238 F.2d 163 | 9th Cir. | 1956
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal from an order denying an application for renewal of a license for authority to deal in intoxicating liquor. The applicable territorial statutes read in part as follows:
“The licenses provided for in this Act shall be issued by the Clerk of the District Court or any subdivision thereof in compliance with the order of the Court or Judge thereof duly made and entered * * A.C.L.A. § 35-4-12.
“At the time set for the hearing, the Court shall consider the application and any protests that may be filed against the same, and shall also hear the applicant or others appearing in connection with the matter, and give its judgment, which shall be final.” A.C.L.A. § 35-4-13.
During 1953, appellants held a license issued under the then applicable statutes of Alaska. Such a license could be granted if the place of business of the applicant were not “within two hundred feet of any school building or church.” A.C.L.A. § 35 — 4—15(3). By Chapter 116, 1953 Session Laws of the Territorial Legislature, the forbidden perimeter was extended to one quarter mile. Evidently the establishment of appellants is beyond two hundred feet, but within one quarter of a mile of a school or church. However, the amending Act provided “that a license may be re-issued for the sale of intoxicating liquor in any building in which such sale was authorized by law at a time subsequent to March 23, 1949.”
In December, 1953, Wilson presented at the office of the Clerk of the District Court at Anchorage an application for renewal of the license for the year 1954, relying upon the proviso of the amending Act. But, since he accepted advice from an employee of the office, he withheld filing of the application for renewal until April 13, 1954. The judge held a hearing upon the application.
The memorandum from which appeal was apparently taken reads:
“M. O. Rendering Oral Decision “Now at this time, the Court rendered oral decision in cause No.- L. B. & W. 4217, entitled In the Matter of the Application of L. C. Parnell, d/b/a The Club, at Kenai, for a Beverage Dispensary Liquor License to Expire December 31, 1954, and Denied Application, and written decision to follow.
“Entered July 2, 1954.”
The notice of appeal reads:
“Notice of Appeal
“Notice is hereby given that C. K. Jones, Richard L. Wilson and E. Wells Ervin, applicants ■ above named, hereby appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from the final order and opinion in .this cause, said order being dated and filed on the 2nd day of July, 1954.
“This notice is dated the 30th day of July, 1954.
“/s/E. L. Arnell
“Attorney for Applicants, Jones, Wilson- and Ervin.”
In the case entitled Bordenelli v. United States, 9 Cir., 233 F.2d 120, 16 Alaska 185, we held that Congress had not conferred power upon the Territorial Legislature to saddle the courts or judges with the administrative duty of revoking liquor licenses. In the matter of licensing, the Legislature went much further than in revocation, for here an attempt was made, not only to treat the licensing of persons to dispense liquor as a judicial act, but also to make the “judgment” thus pronounced appealable to this Court. But the fiat did not make either postulate true. Therefore, there is no attempt to deal with the specific problem of whether the Territorial Legislature had authority to delegate legislative or administrative duties to courts or judges.
It will be demonstrated that the Territorial Legislature could not (1) transmute an administrative or executive function into a judicial act, (2) transform a determination of sovereign authority into a “judgment”, or (3) confer upon the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit the authority to hear an appeal from a matter which was never a “case” nor yet a “controversy.”
First, we are firmly of the opinion that the function of licensing was purely administrative. The courts have generally taken this position.
The power of this Court upon an appeal does not extend “to the adjudication of” administrative or legislative issues or controversies.
Second, this application and the denial thereof had no aspects or indicia of that which in ordinary practice is known as a judgment in court. The order was apparently not docketed, as noted above. There is no indication that the judge ever approved of it. It bears on its face a recital that there was a “written decision to follow.” This was probably not one of the “final decisions” contemplated by the Act, 28 U.S.C.A. § 1291. But the Territorial Legislature went much further and stated that the court, on consideration of the application and on hearing applicant
As it has been determined that the granting or refusal of a license to dispense intoxicating liquor is a function of the executive or the legislative branch, the answer is clear. This Court, created under the Judicial Article of the Federal Constitution, has no power to hear and determine an appeal from an order entered in the exercise of such a function, for the reason, noted above, that our jurisdiction extends only to final decisions of a judicial character.
