In re the Marriage of Alexandre Ford Garrett, Appellant, and Daniel Meyer Heine, Appellee.
No. 17CA1219
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS
November 1, 2018
2018COA154
JUDGE TAUBMAN; Bernard and Welling, JJ., concur
Boulder County District Court No. 08DR179; Honorable Andrew R. Macdonald, Judge
The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY
November 1, 2018
2018COA154
No. 17CA1219, In re Marriage Heine — Family Law — Post-Dissolution — Parenting Time — Modification of Child Support
A division of the court of appeals considers a post-dissolution of marriage dispute involving the award of retroactive child support in a district court‘s order modifying child support. The division concludes that, when a voluntary change in parenting time occurs, a court may retroactively enter a child support order against either parent without regard to the parent‘s status as obligor or obligee under the existing child support order.
The resolution of this dispute requires the division to interpret a 2013 amendment to the child support statute,
ORDER AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division I
Opinion by JUDGE TAUBMAN
Bernard and Welling, JJ., concur
Announced November 1, 2018
Alexandre Ford Garrett, Pro Se
Daniel Meyer Heine, Pro Se
I. Relevant Facts
¶ 2 Mother and father, the parents of two children, were divorced in 2008.
¶ 3 In 2014, both parents moved to modify parenting time. In February 2015, the district court entered a week on/week off parenting time schedule and modified child support accordingly. The parents then agreed in June 2015 to modify the week on/week off parenting time schedule such that father would be the primary residential parent and mother would have parenting time every other weekend and one evening per week. Based on the revised parenting time schedule, father began paying mother a reduced amount of child support. Father then moved to modify child support in July 2016.
¶ 4 The parties again agreed to change parenting time in February 2017. Mother became the primary residential parent of one child while father remained the primary residential parent of the other child.
¶ 5 After a March 2017 hearing, the district court made the following findings with respect to the parties’ incomes for child support purposes:
- father was capable of earning $20,000 per month;
- mother was doing contract work and earning $2000 to $4000 per month;
- mother had an extensive background in public relations, marketing, and communications and had historically earned at least $6000 per month until she lost her job in 2016;
- mother believed that the job market was saturated and that going forward she would not be able to earn the equivalent of her prior salary; and
- the court “was not provided with credible evidence” that mother was incapable of reaching her income potential if employed full time in her field.
¶ 6 Based on these findings, the court calculated child support using $6000 per month as mother‘s income. The court further determined that because of the substantial changes in parenting time beginning in June 2015, mother should have been paying child support to father and therefore owed him $21,389 in arrearages. Offsetting mother‘s arrearages against father‘s current child support obligation, the court ordered father to pay mother $225.58 per month for twenty-four months and then $1116.79 per month thereafter.
II. Income Imputation
¶ 7 Mother contends that the district court erred when it imputed $6000 per month in income to her without finding she was voluntarily underemployed. We agree.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 8 We review child support orders for abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Davis, 252 P.3d 530, 533 (Colo. App. 2011).
¶ 9 Whether potential income should be imputed to a parent in determining child support is a mixed question of fact and law. People v. Martinez, 70 P.3d 474, 480 (Colo. 2003). We defer to the district court‘s factual findings if they are supported by the record. Id. We review the district court‘s application of legal standards and legal conclusions de novo. In re Marriage of Connerton, 260 P.3d 62, 65 (Colo. App. 2010).
B. Legal Principles
¶ 10 If a parent is voluntarily underemployed, child support must be calculated based on that parent‘s potential income.
[the parent‘s] firing and post-firing conduct; the amount of time the parent spent looking for a job of equal caliber before accepting a lower paying job; whether the parent refused an offer of employment at a higher salary; whether the parent sought a job in the field in which he or she has experience and training; the availability of jobs for a person with the parent‘s level of education, training, and skills; the prevailing wage rates in the region; the parent‘s prior employment experience and history; and the parent‘s history of child support payment.
