In re John W. BYRD, Jr., Movant.
No. 01-3927.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Sept. 10, 2001.
269 F.3d 544
Before JONES, SUHRHEINRICH, and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) OF THE AEDPA APPLIES TO HIS CASE, AND GRANTING A TEMPORARY STAY OF EXECUTION UNTIL SEPTEMBER 18, 2001.
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.
Movant John W. Byrd, scheduled to be executed by the State of Ohio on September 12, 2001 at 10 a.m., seeks a stay of execution while he pursues a second federal habeas petition.1 Byrd also asks this Court to determine that
I.
Byrd was convicted by a jury and sentenced in 1983. He was originally scheduled to be executed on January 27, 1984. Byrd‘s convictions and sentences were upheld on direct appeal to the Ohio Court of Appeals, see State v. Byrd, 1986 WL 1512, No. C-830676, B-831662 (Ohio Ct.App. Feb.5, 1986), on direct appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, see State v. Byrd, 32 Ohio St.3d 79, 512 N.E.2d 611 (1987), and the Supreme Court denied certiorari. See Byrd v. Ohio, 484 U.S. 1037, 108 S.Ct. 763, 98 L.Ed.2d 780 (1988). Byrd also filed a motion for a new trial in December 1983, which the trial court denied in September 1989. The Ohio Court of Appeals upheld the trial court, see State v. Byrd, 1991 WL 17781, No. C-890659 (Ohio Ct.App. Feb.13, 1991), and the Ohio Supreme Court subsequently declined jurisdiction. See State v. Byrd, 61 Ohio St.3d 1421, 574 N.E.2d 1092 (1991).
In 1988 Byrd filed his first petition for state postconviction relief, which the trial court denied. The Ohio Court of Appeals reversed in 1991 and remanded the case for further proceedings. On remand the trial court again entered summary judgment for the state, and Byrd appealed. The Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed, see State v. Byrd, No C-910340, 1992 WL 37761 (Ohio Ct.App. Feb. 26, 1992), and the Ohio Supreme Court declined jurisdiction. See State v. Byrd, 64 Ohio St.3d 1442, 596 N.E.2d 472 (1992).
Byrd filed his initial petition for writ of habeas corpus under
On January 26, 2001, Byrd filed a motion in the Ohio Supreme Court seeking a stay of execution to permit him to litigate the issue of his actual innocence of the death penalty. On March 20, 2001, the Ohio Supreme Court issued an entry permitting Byrd to file a second state post-conviction petition in the trial court and remanding the case for a hearing on the claim that he was actually innocent of the death penalty. The Ohio Supreme Court‘s entry set Byrd‘s execution date for September 12, 2001. State v. Byrd, 91 Ohio St.3d 1468, 744 N.E.2d 190 (2001).
Byrd filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Hamilton County, Ohio, trial court on April 9, 2001. In it he raised, inter alia, the claim that he was actually innocent of the death penalty. Byrd based his first claim on the 1989 affidavit of co-defendant John Brewer, in which Brewer alleges that he, not Byrd, actually murdered Monte Tewksbury. In his second claim Byrd alleged that the trial testimony of state‘s witness Ronald Armstead and the grand jury testimony of state‘s witness Virgil Jordan were not credible. He also requested discovery of records from the prosecutor‘s office and the state department of corrections. The trial court denied Byrd‘s discovery requests and dismissed Byrd‘s post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing on May 25, 2001. State v. Byrd, No. B-831662(A) (Hamilton C.P. May 25, 2001). Regarding the Brewer affidavit, the court held:
Byrd and his attorneys agree that they received Brewer‘s 1989 affidavit in 1989. For tactical reasons, they did not file the affidavit or make it known to this or any court at that time even though Byrd had a motion for a new trial pending at that time. Byrd, in 1989, was pursuing an appeal and a motion for new trial contending in part that Byrd was not even at the scene of the crime on the night in question. Brewer‘s affidavit puts Byrd squarely at the crime scene.
As a consequence of this tactical decision by Byrd and his attorneys, Byrd is now barred, under
Criminal Rule 33 , from filing a motion for a new trial because, as his attorney conceded in oral argument, the 1989 affidavit is not newly discovered evidence.Byrd and his attorneys now insist that the 1989 affidavit is true. Thus, Byrd concedes that the position he pursued in court for so long, that he was not at the crime scene, is untrue. Byrd now concedes that he was there but that Brewer, not Byrd, stabbed the victim.
The affidavit of Brewer in 1989 lacks any credibility whatsoever. The 1989 affidavit is inconsistent with his 2001 affidavit to say nothing of his sworn testimony at his trial. As the State accurately points out, Brewer continued to make statements identifying Byrd as the principal offender well into his period of incarceration to a variety of people. The Brewer affidavit lacks any credibility for a variety of reasons including those cited by the State during
oral argument. The affidavits fail to meet the standard set forth in Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 113 S.Ct. 853, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993).
