In re Lent

62 N.Y.S. 227 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1900

Hatch, J.:

By chapter 43 of the Laws of 1871 the county of Westchester was exempted from the operation of the General Drainage Statute of 1869 (Chap. 888). By chapter 282 of the Laws of 1879, chapter 43 of the Laws of 187l was repealed. The effect of this last repeal operated to revive the act of 1869 and Westchester county became again subject to its provisions, except so far as localities were subject to local regulations by local laws. (Van Denburgh v. Village of Greenbush, 66 N. Y. 1.)

This condition was not- changed by chapter 388 of the Laws of 1880; the latter act simply excepted the town of Newcastle from the operation of the act of 1869, and did not assume to change the status of any other portion of Westchester county. It is somewhat curious- to note that the law thus revived as to the town of Newcastle has been the subject of judicial condemnation as an infringement of the Constitution. (White v. White, 5 Barb. 474, 483.) The act of 1869 is, therefore, to be regarded as applicable to this county and to the town of East Chester unless it be inapplicable for some other reason. It is claimed that it is so inoperative for the reason that the subject of drainage in the town of East Chester is governed solely by the provisions of chapter 882, Laws of 1871. This is a local act made applicable to such town and covers the subject-matter. It is objected, however, that this act is inoperative for two reasons : Eirst, that it is' unconstitutional; and, second, that it is not exclusive. If the former of these claims is upheld the latter need not be considered.

The constitutionality of the local act is challenged upon two grounds: First, for the reason that the commissioners authorized to be appointed to award damages for the land or interest which it is claimed the act authorizes to be taken, are not to be appointed by a court of record -as : required by the Constitution. Second, that the act makes no provision for notice to be given by the commissioners of the assessments made by them for cost of construction. An examination of the act shows that it provides for two separate and distinct proceedings upon the part of the commissioners authorized to be appointed by the 1st section. This and the four following sections provide for the determination by the Commissioners as to the necessity for the proposed drainage. The next four sections provide,, if the determination to construct be made and approved, for the construction of the work and the making by the commissioners of an assessment for the same-. ■ The remainder of the act relates to borrowing money, levying and collecting the assessment; etc. By the 1st section the county judge of the county ór a justice of the: Supreme Court residing in the second judicial district is authorized upon petition by any person or persons of the town to appoint three commissioners. These commissioners áre to determine upon the necessity of the proposed drainage and file notice in the office-of the; clerk of the county of such determination and give notice By publication of such filing! No other notice is required of this act. • An appeal is authorized to the Commissioners and the judge by any person aggrieved. If it shall be determined by the Commissioners or by the judge upon appeal.that the public health requires the' drainage, the commissioners shall make maps of the territory and cause the same to-be filed. (§§ 6, 7.)

By sectio'n 8 it is. provided!:

“ The said commissioners shall, as soo.n as practicable, ascertain and determine the costs, expenses and land damages of such drainage, make a complete and detailed statement thereof, which statement shall be duly verified by Said commissioners, or by a majority of them. They shall also determine whether any, and if any, how much of said sum shall be! assessed to and paid by any village or the town in which such drained land is situated, and they shall apportion all of said sum; (except so much thereof .as they shall determine shall be paid by any village or the townj among the several •owners or occupants of such lands included in said map or ad jacent thereto, as they shall deem to be benefited by the said drainage, in proportion to the amount of benefit which each shall receive therefrom. And the several amounts so adjudged shall constitute liens upon the respective tracts until paid or otherwise removed.”

By section 9 it is provided :

“ The commissioners shall file in the office of' the clerk of the said county a copy of said statement and of said determination certified by them. Any person deeming himself aggrieved may appeal from the decision of such commissioners to the officer to whom the application is presented for the correction of such assessment, provided he serve upon the chairman of the said commissioners notice of such appeal within ten days after the same shall have been filed as aforesaid; which notice shall state the time and place where such appeal will be heard and wherever such statement should be corrected. The officer to whom such appeal shall be made shall thereupon proceed and without delay hear and determine the same, and by order confirm or correct the same as to him may seem proper and just.”

