In re MAURICE D., a Minor, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Petitioner-Appellee, v. MAURICE D., Respondent-Appellant.
Docket No. 4-13-0323
Appellate Court, Fourth District
May 29, 2015
2015 IL App (4th) 130323
Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
In re Maurice D., 2015 IL App (4th) 130323
Appellate Court Caption: In re: MAURICE D., a Minor, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Petitioner-Appellee, v. MAURICE D., Respondent-Appellant.
District & No.: Fourth District, Docket No. 4-13-0323
Filed: May 29, 2015
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 12-JD-47; the Hon. Elizabeth A. Robb, Judge, presiding.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Counsel on Appeal:
Jason Chambers, State’s Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino, David J. Robinson, and Linda Susan McClain (argued), all of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel: JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶ 1 Following a February 2013 bench trial, the trial court adjudicated respondent delinquent, finding the evidence supported a conviction for criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2010)) beyond a reasonable doubt. In April 2013, the court sentenced respondent to 12 months’ conditional discharge and ordered him to serve 30 days in the McLean County jail, with credit for 7 days served. As a result of his conviction, respondent must register as a sex offender. 730 ILCS 150/3-5(a) (West 2010).
¶ 2 Respondent appeals, asserting that the prosecution of a minor who engages in “consensual” sexual activity with another close-in-age minor for an imprisonable misdemeanor offense violates (1) the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution and (2) substantive due process. We affirm.
¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND
¶ 4 In July 2012, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship alleging that respondent, born in 1994, committed the offense of criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2010)), a Class A misdemeanor (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(d) (West 2010)). Specifically, the petition alleged that on or about August 22, 2011, respondent–who was 17 years old at the time–”knowingly committed an act of sexual penetration with D.F. involving the penis of respondent minor and the vagina of D.F.,” and that the act was committed at a time when D.F. was at least 13 years old but under the age of 17 and respondent was less than 5 years older than D.F.
¶ 5 On February 25, 2013, respondent’s bench trial commenced. The specific details of the evidence presented are not relevant to the disposition of this appeal. We do note, however, the evidence revealed that D.F. was 15 years old and respondent was 17 years old at the time of the offense and that there was conflicting
¶ 6 On April 8, 2013, the trial court sentenced respondent to 12 months’ conditional discharge and ordered him to serve 30 days in the McLean County jail, with credit for 7 days served. As a result of his conviction, respondent must register as a sex offender. 730 ILCS 150/3-5(a) (West 2010).
¶ 7 This appeal followed.
¶ 8 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 9 On appeal, respondent argues that the prosecution of a minor who engages in “consensual” sexual activity with another close-in-age minor for an imprisonable misdemeanor offense (1) constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11) and (2) violates substantive due process.
¶ 10 A. State’s Challenges to Respondent’s Appeal
¶ 11 Before addressing respondent’s claims on appeal, we first address the State’s contentions that (1) this appeal is moot and (2) respondent lacks standing.
¶ 12 1. Mootness
¶ 13 The State asserts that this appeal is moot because respondent has already served his 12-month conditional-discharge sentence and no exception to the mootness doctrine applies.
¶ 14 “An appeal is moot if no controversy exists or if events have occurred which foreclose the reviewing court from granting effectual relief to the complaining party.” In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 15. “As a general rule, courts in Illinois do not decide moot questions, render advisory opinions, or consider issues where the result will not be affected regardless of how those issues are decided.” In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 351, 910 N.E.2d 74, 78 (2009).
¶ 15 In this case, respondent was sentenced to 12 months’ conditional discharge on April 8, 2013. As the State correctly points out, respondent has already served his sentence of conditional discharge. The State cites Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 15, for the proposition that, “[w]here *** [an] appeal involves the validity of a sentence, such appeal is rendered moot if the sentence has been served.” Although respondent did not reply to the State’s contention his appeal is moot in his reply brief, we note that respondent is not challenging his conditional-discharge sentence. Rather, respondent is challenging his prosecution and subsequent conviction–a conviction which mandates sex-offender registration–on constitutional grounds. See In re Christopher K., 217 Ill. 2d 348, 359, 841 N.E.2d 945, 952 (2005) (“the completion of a defendant’s sentence renders a challenge to the sentence moot, but not a challenge to the conviction” because “[n]ullification of a conviction may hold important consequences for a defendant”). Here, for example, nullification of respondent’s conviction would eliminate the requirement that he register as a sex offender. Because the issues raised by respondent in this appeal concern the validity
¶ 16 2. Standing
¶ 17 The State further contends that respondent does not have standing to bring the above arguments because the underlying sexual activity at issue here was not “consensual” or “normative.” Respondent counters that the offense for which he was convicted does not require proof of force.