Finally, in the case at bar there was no adverse party to the proceeding. There was an opportunity to file pro
The judge concededly was to examine the petition and hear the petitioners and others who might appear. But an administrative body would have proceeded in the same manner. If the judge had been reviewing the act of an independent administrator even in an informal manner, the proceeding might have been judicial. No exact definition of “case” or “controversy” can be given. But it is clear this determination did not fit in either concept or category. The suggestion has also been made that the application was moot. If it were so, that circumstance would be only an additional indication that there was no justiciable controversy.
The cause is dismissed on our own motion for lack of jurisdiction.
Olds v. Kirkpatrick, 183 Or. 105, 112, 191 P.2d 641; Cromwell v. Jackson, 188 Md. 8, 52 A.2d 79.
In re Alaska Labor Trades Ass’n, 10 Alaska 472.
‘‘The Circuit Court of Appeals is a constitutional court * * * and a ease or controversy may come before it, provided it involves neither advisory nor executive action by it.” Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 279 U.S. 716, 724, 49 S.Ct. 499, 502, 73 L.Ed. 918.
In a case where the Territorial Legislature by mandatory provision declared that any violation of a direction to the Clerk as to placing names in the jury box should constitute reversible error, this Court refused to reverse a cause where a violation occurred, saying: “It is not claimed that the territorial legislation has any power to bind this court in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Congress of the United States.” Hauptman v. United States, 9 Cir., 43 F.2d 86, 89.
This Court, “brought into being by the judiciary article of the Constitution, is invested with judicial power only * * *. It cannot * * * participate in the exercise of functions which are essentially legislative or administrative.” Federal Radio Commission v. General Electric Co., 281 U.S. 464, 469, 56 S.Ct. 389, 396, 74 L.Ed. 969. “ * * * the jurisdiction of this court and of the inferior courts of the United States ordained and established by Congress under and by virtue of the third article of the Constitution is limited to cases and controversies in such form that the judicial power is capable of acting on them and does not extend * * * to administrative or legislative issues or controversies.” Keller v. Potomac Electric Co., 261 U.S. 428, 444, 43 S.Ct. 445, 449, 67 L.Ed. 731. See also Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346, 31 S.Ct. 256, 55 L.Ed. 246.
The only positive ground for dismissal for mootness is that “a ease or controversy” once existed but does so no longer. Here the record shows conclusively that there was never a “final order,” .which, is essential to an appeal for any transaction in a lower court whether or not a case or controversy were present. Besides, it has been decided conclusively in Boggess on behalf of City of Fairbanks v. Berry Corporation, 9 Cir., 233 F.2d 389, 16 Alaska 257, that, if the proceeding to grant a license were a judicial one, the existence or ab-. sence of a right of renewal would prevent the case from becoming moot. Rattray v. Scudder, 28 Cal.2d 214, 219, 169 P.2d 371,164 A.L.R. 1356.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the result.
As disclosed in the majority opinion, the liquor license applied for would have expired on December 31, 1954. This cause is therefore moot, and the case should be dismissed for that reason.
One of the Supreme Court decisions cited in the majority opinion teaches that this Court should not assume jurisdiction of moot causes. In Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 1929, 279 U.S. 716, 724, 49 S.Ct. 499, 502, 73 L.Ed. 918, Mr. Chief Justice Taft said:
“The Circuit Court of Appeals is a constitutional court under the definition of such courts as given in the Bakelite case, supra, and a case or controversy may come before it, provided it involves neither advisory nor executive action by it.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Accordingly, I find myself unable to agree with the majority that we should decide this case upon a difficult Constitutional principle, when we have another jurisdictional basis upon which to settle it — an issue so plain that a layman, looking at the expiration date of his license, could ascertain whether he had a case or not; so plain, in other words, that it requires no recondite Constitutional exegesis to determine it.
For the reasons fully set forth in my concurring opinion in Boggess on behalf of City of Fairbanks v. Berry Corporation, 9 Cir., 233 F.2d 389, 16 Alaska 257, I believe that the order below should be vacated, and the case remanded to the District Court with a direction to dismiss..