| N.Y. Sup. Ct. | May 18, 1894
The learned surrogate, at the close of the examination of the attesting witnesses to the instrument propounded by the executor as the last will and testament of Kate L. Laudy, held that certain of the substantial formalities which the statute requires to be observed in order to entitle an instrument to probate were omitted, and, as a necessary sequence of such determination, probate was denied. The statute requires that a last will and testament shall be executed and attested in the following manner:
“(1) It shall be subscribed by the testator at the end of the will. (2) Such subscription shall be made by the testator, in the presence of each of the attesting witnesses, or shall be acknowledged by him to have been so made, to each of the attesting witnesses. (3) The testator, at the time of making such subscription or at the time of acknowledging the same, shall declare the-*137 instrument so subscribed to be his last will and testament. _ (4) There shall be at least two attesting witnesses, each of whom shall sign his name as a witness, at the end of the will, at the request of the testator.” 2 Rev. St. p. 63,. § 40; 3 Rev. St. (7th Ed.) p. 2285.
That the will was duly published and properly attested was not questioned, and there remains for consideration whether the other two requisites of a valid execution were complied with: (1) Did the testatrix subscribe the instrument at the end of the will? (2) Did she make such subscription in the presence of each of the attesting witnesses, or make due acknowledgment thereof to each of them? The will appears to have been drafted some little time prior to the date of its attempted execution, which did not take place under the direction of a person familiar with the execution of such-instruments. It is not surprising, therefore, that the full importance of the attestation clause, which had properly been made a part of the instrument by the scrivener, was not appreciated, and that the testatrix, instead of signing the instrument before the attestation clause, and opposite the seal, signed it next after such clause. So much of the instrument as is necessary to present the manner in which ir was executed reads as follows:
“In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal the
-day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
ninety. [L. S.]
“The foregoing instrument was, at the date thereof, signed, sealed, published, and declared by the said testatrix in our presence as and for her last will and testament, and thereupon we, at her request, and in her presence, • and in the presence of each other, subscribe our names as witnesses hereto.
“ICate L. Laudy.
“William H. Porter, M. D.
“Cornelia N. Edwards.”
On our way to this point we have remarked that the testatrix signed the instrument after the attestation clause, instead of before it. It should be said that the respondent does not admit that the evidence justifies such an assertion, but it seems to us quite clearly otherwise. It is true that the proponent did not call any witnesses familiar with the handwriting of the deceased to testify that it was her signature, nor did the subscribing witnesses say that they saw her write it, while, on the other hand, no attempt was made to show that it was not her signature. That it was seems not to have been questioned, contestant’s point being, as shown by the cross-examinatian of the attesting witnesses, that she did not sign it in the presence of the subscribing witnesses, or make such acknowledgment as would satisfy the demands of the statute. But while no one familiar with her handwriting, or a person qualified to express an opinion of the genuineness of handwriting, after examination of established signatures, was called upon to say whether it was her signature, the evidence was abundant, not only to justify, but to-require, a finding that the signature was hers. In addition to the position of the signature of testatrix on the paper, between the last line of the attestation clause and the signature of Dr. Porter, concluding, as it did, with a flourish of the pen which extended down to and upon the line where Dr. Porter wrote his- name, we have the
We have then to inquire whether the evidence requires a finding that the testatrix properly acknowledged the execution of the will. In doing this we shall have in mind that, by an express provision of the statute, this court has the same power to decide the questions of fact which the surrogate had. Code Civ. Proc. § 2586. We are not, therefore, hampered by the rules which ordinarily obtain in reviewing findings of fact of a trial court. If the conclusion at which we shall arrive, with the aid of a more careful argument than the surrogate was favored with, shall differ from his determination, we have but to give expression to it by finding the fact to be as we think the evidence requires. The authorities cited by the appellants, holding that wills should be admitted to, probate even where the attesting witnesses are unable to recall any of the events attending the execution of the will, because of the recitals in the attestation clause, have no application here. It affirmatively and undisputedly appears that the attesting witnesses to Mrs. Laudy’s will did not read, or hear read, the attestation clause. Neither does section 2620 of the Code of Civil Procedure aid us, except in so
“If all the subscribing witnesses to a written will are, or if a subscribing witness, whose testimony is required, is dead, or incompetent, by reason of lunacy or otherwise, to testify, or unable to testify, or if such a subscribing witness is absent from the state; or if such a subscribing witness has forgotten the occurrence, or testifies against the execution of the will; the will may nevertheless be established, upon proof of the hand-writing of the testator, and of the subscribing witnesses, and also of such other circumstances, as would be sufficient to prove the bill upon the trial of an action.”
