder, by whatever means the crime may have been committed; but in every case it is the province of the jury, if the prisoner is found guilty, to determine and fix the degree by their verdict, and the courts cannot deprive the jury of their right to fix the degree by imperatively instructing them, in a case where the crime was committed by administering poison (or in any other ease), that if they find the prisoner guilty they must find him guilty of murder in the first degree.”
In the case of Moore v. State, reported in 59 Miss. 25, the court had under consideration a section of the statute identical almost with sec. 7926 of the Penal Code of this state, and said: “At common law there could be no conviction for-a
“Where an indictment for murder or manslaughter charges an assault and battery, or an assault, the verdict may be for either according to the proof, but under an indictment for murder or manslaughter in the form permitted by Code 1880, see. 3016, it is not allowable to render a verdict for an assault and battery or an assault, neither of which is charged in terms by the indictment, or necessarily included in the offense charged.”
This latter case, we think, is directly applicable to the case now-under consideration, and in our judgment states a correct rule of construction. The statute of this state defines murder and specifies the degrees, and also defines manslaughter, and under these various definitions this court has held that murder, of both first and second degrees, and manslaughter, are necessarily included in a charge of murder, in the language of the statute, such as the information in this case. An assault with a deadly weapon or instrument, under the provisions of sec. 6732, is not necessarily included in the unlawful killing of a human being, with malice aforethought; and to warrant conviction, the allegations of the information must embrace the offense, or it must necessarily be included in the offense specifically charged. If this were not true, a prisoner could be found guilty, and be punished for an
In the case last cited the court said: “It is the constitutional right of the accused to demand the nature and cause of the accusation in all criminal prosecutions against him, and he cannot be lawfully convicted of any offense not included in any accusation. (2 Bish. Crim. Proe., see. 626; Bish. Crim. Law, secs. 794, 798, 803, 809.) If, under the former indictment for murder, which did not contain an allegation of an assault and battery, but charged that the defendant did ‘wilfully, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, kill and murder’ the deceased, the appellant had been found guilty of assault or battery or either, we would not have sustained such conviction, because of the absence of an allegation in the indictment of such an offense, and because it is not necessarily included in the offense which was charged.”
So, in the present case, murder may be perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, torture, or by any other kind of wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, mayhem, which is murder in the first degree, and all other kinds of murder are of the second degree. So there are many means, weapons and instruments by which murder may be committed, and a general charge of murder does not necessarily charge the commission of the crime with a deadly weapon or instrument.
' Under the provisions of see. 6731, the crime described in that section includes, first, the commission of an assault upon the person of another, and this assault must be made with a deadly weapon or instrument, or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. The assault referred to in this section is an assault as defined in sec. 6727, which is, “an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability to commit a violent injury on the person of another.” There can be no contention that an assault is a necessary element of murder. A murder may be committed without any assault whatever. If that be true, an assault with a deadly weapon would
There are many eases, while not directly in point, yet which deal with questions similar in general character to the one involved in this case, and we cite them: Territory v. Dooley, 4 Mont. 295, 1 Pac. 747; People v. Adams, 52 Mich. 24, 17 N. W. 226, In re Milburne, 59 Wis. 24, 17 N. W. 965; State v. Thomas, 65 N. J. L. 598, 48 Atl. 1007.
In the case of Territory v. West, 4 Ariz. 212, 36 Pac. 207, the supreme court of Arizona holds: “Where an indictment charges an assault to commit murder, and avers that the assault was made with a weapon which the description shows to be deadly, an assault with a deadly weapon is charged.” In that case the indictment charges an assault with intent to murder, and avers that the assault was made with a deadly weapon, and in that case there can be no question but that the last named offense is necessarily included in the former, and for that reason it was held that the jury properly returned a verdict that the defendant was guilty of the lesser offense.
In sec. 7681 of the code it is provided: “The indictment must charge but one offense, but the same offense may be set forth in different forms under different counts, and, when the offense may be committed by the use of different means, the means may be alleged in the alternative in the same
The attorney general, however, argues that where a party is charged with an offense, he is bound by law to take notice of whatever lesser offense he may be convicted of thereunder, as the law governing the subject matter and practice then stands, and that a fair interpretation of the words “necessarily included in the charge in the information,” as used in sec. 7926 of the Rev. Codes, is that if the evidence on the trial of the offense charged, in regard to the facts and circumstances of such offense, necessarily proves the commission of the minor offense and each and every element thereof, such minor offense is necessarily included in such charge, and in support of this argument the following authorities are cited: Ex parte Curnow, 21 Nev. 33, 24 Pac. 430; sec. 7926, Rev. Codes; State v. Waters, 39 Me. 54; Hopper v. State, 54 Ga. 389; State v. Lessing, 16 Minn. 75; Bolding v. State, 23 Tex. App. 172, 4 S. W. 579; People v. Prague, 72 Mich. 178, 40 N. W. 243.
The cases cited by the attorney general clearly support the contention he makes. The facts, however, considered in these opinions are different from those in the case now under consideration, and the allegations in the information charging murder were not the same as the allegations in the information now under consideration. Neither was there, in such states, a, statute similar to the section of the statute of this state which defines the lesser offense, “an assault with a deadly weapon,” and such decisions have no application,
We hold, therefore, that the verdict of the jury in' this case, finding the defendant guilty of an assault with a deadly weapon, is void, and that the judgment of the trial court based upon such verdict, which committed the petitioner to imprisonment in the penitentiary, was void, and that the imprisonment of the petitioner under said judgment is an illegal restraint of his liberty.
In view of the fact that the petitioner was charged with murder in the language of the statute, and that the jury found the petitioner guilty of an assault with a deadly weapon, we do not feel justified in releasing the defendant until the prosecuting attorney of Elmore county is given notice of this opinion. After he is given such notice, he is granted five days in which to file a complaint before an examining magistrate for a preliminary examination, charging the petitioner with the crime of assault with a deadly weapon, if he thinks the facts justify him in doing so. If such charge is not made within the -limit fixed herein, then such petitioner shall be released, and the sheriff of Elmore county is ordered to release the petitioner.