Id. at 480. The court‘s findings must be sufficiently specific so as to inform the appellate court of the basis for its order. In re Marriage of Campbell, 140 P.3d 320, 324 (Colo. App. 2006).
C. Analysis
¶ 12 Mother presented evidence at the hearing about her work in marketing and public relations and about her earnings. Her tax returns, admitted as exhibits during the hearing, reflected that her annual income from her business was $26,946 in 2014 and $23,533 in 2015 and that she earned $52,042 in 2016.
¶ 13 Mother testified that two months after losing her job in November 2016, she accepted a lower-paying position in the design field, earning $500 per week for eight weeks and then commissions at a rate of three to five percent per sale. Additionally, she accepted a short-term contract position with a digital marketing company where she had the potential to earn between $2000 and $4000 per month.
¶ 14 Mother further testified about her efforts to secure a higher-paying position in her field. She consulted online resources, sent out 150 resumes, and had many interviews, yet had not secured a position because, in her opinion, the public relations market was saturated.
¶ 15 The district court made findings regarding mother‘s income potential, and some of those findings appear to touch on the Martinez factors. See 70 P.3d at 480. For example, the court considered mother‘s prior employment experience and history as well as her testimony that the market for public relations positions was saturated. However, it did not explicitly find that mother was voluntarily underemployed and shirking her child support obligation, and the record does not support such findings. See Campbell, 140 P.3d at 324. Nor did the court make any findings concerning the reasonableness of mother‘s efforts to secure a full-time position at her previous salary. See Krejci, ¶ 29.
¶ 16 Thus, we remand the case to the district court for additional findings, reconsideration of mother‘s income, and recalculation of child support accordingly. See Martinez, 70 P.3d at 481; Krejci, ¶¶ 27-30; Campbell, 140 P.3d at 324-25.
III. Retroactive Child Support
¶ 17 Mother further contends that the district court erred in applying
A. Standard of Review
¶ 18 We review child support orders for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Atencio, 47 P.3d 718, 720 (Colo. App. 2002). We review the district court‘s application of legal standards and legal conclusions de novo. Connerton, 260 P.3d at 65.
B. Rules of Statutory Interpretation
¶ 19 Resolution of this appeal requires us to determine the meaning of
¶ 20 When interpreting a statute, we look first to its plain language, giving the
C. Legislative History and Legal Principles
¶ 21 Ordinarily, a child support modification order is effective as of the date the motion to modify is filed. See
¶ 22 Prior to 2013, when a mutually agreed upon change in physical care occurred,
¶ 23 In Emerson, the division concluded that the district court had the authority to require the mother to pay child support as of the date when the father had assumed primary care of the parties’ children, even though the mother was the obligee under the existing child support order. 77 P.3d at 926. The mother acknowledged that under
¶ 24 The division disagreed with the mother‘s interpretation, noting that if the statute were applied as she urged, the obligor parent‘s support obligation would end without an obligation being imposed on the other parent, causing the children to suffer a corresponding loss of support. Id. Concluding that such a result was illogical, the division determined that the statute instead intended to shift the support duty and the obligor‘s identity when the child‘s physical care changed through a retroactive modification of the existing order. Id. Therefore, under the Emerson division‘s interpretation, the court was authorized to require the mother to begin paying the father child support as of the date the children began living with the father. Id. at 926.
¶ 25 In White, a different division of this court declined to follow Emerson and instead concluded that the plain language of the statute permitted only the obligor‘s duty of support to be retroactively modified. White, 240 P.3d at 538. The mother in White agreed that the parties’ child could live with the father and that the father could stop paying child support. Id. at 536. The father also agreed that the mother did not have to pay child support to him. Id. However, a year later, the father moved to modify child support, requesting that the mother pay him support as of the date the child began living with him. Id. Because the existing order obligated only the father to pay child support, the division held that the district court could properly reduce or eliminate his obligation retroactive to the date of the change in the child‘s physical care, but that it could not impose a child support obligation on the mother as of that date or for any period before the father moved to modify. Id. at 538.