No attempt was made, beyond the examination of the subscribing witnesses, to make such proof as the section quoted suggests. The subscribing witnesses were Dr. Porter, the attending physician, and Mrs. Edwards, the nurse then in charge of testatrix. Dr. Porter testified as follows:
“I am a physician, forty years of age, and reside at 1674 Broadway. I knew Mrs. Kate L. Laudy in her lifetime. The signature of William H. Porter, M. D., on the paper now shown me, marked with the file mark of this court, and filed for probate on September 12, 1893, is my signature. The circumstances, under which that signature was made are as follows: It was while I was attending Mrs. Laudy, and she asked me one day to sign the paper, and I rather objected to do it, as I didn’t know what I was going to sign my name to; and, as I remember it, she simply unfolded it, and showed me it was her will, and remarked that I ought not be afraid to sign it after she had signed it; and, as I remember it, her signature was there, or there was a signature above where I signed, but I didn’t stop to look into the matter very closely one way or the other. I just had a glance at it, and I signed my name to it. Mrs. Laudy and this lady, Mrs. Edwards, were present, and myself, at the time I signed this paper. I think there was no other person in the room. I don’t remember that there was anything else said or done beyond what I have stated. I had made my regular professional visit, and had seen Mrs. Laudy, and, as I was about to go out, she asked me if I would sign her will. Those were the words she used, and I said I didn’t know just what I was signing, and she opened it only at the bottom. I presume that the paper now shown me is the paper, because that is my signature. As I remember it, Mrs. Laudy just laid the paper down in this way on the table, and that exposes that part of the paper, and there was no signature to be seen as it laid in this way on the table,—no writing on it at all that I could see, except under the margin; and I rattier objected to signing a document I didn’t know anything at all about. I didn’t know at all what I was signing or might be signing, and then she carelessly opened it, and she said, ‘It is my will;’ she had signed it, and that I oughtn’t to have any objection to signing it if she didn’t; and my impression is that her signature was there before I signed it, and that is as I recollect the matter. I had objected to signing it, and she said, after her name was in front of mine, she thought I ought not object to signing it, and then I simply signed it, and put on my hat and walked out. I didn’t look to see whether her name was there or not, and nothing further was said, one way or the other, about it.”
It is readily apparent, from the testimony thus quoted, that, had the other witness fully corroborated Dr. Porter, there would have been no room for doubting even that the statutory requirements had been fully met. But some portion of Mrs. Edwards’ testimony seems calculated to give the impression that, so far as she had any
“When I signed my name, the paper was folded, as near as I can recollect, so that I did not see anything but just so much of the paper where Dr. Porter signed his name, and where I signed it, immediately under where the paper terminated,—the writing of the paper; and so I saw no contents of the paper further than just the lines where Dr. Porter and I wrote our names. Now, I see immediately preceding the name of Dr. Porter the name of ‘Kate L. Laudy.’ Q. Was that signature visible to you at the time you signed your-name to the paper? A. Not that I recollect. I could not tell you. That is a question that I could not answer. I didn’t notice it.”
She does not say that she did not see the signature, but her-testimony, considered in its entirety, amounts to an assertion that she has no present recollection of seeing the signature,—a situation in which subscribing witnesses to wills often find themselves. But the evidence, considered as a whole, satisfies us that, notwithstanding her present recollection, she did see the signature before signing-her name as a witness. At Mrs. Laudy’s request she took the will from the secretary, and brought it, together with the ink and pen,, to her. From that moment until her signature was subscribed as a witness it is apparent she was in a position to hear and see all that took place. Dr. Porter testified that she was standing near by all the time, "and in such a position that she might have heard it, and. naturally would have heard it.” Mrs. Edwards expressed the opinion that she heard all that took place, as will appear from the following- question and answer:
“Q. Did you hear the conversation at the time this paper was signed between Dr. Porter and Mrs. Laudy? A. Well, I think I did,—all that pertained to this matter. It was something like that. Mrs. Laudy asked the-doctor if he woidd sign this paper, which was her last will and testament, and he, in a sort of laughing, joking sort of way, made the remark, ‘Well, he didn’t know whether it was anything detrimental; he didn’t want to sign-any papers unless he knew what was in them;’ and she said it was her last will and testament, and she just raised her hand from the table, about like that; and that is all that I recollect hearing that pertained to this matter-at all.”
When, in response to the inquiry whether she had heard Dr. Porter’s description of what took place, she said “it was something-like that,” she portrayed her mental condition, and made it plain that her testimony should not be regarded as accurately describing-anything that took place. It forces the conviction that this woman-had no mental grasp whatever of the events about which she was-testifying. It seemed to her that “it was something like that” testified to by Dr. Porter. She did not attempt to challenge anything; stated by him, and probably could not; but, when she undertook to repeat what took place, her feeble memory caused her to fall far-short of the real facts, and this failure to recall and repeat the occurrences as described by Dr. Porter has been treated as a denial of them. Again, it is undisputed that, at the time Dr. Porter signed, the paper was sufficiently unfolded so that he could see testatrix’s signature. “Her signature was there, or there was a signature above where I signed, but I didn’t stop to look into the matter very closely one way or the other. I just had a glance at it,.