The trial court ruled that the claim of actual innocence based on Armstead‘s lack of credibility was barred by res judicata.
The Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court‘s judgment on August 21, 2001. State v. Byrd, No. C-010379, 2001 WL 950185 (Hamilton Ct.App. Aug. 21, 2001) (per curiam). The appeals court stated in relevant part:
In his first claim for relief, Byrd contended that he was “actually innocent” of aggravated murder because his co-defendant John Brewer killed Tewksbury. Byrd cited to portions of the trial transcript and material adduced at his trial to demonstrate that Brewer was the killer. Byrd additionally presented two affidavits signed by Brewer on May 16, 1989, and January 24, 2001, respectively, in which Brewer claimed that he, and not Byrd, fatally stabbed Tewksbury. Byrd also presented the affidavit of Dan Cahill, a fellow inmate of Brewer at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, who claimed that Brewer had told him that he murdered Tewksbury.
...
In this case, the trial court dismissed Byrd‘s claim of “actual innocence” for two reasons: first, because it did not give rise to a constitutional violation in the proceedings that resulted in his conviction; and second, because the evidentiary basis for the claim—John Brewer‘s statement that he had actually killed Tewksbury—“lacked any credibility whatsoever.” We agree.... With respect to the second reason, we note, under Herrera, supra, that the evidentiary threshold for a claim of actual innocence is “extraordinarily high.” On the state of the record in this case, the trial court was entitled to conclude that the evidence provided by Byrd in the affidavits fell “far short” of that which would have been necessary to make out a cognizable constitutional claim.
2001 WL 950185, at * 5-7 (footnote omitted). The Ohio Court of Appeals also agreed with the trial court‘s conclusion that Byrd‘s second claim challenging Armstead‘s credibility was barred by res judicata because it had been raised at his trial, on appeal, in his first postconviction petition, and in federal habeas corpus proceedings.
On August 29, 2001, the Ohio Supreme Court declined jurisdiction and dismissed the appeal “as not involving any substantial constitutional question.” State v. Byrd, Case No. 01-1515 (August 29, 2001).
II.
Under the AEDPA, a petitioner is required, prior to filing a second or successive habeas corpus petition in the district court, to seek authorization “in the appropriate court of appeals for an order authorizing the district court to consider the application.”
Byrd does not rely on a new rule of constitutional law and he openly admits that he cannot establish that the factual predicate for his new claim is newly discovered. See Byrd‘s Memorandum in Support at 17 (“John Byrd has not claimed and could not claim that he has newly discovered evidence of actual innocence of the death penalty as defined in
Instead, he argues that under pre-AEDPA “abuse of the writ” decisions, habeas petitioners were allowed to file second or successive petitions raising claims that were or could have been raised earlier when the petitioner met the “actual innocence/fundamental miscarriage of justice” exception, as defined by the Supreme Court in McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494-95, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991), and Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995). Byrd asserts that the pre-AEDPA “abuse of the writ” standard, rather than
Our initial inquiry is whether provisions of the AEDPA apply to this case. See In re Green, 144 F.3d 384, 385 (6th Cir.1998) (per curiam).5 When a case implicates a federal statute enacted after the events in suit, and Congress has not expressly prescribed the statute‘s proper reach, the court must determine whether the new statute would have a retroactive effect, i.e., whether it would impair rights a party possessed when he acted, increase a party‘s liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with respect to transactions already completed. Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 280-81, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994).