The State Constitution provides (Art. 1, § 7) that when private property is taken for a public' use compensation shall be made, and when compensation is not made by the State it shall be ascertained by a jury or by not less than three commissioners “ appointed by a court of record as shall be prescribed by law.” If this act authorizes the ■entry upon lands for the purpose of the construction of the drain, against the will of the owner, whether the right which is to be obtained is the fee of the land or an easement therein, it would •constitute a taking within the meaning of the Constitution and ■could only be done upon making compensation to the owner, to be ascertained by a jury or by. not less than three commissioners appointed by a court of record. There is a clear distinction between a court and an individual holding a judicial office which invests him with authority to hold court. Neither a justice of the Supreme Court or a county judge, constitutes a court of record; it requires other formalities and officials acting with the individual invested with the judicial office to constitute a court of record. (People ex rel. Ekerson v. Trustees, 151 N. Y. 75.) The appointment by these officers of the commissioners to ascertain compensation, if land or an interest therein is to be taken by the terms of the.act, is, therefore, in contravention of the Constitution. For can the act be saved in this respect by any consideration that the term county judge, as used in the statute, embodies the County Court,, for by the terms of the act there is no right given to make application to any court of record either .of appeal or otherwise; it ■ studiously excludes courts and relegates all parties desiring or compelled to make application to protect their rights to the judicial officer.

We are, therefore, brought to an examination of the act in ques^tion to see if it contemplates the acquirement of lands or an interest, therein; and, if it does not, whether it can be upheld as an authority to construct the drain independent of authority to force a right of way.. It cannot be doubted that the Legislature has .power to authorize 'the-construction of a drain where no authority is granted, or assumed to be, to take lands by proceedings vñ, invitv/m y and where the right to lay the drain, if it be laid at all, rests upon the consent of property owners obtained either by purchase or by voluntary consent, no defect would be found in the grant of power authorize ing such acquirement. If the Legislature has this power then an act may be sustained where the right is so given, even though the act seeks to confer greater rights which cannot be legally upheld. This would bring the case within the familiar rule that, where the provision of an act is not so interdependent upon its other parts but that the good can be separated from the bad, it may be upheld by rejecting that which is bad and sustaining that which is. good. (Duryee v. Mayor, etc., 96 N. Y. 477.) There is nothing in the act which in terras authorizes the exercise of the power of eminent domain. It is true that it provides foi; compensation for “ land damages,” and assumes that they will be incurred. (§§ 8, 10.) This phrase of the act is laid hold of by the respondent to show that the act itself com 'templates that the right of way may be forced. We think that such construction may be avoided and full force be given to all of the provisions of the act. It is in usual course to be assumed that when a proceeding of this character is instituted it is the product of a desire upon the part of those persons whose lands will be afEeeted by the proposed drain.; and! it is quite within the bounds of reason to suppose that for the most part the lands to be drained will receive benefit therefrom, and that the persons benefited will consent to the construction of the drain across their lands. If this be the case, then there would be no necessity for the exercise of the power of eminent domain, and if this be so as to that condition, the act could clearly operate within the constitutional requirement whether the commissioners were appointed by a court of record or otherwise. So, too, if the' persons interested could obtain consent either by purchase or otherwise short of the exercise of the power of eminent domain, they could be authorized so to do without infringing any constitutional requirement. Indeed, many acts have been presumably acquiesced in which were clearly unconstitutional where the work seems to have been prosecuted by agreement. (Hartwell v. Armstrong, 19 Barb. 166,174.) The term “ land damages,” as used in the act, is quite consistent with an expense created therefor by agreement. If by agreement the owners sold the right of way for the drain, the expense therefor would be land damages in its technical sense. Examining the terms of this act in this respect,, we see no reason why compliance may not be had with its terms in a very broad sense without resort to compulsory proceedings to obtain a right of way for the drain. If the drain may not be laid without resort thereto, then the purpose which the act sought to accomplish fails, but the act itself stands as authority to lay the drain pursuant to its provisions.

We see no reason, therefore, why the act in this respect may not stand and compliance be had with its provisions, without regard to the authority which appoints the commissioners. None .of the cases cited by the respondents conflicts with this view. They were all cases which arose in resistance of an assessment which had been laid to pay for the drain actually constructed. The court in each case held the assessment bad for the reason that the improvement was unlawful, constituted a trespass and that no assessment would lie to pay therefor. (People ex rel. Williams v. Haines, 49 N. Y. 587; Matter of Cheesebrough, 78 id. 232; Matter of Rhinelander, 68 id. 105; People ex rel. Cook v. Nearing, 27 id. 306; Copcutt v. City of Yonkers, 59 Hun, 212.) The question presented by these- cases is entirely different from the one now under consideration, which is, does the authority authorize a legal act? The cases presented the question of whether compulsory process could,issue to pay the expense of an accomplished illegal act. Where the act would be illegal but for the consent of the property owner, work done and improvements made, based upon such consent, would be sufficient to support an assessment therefor, as the owner would be estopped from questioning the authority and the improvement would rest upon a legal basis. (Matter of McGown, 18 Hun, 434 ; City of St. Joseph ex rel. Saxton Nat. Bank v. Landis, 54 Mo. App. 315.)