¶ 18 “ ‘The purpose of the doctrine of standing is to ensure that courts are deciding actual, specific controversies, and not abstract questions or moot issues.’ ” In re M.I., 2013 IL 113776, ¶ 32, 989 N.E.2d 173 (quoting In re Marriage of Rodriguez, 131 Ill. 2d 273, 279-80, 545 N.E.2d 731, 734 (1989)). “In order to have standing to bring a constitutional challenge, a person must show himself to be within the class aggrieved by the alleged unconstitutionality.” Id.
¶ 19 The statute at issue provides that “[a] person commits criminal sexual abuse if that person commits an act of sexual penetration or sexual conduct with a victim who is at least 13 years of age but under 17 years of age and the person is less than 5 years older than the victim.”
¶ 20 The statute under which respondent was charged and adjudicated delinquent required only that the State prove respondent committed sexual penetration or sexual conduct with D.F. at a time when D.F. was at least 13 years of age but less than 17 years of age and respondent was less than 5 years older than her. See
¶ 21 B. Standard of Review
¶ 22 A strong presumption exists that statutes are constitutional, and a reviewing court must find a statute constitutional whenever reasonably possible. People v. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 22. “To overcome this presumption, the party challenging the statute must clearly establish its invalidity.” Id. “A challenge to the facial validity of a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because an enactment is invalid on its face only if no set of circumstances exists under which it would be valid.” In re Shermaine S., 2015 IL App (1st) 142421, ¶ 15. If a statute can be validly applied in any situation, a facial challenge must fail. Id. (quoting People v. Kitch, 239 Ill. 2d 452, 466, 942 N.E.2d 1235, 1243 (2011)). The constitutionality of a statute is reviewed de novo. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 22.
¶ 23 C. Respondent’s Eighth Amendment and Proportionate Penalties Challenge
¶ 24 Respondent first asserts that the prosecution of a minor who engages in “consensual” sexual activity with another close-in-age minor for an imprisonable misdemeanor offense constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. According to respondent, “the current range of punishment is unnecessarily harsh and out of proportion to the social harm it causes.”
¶ 25 The cruel and unusual punishment clause of the United States Constitution,
¶ 26 In Rodney H., the Illinois Supreme Court held that neither the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution nor the eighth amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment
clause of the United States Constitution applies to juvenile proceedings initiated by adjudication of wardship. The court explained that delinquency proceedings are protective in nature and that the overall goal of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile Court Act) (705 ILCS 405/1-1 to 7-1 (West 2010))–even after the 1999 amendments, which shifted the “ ‘singular goal of rehabilitation to include the overriding concerns of protecting the public and holding juvenile offenders accountable for violations of the law’ ”–is to correct and rehabilitate minors, not punish them. Rodney H., 223 Ill. 2d at 520, 831 N.E.2d at 630 (quoting In re A.G., 195 Ill. 2d 313, 317, 746 N.E.2d 732, 735 (2001)). As such, the court reasoned that a petition for adjudication of wardship is neither criminal in nature nor a direct action by the State to inflict punishment upon a juvenile, and accordingly, neither the cruel and unusual punishment clause nor the proportionate penalties clause applies in such cases. Id. at 520-21, 831 N.E.2d at 630.
¶ 27 Here, the proceedings were initiated by the State’s filing of a petition for adjudication of wardship that alleged respondent committed the offense of criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2010)). Respondent was tried in the juvenile court and adjudicated delinquent of the charged offense rather than convicted of a criminal offense. Based on the supreme court’s precedent in Rodney H., we find that neither the eighth amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment clause of the United States Constitution nor the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution applies to respondent’s juvenile adjudication.
¶ 28 We note that in his reply brief, respondent cites People v. Perea, 347 Ill. App. 3d 26, 36, 807 N.E.2d 26, 35 (2004) (quoting In re M.C., 319 Ill. App. 3d 713, 720, 745 N.E.2d 122, 127 (2001)), for the proposition that the Juvenile Court Act is statutory in nature, and thus, “ ‘the legislature has the authority to define the limits of the juvenile system.’ ” Respondent then cites to the Juvenile Court Act, which provides as follows: “In all procedures under this Article, minors shall have all the procedural rights of adults in criminal proceedings, unless specifically precluded by laws that enhance the protection of such minors. Minors shall not have the right to a jury trial unless specifically provided by this Article.”
¶ 30 Respondent next argues that the prosecution of a minor who engages in “consensual” sexual activity with another close-in-age minor for an imprisonable misdemeanor offense violates the substantive due process clauses of the United States and Illinois Constitutions (U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2). Specifically, respondent asserts that “it is unreasonable to prohibit sexual conduct between close-in-age minors, as charged in the present case, in an effort to protect minors because the prohibition imposes a stigmatizing and harsh penalty on normal developmental conduct of teenagers.” According to respondent, the available penalties for a violation of section 11-1.50(c) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2010)) are “too harsh to be a reasonable method of protection.”
