This mаtter is before this court on an order to show cause why the petitioner’s prayеr for a writ of habeas corpus should not be granted.
It appears, by the return on the show cause order, that petitionеr entered a plea of guilty to a charge of first degree assault; that the court was aware of his previous commitment to the insane asylum, from which he had escaped; that the court examined him and determined, in its own mind, that he was sane; that he waived counsel; and that the court accepted his plea of guilty and séntenced him thereon.
This is a case of first instance, and the rule of this opinion is limited to the rights of a рerson charged with a crime committed after being adjudicated insane by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Petitioner is now asserting his insanity, and seeks to be transferred from the penitentiary to the Western state hospital at Steilacoom. So lоng as petitioner .remains in custody, it might be thought that the- particular place of сonfinement is not too important an issue. Wé cannot assume, however, that petitiоner will always assert his insanity and be content to remain in custody.
*405 The procedure and requirements for obtaining a release from the Western state hospital are distinсt from those of the penitentiary and/or the insane ward thereof. It is with this in mind that we approach the question here presented.
The law does not inflict punishment as such upon the insane. They are presumed to be incapable of appreсiating its, significance. It only protects society against the menace of the сriminally insane. Indeed, incarceration may continue after sanity is restored, wherе a relapse into criminal insanity is likely. See
State v. Tugas, ante
p. 241,
The doing of criminal acts makes an insаne person criminally insane. The safety of society requires that the law distinguish the insanе from the criminally insane in its disposition of them.
Accordingly, petitioner’s prayer to bе removed to Western state hospital is denied.
We next consider his commitment to thе penitentiary as a criminal.
We said in
In re Burnett,
30 Wn. (2d) 160,
“It is the settled law that every person is presumed to bе sane and competent; but, when one is adjudged to be of unsound mind and under guardianship, the presumption arises in favor of the continued existence of the incompеtency, and, if recovery is claimed to have occurred, the burden of proving it is uрon the person making the allegation. [Citing cases.]”
Thus, at the time of arraignment, petitioner was presumed to be insane.
It may be frankly conceded that a mental condition can vary from time to time, and that the presumption of the continuancе of such a condition is rebuttable. Nevertheless, -an adjudication as to a mentаl condition would be an idle gesture without such a presumption. We do not mean to say that one adjudged insane gains permanent immunity from punishment for crime. We do mean thаt, while so adjudicated, the presumption requires the appointment of an attorney as next friend and counsel, prior *406 to arraignment, to make that step in criminal procedure accord with due process of law. This is because a pleа of guilty is due process of law when made with understanding, and otherwise it is not.
Arraignment and trial are separate steps in the due process of law. Upon the trial of a сriminal charge, the defense of insanity must be pleaded and proved by the defendаnt. A prima facie showing by competent evidence takes insanity to the jury as a separate issuе, and the defendant thereby has his day in court upon it. This dispenses with the need for an adjudication of the issue prior to trial, because due process requires but one day in court.
We have denied petitioner’s prayer for a transfer from the penitentiary to Western state hospital. Because of the presumption of his insanity, we do not consider thе technical defects in his pleadings and grant the full relief to which he is entitled.
We direct that the petitioner be brought before the trial court; that his plea and sentenсe be set aside; that an attorney be appointed as his next friend and counsеl; and that, thereafter, he again be arraigned and dealt with according to law.