This brings us to a consideration of the second question. Is the Eastchester Act unconstitutional for failure to provide notice of the assessment ? The only, requirement of the act (§ 9) is that the commissioners, after determining the costs, expenses and land damages, shall state the same, and shall file in the office of the clerk of the county á certified copy of such statement. An appeal there- . from is authorized to 'be taken by any person aggrieved within ten days after the statement is filed. If no appeal be taken, or, if one be taken, after a final determination of the" appeal, the commissioners shall levy the assessment arid proceed and collect the same. It is thus apparent that no notice of the assessment is required to be given to the property owners. As an appeal is authorized, provision is made for a hearing and in this respect the constitutional requirement is satisfied. (People ex rel. Eckerson v. Trustees, supra.) But the constitutional right is to have notice of the assessment, as well as the right to - be heard. (Stuart v. Palmer, 74 N. Y. 183.) In all of the discussions that have been had. of this subject this: right has always been asserted as fundamental. (Matter of Common Council of Amsterdam, 126 N. Y. 158.) In the present case the time in which to appeal is limited, and as no notice of the filing is required, the. person affected may be deprived of all opportunity to have the assessment reviewed. The failure, therefore, to give notice may defeat the right to be heard. And it was this reason, among others, which led the courts to declare that the chance of notice or the favor of a hearing is not sufficient; both requirements are matters of absolute right and must be provided. It is suggested that, if a proceeding were taken under> this statute,-a case might be presented where the parties in fact had notice or waived the notice,, or had estopped themselves from raising the question, or had taken an appeal and expressly waived it; and that by reason of these conditions the court would sustain an assessment the result of a proceeding under this statute. And from . this supposition is presented the claimed anomaly of the courts now declaring the statute unconstitutional and void in a proceeding not had under it, and supporting a proceeding conducted according to its provisions. We may answer this contention by stating that it is competent for persons to waive a constitutional requirement intended for their benefit, and that it would be competent for a court under such cireutiistances to pronounce a judgment based upon what the parties in interest had stipulated either as a matter of fact or as created by operation of law. We suppose that if a person had notice of the assessment and took his appeal and waived the constitutional question, but insisted upon other matters, the court would have power to overrule the objection and- direct judgment sustaining the proceeding. Such judgment would not proceed upon a construction of the- statute; it would be based upon a valid agreement competent for the person to make, that as to him the law should he accepted as valid and so upheld. The doctrine of estoppel, questions as to the measure of damages and many other rights which a party might once have insisted upon as legal rights may be otherwise considered by the courts, either as a condition created by operation of law on account of a given fact or by a stipulation of fact, and judgment may pass although it might not-so pass under the same law as to a party who stood clearly upon his legal right and had a legal right to insist upon it. It is clear, therefore, that an act might not be upheld when a proceeding under it could be. (Embury v. Conner, 3 N. Y. 511.)