¶ 27 The division also disagreed with the Emerson division‘s conclusion that a narrow interpretation of the statute would cause a lapse in support during a child‘s minority. White, 240 P.3d at 539. The White division noted that even though the existing support order did not obligate the former custodial parent to make child support payments, the retroactive modification as of the change in physical care did not terminate that parent‘s child support obligation. Id. It further noted that
¶ 28 In 2013, the legislature amended
Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, when a court-ordered, voluntary, or mutually agreed upon change of physical care occurs, the provisions for child support of the obligor under the existing child support order, if modified pursuant to this section, will be modified or terminated as of the date when physical care was changed.
Ch. 103, sec. 3, § 14-10-122(5), 2013 Colo. Sess. Laws 354 (emphasis added). Second, it added the following language: “The provisions for the establishment of a child support order based on a court-ordered, voluntary, or mutually agreed upon change of physical care may also be entered retroactively to the date when the physical care was changed.” Id. We conclude that these modifications, when read together, still do not resolve the statute‘s ambiguity recognized in Emerson and White. In our view, the statute remains susceptible of multiple interpretations — one, that a court may modify or terminate only the obligor‘s child support obligation as of the date physical care changed, or two, that a court may establish a new child support obligation against either parent as of the date physical care changed.
¶ 29 In light of this ambiguity, we attempt to discern whether the legislature intended the amendments to address the White-Emerson conflict and, if so, whether it intended the amendments to validate the White or Emerson division‘s interpretation and application of the statute. We must engage in this examination of legislative intent because the statute is ambiguous. Thus, we look to the legislative history of the 2013 amendments to
¶ 30 The amendments to
¶ 31 In its report, the Commission explicitly recognized the conflict between White and Emerson and recommended the statutory amendments “to empower a court with discretion to retroactively establish a
- Parents owe a continuous duty to provide financial support for their child until emancipation, regardless of the location of the child‘s residence;
- The duty to provide support should not lapse, during a child‘s minority, just because of a change in the residence of the child; and
- The child is the person for whom support is due and a child should not be penalized because the new custodial party fails to promptly act to seek a modification of the existing order.
Id. Because these reasons mirror those set forth in Emerson, we conclude that the General Assembly‘s 2013 amendments to
D. Application
¶ 32 In this case, mother was the obligee under the existing child support order. In June 2015, when the parties agreed that their children would live with father, they also agreed that father‘s child support obligation would be reduced. Father then moved to modify child support, asking the court to retroactively establish a child support order from June 2015 forward.
¶ 33 Even though mother was the obligee under the existing child support order, the court, consistent with Emerson and as permitted by the 2013 amendments to
¶ 34 However, because we cannot discern whether the district court imposed the retroactive child support obligation as an act of discretion or imposed it under the mistaken view that it was required to do so, on remand, the district court must set forth the factors it considers in determining whether to impose such an obligation. Because we have remanded the case for the court to reconsider mother‘s income and redetermine child support accordingly, the court must also recalculate the parties’ arrearages under
¶ 35 Mother also argues that the court erred in awarding retroactive child support because doing so created an undue hardship and resulted in a substantial injustice for her, because she and father had an oral contract as to the modified child support, and because the doctrine of equitable estoppel relieved her of her obligation to pay retroactive child support. Because mother did not raise these arguments in the district court, however, we may not address them here. See Melat, Pressman & Higbie, L.L.P. v. Hannon Law Firm, L.L.C., 2012 CO 61, ¶ 18 (“It is axiomatic that issues not raised in or decided by a lower court will not be addressed for the first time on appeal.“); cf. In re Marriage of Boettcher, 2018 COA 34, ¶ 32 (upholding retroactive modification order when parent did not argue a basis for undue hardship and substantial injustice in district court). In its discretion, however, the district court may consider these arguments on remand.
IV. Conclusion
¶ 36 The portion of the district court‘s order retroactively establishing a child support obligation for mother is affirmed, the portion of the order determining mother‘s
JUDGE BERNARD and JUDGE WELLING concur.