¶ 31 The due process clause of the United States Constitution provides that no “State [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
¶ 32 Respondent concedes that where no fundamental liberty interest is at stake–as is the case here–the challenged law need only survive the rational basis test. People v. Hollins, 2012 IL 112754, ¶ 15. “A statute will be upheld under the rational basis test so long as it bears a rational relationship to a legitimate legislative purpose and is neither arbitrary nor unreasonable.” Id. “In applying the rational basis test, the court must first ascertain the statute’s public purpose in order to test whether its provisions reasonably implement that purpose.” Id. ¶ 18. “If there is any conceivable set of facts to show a rational basis for the statute, it will be upheld.” Johnson, 225 Ill. 2d at 585, 870 N.E.2d at 422.
¶ 33 The statute at issue here provides that a “person [who] commits an act of sexual penetration or sexual conduct with a victim” between the ages of 13 and 16, when the person is less than 5 years older than the victim, commits the Class A misdemeanor offense of criminal sexual assault and is required to register as a sex offender.
¶ 34 In In re T.W., 291 Ill. App. 3d 955, 962, 685 N.E.2d 631, 636 (1997), the First District noted, “[t]he legislature has determined that section 12-15(b) is a rational means by which 9- to 16-year-olds may be protected from the consequences of premature sexual experiences.” Section 12-15(b), which is now section 11-1.50(b) of the Code, makes it a crime for a person under the age of 17 to
¶ 35 Further, in In re J.W., 204 Ill. 2d 50, 66, 787 N.E.2d 747, 757 (2003), the Illinois Supreme Court was tasked with determining whether requiring a juvenile to register as a sex offender for
the rest of his natural life violated substantive due process. The court held that “there is a rational relationship between the registration of juvenile sex offenders and the protection of the public from such offenders.” Id. at 72, 787 N.E.2d at 760. “Requiring the registration of juvenile sex offenders *** is reasonable in light of the strict limits placed upon access to that information.” Id. In In re J.R., 341 Ill. App. 3d 784, 793, 793 N.E.2d 687, 695 (2003), the First District followed the principles stated by the supreme court in J.W. and concluded that “[t]he [sex-offender-]registration requirement under the Act does not violate substantive due process because there is a rational relationship between the registration of juvenile sex offenders and the protection of the public from juvenile sex offenders.”
¶ 36 While recognizing the prior holdings of our courts, specifically of T.W., respondent asserts that “now is a time for different judges to make a judgment which should fall differently.” To support his contention that this court should find a minor who engages in sexual behavior with another close-in-age minor should not be subjected to prosecution, he cites a number of articles, studies, and reports. He notes, “[c]arrying the label as a sex offender is ‘likely to carry with it shame, humiliation, ostracism, loss of employment and decreased opportunities for employment, perhaps even physical violence, and a multitude of other adverse consequences’ ” (quoting Doe v. Pataki, 3 F. Supp. 2d 456, 468 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)). In addition to the stigma which attaches to sex offenders by virtue of their sex-offender status alone, respondent notes that the sex-offender-registration requirement imposes additional burdens, including residency-reporting requirements and place-of-domicile restrictions, all of which carry felony criminal penalties if not complied with. According to respondent, “the Juvenile Court Act provides for more reasonable methods of accomplishing the state objective of protecting minors.”
¶ 37 While we acknowledge respondent’s invitation to reconsider the reasonableness of the criminal sexual abuse statute under which he was charged, or to consider whether a more reasonable method to protect juveniles from premature sexual experiences is available, we must decline. Based on the precedent of Reed, T.W., and J.W., we find that the criminal sexual
¶ 38 In closing, we note that in its recent report, “Improving Illinois’ Response to Sexual Offenses Committed by Youth,” the Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission recommends that juveniles be removed from the state’s sex-offender registry–which it opines is counterproductive–and that Illinois stop imposing categorical registration requirements upon juveniles. Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission, Improving Illinois’ Response to Sexual Offenses Committed by Youth (2014), available at http://ijjc.illinois.gov/youthsexualoffenses. However, as the First District recently noted in In re M.A., 2014 IL App (1st) 132540, ¶ 42, 12 N.E.3d 805, “[w]hether the legislature will act on the Commission’s recommendations remains to be seen. Unless and until that happens, In re J.W. guides the analysis of the issue of whether the Act’s provisions bear a rational relationship to the protection of the public.” See also J.W., 204 Ill. 2d at 72, 787 N.E.2d at 760 (“It is best left to the legislature and not the courts to determine whether a statute is wise or whether it is the best means to achieve the desired result.”).
¶ 39 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 40 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 41 Affirmed.