In Hanserd, the petitioner, who pleaded guilty to using a firearm in a drug trafficking offense, in violation of
Thus, the issue presented in Hanserd was “whether AEDPA‘s new restriction on filing multiple
The Hanserd court noted that under pre-AEDPA jurisprudence, a federal prisoner who wished to file a second or subsequent
Next, the Hanserd court determined that the AEDPA standard would not allow such a
Relying on Hanserd, the movant in Sonshine argued that he should be allowed to file a second motion to vacate to raise ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel due to their failure to advise Sonshine or the district court that the court was required to impose his sentences on two counts concurrently with his undischarged prison term. Sonshine relied upon the following passage in Hanserd: “We therefore hold that a federal prisoner must satisfy the new requirements of
The Sonshine court rejected this reading of Hanserd:
Taken out of context in this way, the quoted portion of the Hanserd decision would seem at first glance to support Sonshine‘s position. See also Hanserd, 123 F.3d at 933 (“Our holding means that federal inmates will have one post-AEDPA bite at the apple, limited further, for prisoners who filed a
§ 2255 motion before AEDPA‘s enactment, by the old abuse-of-the-writ standard.“). Sonshine is now requesting his “one-post AEDPA bite at the apple.” However, when read in the context of the entire decision, it is clear that his case is not supported by Hanserd.The specific problem we addressed in Hanserd was whether a legitimate claim brought pursuant to Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995), could be brought before the federal courts when the movant had already presented a pre-AEDPA, pre-Bailey motion to vacate under
§ 2255 , and would thus be barred from bringing another§ 2255 motion by the gatekeeping requirements set up by Congress in AEDPA. While Bailey itself was merely a decision of statutory interpretation—making it ineligible to support a second§ 2255 motion under AEDPA—it raised concerns of constitutional dimension as numerous inmates were serving mandatory prison time for offense of which they were actually innocent. See Triestman v. United States, 124 F.3d 361, 371-72, 379 (2d Cir.1997); Hanserd, 123 F.3d at 929.We, therefore, analyzed the effect that AEDPA had on a claim, such as that raised by Hanserd, which would have survived the old “abuse-of-the-writ” test, see McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494-95, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991), under the Supreme Court‘s decision in Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 280, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 We concluded that AEDPA does not apply to a movant seeking to raise a Bailey claim after having filed a pre-AEDPA motion to vacate because applying AEDPA would have a retroactive effect on the movant‘s pre-AEDPA conduct, i.e., he would be barred from filing a second motion to vacate under AEDPA whereas, before the Act, he would have been permitted to file his second motion.
Because the Hanserd court‘s Landgraf analysis was based upon the retroactive effect that AEDPA had on the movant‘s particular claim, the Hanserd holding must be similarly circumscribed. Consequently, while Hanserd is not strictly limited to claims arising under Bailey, apart from that class of claims, there will be few other cases “in which the difference matters,” Hanserd, 123 F.3d at 934 n. 21, and on which the gatekeeping requirements of AEDPA will thus have an impermissibly retroactive effect.
Id. at 1134-35 (emphasis added). The Sonshine court concluded Sonshine was not entitled to relief, because the issue he sought to raise was basically one arising under the Sentencing Guidelines, which would be barred under both AEDPA and the abuse-of-the-writ standard. Id. The court further noted that Sonshine would not have prevailed under the pre-AEDPA law, because his petition would have been denied as an abuse of the writ. Id. Thus, the AEDPA‘s new restrictions did not attach new legal consequences for Sonshine, and the AEDPA had no “impermissibly retroactive effect” on the case. Id.
Thus, in Sonshine, this Court carefully limited Hanserd. The Sonshine court stated that the retroactivity determination in Hanserd was based on the particular facts presented, and while Hanserd is not strictly limited to claims arising under Bailey, “apart from that class of claims,” few cases will qualify as those “in which the difference matters” and the AEDPA will have an impermissibly retroactive effect.
In Green, we refused to apply Hanserd where it was clear from the record that the prisoner could not have justified a second action under the pre-AEDPA cause and prejudice standard. The movant in Green had been convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of
More importantly, the Green court held that regardless of whether Old Chief announced a new rule, the gatekeeping provisions of
Thus, even if Old Chief did not announce a new rule, applying AEDPA to this case would not have a retroactive effect on pre-AEDPA conduct. Green would have been barred from asserting this claim in a pre-AEDPA motion to vacate under the abuse of the writ doctrine, as he would not have been able to establish cause to excuse his failure to present this claim in his first motion to vacate, nor could he have otherwise made a colorable showing of factual innocence. See McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 495, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991); In re Hanserd, 123 F.3d at 928-29.