We are, therefore, brought to the other question, is the petitioner to be heard to raise the question of the unconstitutionality of this statute ? Generally the courts will not decide a constitutional question unless the very point becomes necessary to a determination of the rights of the parties. Assuming that the proceeding must have been taken under the local act, if it be a constitutional act the necessity for the determination of that question would seem to be directly involved. Generally also the courts will not listen to any objection that an act is unconstitutional unless the person raising the question has some property or other right which is necessarily involved in the determination and which will necessarily be affected- thereby. (Cooley Const. Lim. [6th ed.] 196; The People v. Brooklyn, F. & C. I. R. Co., 89 N. Y. 75.) The General Drainage Act (Chap. 888, Laws-of 1869) vests authority in a person to petition to drain his own lands either for their advantage or for the advantage of the public health: To the extent that such drainage is necessary for the protection of the public health this statute lias been upheld, and authority to exercise the right of eminent domain -for such purpose has been sustained. (Matter of Ryers, 12 N. Y. 1.) By virtue of the provisions of the Constitution of 1894, this authority has been greatly extended. (Matter of Tuthill, 36 App. Div. 492.) If the proceeding cannot be successfully prosecuted tinder the local act, then a property owner would be affected in his property right unless he could resort to the general Jaw for its prosecution. In fact if he could not proceed under the local act and his right be denied to proceed under the general law, then he will be denied all right. As the individual has a property right in the subject-matter, it would seem to follow that he has such interest in the question as will enable him to raise and have determined questions affecting the right of which he is possessed. The petitioner in the present case is the supervisor of the town, and by express provision of the statute he is authorized to make petition and prosecute the proceeding, for the benefit of the town. By averment of the petition it is made, also, to appear that as such supervisor he is the president of the board of health of the town; "that complaint has been made to the board of health that the tindrained lands are a menace to the public health; and that upon examination by said board it has determined that said "lands are dangerous to the public health. It is, therefore, made to appear that the supervisor is not alone a public officer, but that his duties as such -officer require that he care for the public health. Tlié officer, therefore, stands in this matter as the representative of all of the inhabitants of the town and has an interest above that possessed by the private citizen. As the law imposes the duty so it will aid him to a proper discharge of it as the necessities of the case require. If a proceeding Under a given authority would lead to no result or to futile results, then it would not be á proper discharge of his obligation to pursue it. As we have seen that a proceeding under the local act would produce such result, we think he was not bound to pursue that authority, but, on the contrary, that he was bound to proceed under such authority as would produce the result sought to be-obtained; and to accomplish such purpose he can raise any and every question by which the legal right to prosecute the proceeding may be made clear. This obligation invests him with a legal interest in the question of the validity of the law and a legal right to challenge it as an authority, when interposed to defeat the proceeding which he has instituted. We,' therefore, reach the conclusion that this ■proceeding was properly instituted under the general law.

But it is objected that the general law is unconstitutional and that no proceeding under it can be maintained. This act is peculiar in that it provides that the assessment which the commissioners are required to make and hie shall become a lien upon the land and draw interest from the time of filing. While the act has been several times Amended, this provision has remained in substance as originally drafted. (§ 10 of the act of 1869, as arnd. by § 1 of chap. 321 of the Laws of 1892; 1 R. 8. [Birdseye’s 2d ed.] 955, 956.) By the express ■provisions of the statute, the assessment is made an interest-bearing debt and a lien upon the land before any notice of it is given and before there is an opportunity for a hearing. If there were no other provisions, the act for this reason would be clearly bad. By subsequent provisions, however, a personal notice of the assessment is to be .given to the person affected, when it can be, and by mail when personal notice cannot be secured. But, singularly enough, there has not been reserved in the commissioners any right to correct the assessment, nor is there any provision for a hearing by them of the person •or persons affected thereby, the provision in this respect being that any person aggrieved by the assessment may appeal therefrom to the •court in which the proceedings were instituted. In this respect the law has been amended, Formerly the appeal lay to the county judge, now it lies to the County Court. (Burk v. Ayers, 19 Hun, 17.) If a hearing had been provided before the commissioners, and there had been reserved to them the power to correct the assessment, all •difficulty, so far as concerns this question, would have been removed. But as the law stands, the respondent must defend his claim to the •constitutionality of the statute upon the right given to appeal. If such right be untrammeled, and the court is vested with the power to review and correct any emors in • the assessment, it will answer ■the constitutional requirement for a hearing. No complaint is made but that the assessment is to be laid by the commissioners, as .authorized by law, and if such duty was in all respects properly performed, no just complaint for that act could be made. The appeal which is authorized and the power whidh is conferred upon the court are in the most general words and are exceedingly meagre in terms. All of the power conferred by section 10 of the act of 1869, as amended, is contained, in these words: “ The court shall thereupon, proceed, without further delay than such as is necessary, to give proper notice to the parties interested to hear and finally determine the appeal.” What particular thing the court is-to do or how wide in rangd its power may be exercised is not made apparent in language. It was cc mpetent for the Legislature to have- ■ vested in it the power to do all things necessary to correct any mistake or redress any wrong. (People ex rel. Parker v. Jef. Co. Court, 55 N. Y. 604.) One thing is clear in this connection, if little else is.. - The court is vested with jurisdiction to hear the appeal, and, therefore, vested with authority tó consider, determine and decide upon, the subject-matter thereof., Such authority vests the .court with, power to deal with the general subject involved in the proceeding. (Hunt v. Hunt, 12 N. Y. 217.) What is, then, the subject involved t Clearly, the subject-matter' of the appeal and such subject-matter the appellate court is to determine. The statute giving the right, of appeal reads, “ and the party making the appeal shall * * *' make a full statement, of the grounds of his appeal, .setting forth the points on which he feels, aggrieved by the determination of said commissioners,” and, file the same. The law never requires, a .vain thing to be done. And in requiring this statement to be made it evidently intended that it should partake of the nature of' a complaint, and furnish the appellate tribunal with the issue which, it was authorized to determine. In this respect there is no limitation imposed; the statement of the grievance may be made as broad.us the-facts warrant the claim. As the court is required to determine the-questions thus jiresented, so it had power to grant any relief to which ■the person may show himself entitled, and in this respect can make correction of any act which the commissioners were required to perform in. laying the assessment, if such act was specified as a grievance-by the appellant and the court found that the spécification corresponded with the fact. The right to be heard, therefore, is as broad as the parties affected by the statute have the right to' ask, and. the constitutional guaranty upon this question is complied with.

