Berry, J.
Our insolvent law (Law's 1881, e. 148) authorizes a debtor whose property is levied upon, directly or by garnishment, to make an assignment of all his unexempt property for the equal bene*62fit of all his creditors, (in proportion to their respective claims,) who shall file releases of their debts and claims against him with the clerk of the proper court. Section 1. Section 10 enacts that no creditor of any insolvent debtor shall receive any benefit under the act, unless he has first filed, with the clerk of the proper district court, a release to the debtor of all claims other than such as may be paid under the provisions of the act itself, and thereupon a judgment of discharge from such claims is to be entered in the debtor’s favor: provided, that upon complaint to the proper judge by a creditor that the debtor has fraudulently concealed or fraudulently incumbered or disposed of any of his property with intent to cheat and defraud his creditors, a hearing may be had before sitch judge, and thereafter the judge may, in his discretion, order or direct that all of said debtor’s property and assets, not exempt by law, be distributed among his creditors, either with or without the filing of releases. By section 3 the court is authorized at any time, upon satisfactory evidence, to grant an order restraining the debtor from collecting or disposing or in any manner interfering with any of his estate, to issue a ne exeat to restrain him from leaving the state, and to require him at any time to appear and make disclosure as to his property and estate. Section 8 allows an appeal to the district court from the disallowance of a claim by the .assignee. For proper cause the court may remove an assignee and appoint another in his place, as also in place of an assignee who dies. Section 9. By section 12 distribution among the creditors of the balance remaining in the hands of the assignee, after the payment of the expenses of administering the assignment, etc., is to be made under the direction of the court.
The following conclusions appear to us to be fairly deducible from the provisions of the act:
First. As the act authorizes an assignment by the debtor for the benefit of such of his creditors as shall release their claims against him, it is, of course, implied that there may be creditors who will not release, and therefore will not participate in the benefits of the assignment. Consequently, there may be a surplus in the hands of the assignee after full payment of the claims of all the releasing creditors, as, of course, there possibly may be one even if all the creditors *63release. To suppose that the assignee is to retain this surplus for his own benefit is absurd. It must be taken to be held by him for the benefit of the assignor. See Wintringham v. Lafoy, 7 Cow. 735" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1827-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wintringham-v-lafoy-5465026?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5465026">7 Cow. 735. It does not follow that this surplus can be disposed of, either by the assignor or assignee, without the action of the court; but, unless it be intercepted in some way, as it well may be, upon a proper application by a non-releasing creditor, (Brashear v. West, 7 Pet. 609; Smith v. Millett, 11 R. I. 528; 12 R. I. 59,) the assignee would be ordered to pay it over to the assignor as a matter of course.
Second. Upon the perfecting of the assignment, — and to some extent, at least, upon the simple execution of it by the assignor, (see Kingman v. Barton, 24 Minn. 295" court="Minn." date_filed="1877-12-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kingman-v-barton-7963384?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7963384">24 Minn. 295,) — its entire subject-matter and everything involved in it, including the assigned property, come under the jurisdiction of the district court, ipso facto, and without the institution of any suit or proceeding. By consequence the assigned property is then in custodia legis. Legierse v. Pierce, (Tex. Sup. Ct.) 17 Reporter, 477. No more satisfactory proof of these conclusions can be required than is furnished by the terms and tenor of the insolvent act, and especially of those parts of it which we have cited. They confer upon the district court a supervisory authority and control of the whole business and matter of the assignment from the time when it is perfected until it is fully administered.
Thirdly. And as a consequence of the foregoing conclusions it follows — First, that a stipulation in an assignment that any surplus which may remain in the hands of the assignee after full payment of the releasing creditors shall be returned to the assignor, does not invalidate the assignment as a reservation of benefit to the assignor to the disadvantage of his creditors. This is so, because, whatever might have been the effect of such a stipulation irrespective of statute, our insolvent act clearly recognizes and contemplates the possibility of such surplus as one properly belonging to the assignor, so that the .stipulation gives him no more than the law gives him without it, (Conkling v. Carson, 11 Ill. 503" court="Ill." date_filed="1850-06-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/conkling-v-carson-6947354?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6947354">11 Ill. 503;) and, as we have seen, such a stipulation does not put the surplus out of the reach of non-releasing creditors. It follows, secondly, that the assignment is not avoided by the fraudulent intent of the assignor in making it. If this were not so, *64one of the principal purposes of the insolvent act, as announced in its title, viz., “to secure the equal distribution of the property of debtors among their creditors, ” would be thwarted. The assignment passes all the debtor’s unexempt property, and the assignee is invested with power to attack fraudulent preferences and conveyances. And in this latter particular the act materially differs from the Rhode Island act, involved in James v. Mechanics’ Nat. Bank, 12 R. I. 460, referred to in Lapp v. Van Norman, 19 Fed Rep. 406, cited by appellant here. The act is in effect a bankrupt law, providing for voluntary bankruptcy by the debtor’s assignment, (Wendell v. Lebon, 30 Minn. 234" court="Minn." date_filed="1883-02-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wendell-v-lebon-7964197?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7964197">30 Minn. 234,) and in this respect it differs essentially from the assignment law, found in Law's 1876, c. 44, (Gen St. 1878, c. 41, §§ 23-33.) The act expressly provides for the criminal punishment of fraudulent debtors. Section 3. Indeed, the proviso before quoted from section 10 provides for a penalty to be imposed upon an assignor under the act who conceals, disposes of, or incumbers his property in fraud of creditors. The very theory of the act, then, as in case of bankruptcy acts in general, is that neither the assignment (corresponding to voluntary bankruptcy) nor the receivership (corresponding to involuntary bankruptcy) shall be invalidated by the fraudulent intent of the debtor, whether that intent be evidenced by preferences, by concealment or disposal of property, or otherwise. Notwithstanding the fraudulent intent or act,, the assignment is to stand, and the trust which attaches in favor of creditors upon its execution to be administered. These considerations are enhanced by the fact that the assignment places the property in custodia legis, — in the hands of the court, — by which, whatever may have been the intent of the assignor, the assignment will be administered in accordance with the true spirit, meaning, and purpose of the law. Blum v. Welborne, 58 Tex. 157" court="Tex." date_filed="1882-12-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/leon--h-blum-v-welborne-4893895?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4893895">58 Tex. 157.
Order affirmed.