This brings us to consider whether the right of appeal is trammeled by conditions which destroy the provision granting it. There, is no condition precedent attached to the right to appeal; the right is unfettered and unqualified. But the court, upon the determination of the appeal, may award costs not exceeding fifteen dollars and disbursements. Appellant insists that this is such a condition as operates to prevent a free and untrammeled ■ right of appeal. He relies upon People ex rel. Eckerson v. Trustees (151 N. Y. 75). In that case the statute, provided as a condition of appealing, for the execution by the appellant of a bond in the penalty of two hundred and fifty dollars with two sureties, conditioned for the payment of the fees of the commissioners and the costs of the appeal in case the award was not increased twenty dollars, and this was held to be such condition as hampered the right of appeal and rendered the statute unconstitutional. In that case the requirement was thought to be one which would destroy the right to appeal as the party affected might not be able to- comply with it. But it is evident that the court did not intend to hold that every condition for which provision might be made would avoid all the provisions of the act. If an act should provide that the appellant should pay one dollar calendar fee if he be defeated, it would be a great stretch of judicial power to hold such act, otherwise good in all respects, void as being unconstitutional because such condition was attached. We had supposed that all such conditions which hampered the right of appeal might be rejected as void and the act othérwise be given effect. The court in the last case reached the conclusion that the requirement of the bond would or might deny the right of appeal. The condition was extremely onerous and would doubtless prevent parties from the assumption of a risk which would necessarily be incurred. In the present case, however, no such condition is imposed; .there is a contingent liability only so small in amount as not to be likely to deter any person from exercising the right on account of such contingency. Costs do not stand upon the same footing as the expenses for which the bond made provision. They are usually an incident to the judgment pronounced. (King v. Poole, 36 Barb. 242.) And while in some cases they form a part of the substantive decision (Matter of Gall, 40 App. Div. 114), yet they are usually a mere incident to a litigation. In the present ease they rest in the discretion of the court to award. We think that the contingency does not -form such a harrier to the right of appeal as requires us to hold the law unconstitutional for that reason. As we can reject this part of the act entirely and still have all of the essentials of a good act left, retaining an entirely unfettered right of appeal, such, conclusion should be reached and effect be given to the act. The length of the discussion upon the main questions forbids extended discussion of the points wherein it is claimed the proceedings are irregular.

■ The objection that Lawrence ¡and Mrs. Rockwell did not have notice of the proceeding ought not to be sustained. They each knew of the description of the land to be drained, and must have know that the drain would pass through their lands, and they thereafter saw the work progressing and made no objection. Notice of the determination was mailed to Mrs. Rockwell and to the. Lawrence Park Association, care of William Lawrence. Of this association. Lawrence was president and principal stockholder, and after its dissolution title was taken to tike land by Lawrence. This transfer was of recent daté. Lawrence, therefore, had notice of what transpired, whether legal or otherwise. No appeal was taken from the determination. • This defect is not mentioned or in any manner stated as a point of grievance by the present appellants. It was specified in the' statement of the New York Quarry Company, but it had not appealed from ; the determination of the County Court. The object of requiring a statement of the grievances relied upon by the appellant is to apprise the petitioner and those interested of the points of attack, and the appellant should be held limited to such points as lie states. This question, therefore, is not before this court. (Matter of Underhill, 6 N. Y. Supp. 716.)

• The case does not- establish that the commissioners in entering upon the' lands and constructing the drains were in fact trespassers. All that- appears upon this subject is that the -commissioners had not acquired a permanent right .to have the drains remain where they were constructed.' This did not,- however, establish that' they were trespassers.- For aught that appears the several owners consented to the construction. No one stopped the work and all- saw it in .progress.. If the commissioners were .permitted to lay the drains by the owners, -they were not. trespassers. And at the most, until the owner directed the removal of the structures, no action would lie against them.' Assuming, however, that the drains were laid without authority and that a trespass was committed, still there was power in the County Court to correct errors and why not this one ? When the matter was brought to the court’s attention, it remitted the proceeding to the commissioners to acquire lands or easements necessary to render the location of the drain permanent. The commissioners were not yet functus officio ; they only became so when dissolved by order of the court. (§ 12 of the act of 1869, as amd. by § 9 of chap. 636 of the Laws, of 1886, 1 R. S. [Birdseye’s 2d ed.] 957.) The power vested in the court is. quite broad. • It “ may, at any time, correct any manifest error in any of the proceedings under this act, when snch correction shall be in furtherance of justice, and the said court may allow such amendments and make such orders and impose such terms as shall promote the objects of this act and be equitable to all the parties.” (§ 14, as amd. by the act of 1886.) At the time when the order was made the proceedings had not ended, the commissioners werq in existence and the regularity of their acts was the matter before the court. The drain was laid, and when it was laid no person objected. It was found that the permanency of the drain where it was laid was not secure, as the proper right to have it remain had not been made legally conclusive. Was everything to be lost by this omission? We think not. It became the duty of the court to see that the work thus far accomplished should be settled in absolute right, and it made the order remitting the matter to the commissioners to accomplish that end. The equitable rights of all parties .required that this be done; the omission was a manifest error and its correction in the furtherance of justice. The court had the power to order and the commissioners the right to proceed thereunder and perfect title to the land and levy a new assess^ ment. (Olmsted v. Dennis, 77 N. Y. 378; Matter of Swan, 33 Hun, 200; S. C., 103 N. Y. 661.) If there was in fact a trespass in laying the drain under the authority of the foregoing cases, the same might be corrected, by a subsequent proceeding. The commissioners may be liable for the trespass, but the court preserves the power to correct the error. (Blodgett v. Utica & Black River R. R. Co., 64 Barb. 580.)

The evidence respecting the faulty and improper construction of the drain, and the use of imperfect and unfit material, is conflicting. If one side is to be believed, the drain is a failure in every sense and will shortly be a thing of the past. If we accept the statements of the other side, the drain is properly constructed in the most durable manner, of the best materials, and not only has solid advantages, but is a work of art. It is evident that this court cannot interfere with . what has been done upon this ground. It is clear that the commis- / sioners made a mistake whereby the cost of the work was very much enhanced. It may be that the commissioners are censurable for the mistake, but that fact cannot defeat the right of the contractors to be paid the fair cost of the: work, which they did in good faith, and were compelled to do by reason of such mistake. These commissioners were not subordinate to any other,body in the prosecution of the Work; they were 'vested with large discretionary powers in the construction, and, in the absence of fraud and collusion with the contractor,' could modify, change and alter the plan of the work. (Matter of Underhill, supra) In Freel v. County of Queens (9 App. Div. 186; S. C., 154 N. Y. 661) the commissioners were subject to the board of supervisors, who, in fact, made the contract; being so subject, it was held that they had no power to modify the contract. ' This and similar, cases have no application for the. reasons . already stated.

The proof showed that the allowance made to Fairchild was for services rendered as engineer. These services were independent of his duties as commissioner, and in the absence of bad faith, of which we find no evidence^ he was entitled to render them and be compensated therefor. - (Jackson v. New York Central R. R. Co., 2 T. & C. 653; affd. on opinion below, 58 N. Y. 623.)

The allowances made by the commissioners were properly the subject of scrutiny by the County Court, and the court having passed upon and approved them as charged, we find no ground for interference. We have examined all of the questions presented, by this voluminous record and find no substantial error therein.

The order should, therefore be affirmed.

All concurred.

Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.