Id. at 387-88. The gatekeeping provisions in
The Hanserd exception, as clarified by Sonshine and Green, does not apply here. Sonshine makes clear that the AEDPA gatekeeping provisions of
Unlike the prisoner in Hanserd, Byrd was on notice, certainly as early as his first federal habeas petition, that he could avail himself of the actual innocence/fundamental miscarriage of justice exception to excuse any procedural default. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); accord Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 339, 112 S.Ct. 2514, 120 L.Ed.2d 269 (1992); Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 411 n. 6, 109 S.Ct. 1211, 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989); Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 537-38, 106 S.Ct. 2661, 91 L.Ed.2d 434 (1986); Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 495-96, 106 S.Ct. 2678, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986); Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 135, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 91, 97, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977); see also McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991). Furthermore, Byrd also had to have known that “actual innocence/miscarriage of justice” exception extends to abuse of the writ. See Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 404, 113 S.Ct. 853, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993) (“In a series of cases culminating with Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 112 S.Ct. 2514, 120 L.Ed.2d 269 (1992), decided last Term, we have held that a petitioner otherwise subject to defenses of abusive or successive use of the writ may have his federal constitutional claim considered on the merits if he makes a proper showing of actual innocence. This rule, or fundamental miscarriage of justice exception, is grounded in the “equitable discretion” of habeas courts to see that federal constitutional errors do
In short, Byrd was on notice, as early as the filing of his first federal habeas petition in 1994, that his actual innocence claim, which he had admittedly known about since 1989, could have been raised and would have excused the procedural default of failing to raise it in the state courts. Instead, Byrd‘s actual innocence claim lay dormant through the filing and appeal of his first federal habeas petition and denial of certiorari, not to mention both the state appellate process and post-conviction proceedings6, and was not resurrected until January 2001, nearly twelve years later after Byrd admittedly became aware of it. Thus, unlike the movant in Hanserd, Byrd could have raised his actual innocence claim in his first, pre-AEDPA federal habeas petition. And Byrd actually knew this. In an “Application for Stay of Proceedings to Allow Investigation and Discovery of Potential Claims and For Leave to Amend Petition to Comply With McCleskey v. Zant, 111 S.Ct. 1454 (1991),” filed on March 7, 1994, he stated:
What [McCleskey] means to Petitioner Byrd is clear. He will have one chance to bring his habeas claims before the federal court. He and his counsel have the obligation to pursue all potential constitutional claims for which “reasonable investigation” may reveal previously unknown factual support.
For this reason, Hanserd and progeny are inapplicable. Furthermore, for the reasons we address next, pre-AEDPA law would not have entitled Byrd to raise the new habeas claims in any event. Thus, the application of pre-AEDPA law would not be “a difference that matters” entitling Byrd to pre-AEDPA standards under a Landgraf analysis.
A.
Even if pre-AEDPA law applied to Byrd‘s case, Byrd‘s claim fails. First, and foremost, Byrd‘s case is the quintessential abuse of the writ—as Byrd readily concedes, he deliberately withheld his actual innocence claim from his first federal habeas petition.
Thus, for example, if a prisoner deliberately withholds one of two grounds for federal collateral relief at the time of filing his first application, in the hope of being granted two hearings rather than one or for some other such reason, he may be deemed to have waived his right to a hearing on a second application presenting the withheld ground.... Nothing in the traditions of habeas corpus requires the federal courts to tolerate needless, piecemeal litigation, or to entertain collateral proceedings whose only purpose is to vex, harass, or delay. Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 18, 83 S.Ct. 1068, 10 L.Ed.2d 148 (1963) (construing 1948 version of
Byrd acknowledges that he had in his possession since 1989 the affidavit of co-defendant Brewer, which he could have used in support of his earlier claim that Armstead‘s testimony was perjured. He has sat on this evidence, like a chicken waiting for an egg to hatch, for twelve years, despite repeated contact with both the state and federal courts. There is simply no legal excuse for this conduct.
What makes Byrd‘s abuse of the writ even more outrageous is the fact this Court actually gave him the opportunity—indeed directive—to raise his actual innocence claim. When we granted a stay of execution following the district court‘s initial denial in 1994 of Byrd‘s first habeas petition
[a]mong other things, our order granted Petitioner “120 days to allow for further investigation and discovery of possible habeas claims,” id. at 1187–88, 114 S.Ct. 1288 [Collins v. Byrd, 510 U.S. 1185, 114 S.Ct. 1288, 127 L.Ed.2d 642 (1994) (Scalia, J., dissenting from denial of the application to vacate stay of execution)] ... as well as “leave ... to amend the petition within sixty (60) days of this order to include any newly discovered claims[.]” Id. at 1187-88, 114 S.Ct. 1288[.]
Byrd, 209 F.3d at 499 (emphasis added).7 Byrd sat on this evidence despite the explicit opportunity and express instruction to raise “any newly discovered claims.” In light of this prior order, Byrd‘s deliberate silence then, and brazen attempt now to assert the claim, is nothing short of fraud on this Court.
B.
Even where the petitioner is unable to show cause and prejudice to excuse the abuse of the writ, he may yet be able to excuse the abuse and proceed with a second habeas petition.
Federal courts retain the authority to issue the writ of habeas corpus in a further, narrow class of cases despite a petitioner‘s failure to show cause for a procedural default. These are extraordinary instances when a constitutional violation probably has caused the conviction of one innocent of the crime. We have described this class of cases as implicating a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Murray v. Carrier, supra, 477 U.S. at 485, 106 S.Ct. at 2643.
McCleskey, 499 U.S. at 494, 111 S.Ct. 1454; see also Schlup, 513 U.S. at 314-15, 115 S.Ct. 851 (quoting McCleskey). Again, Byrd is not exempted from the AEDPA‘s standards because the outcome of this case does not differ under this exception either.
Initially, we note that Byrd invokes the wrong actual innocence standard. Contrary to his assertion, the Schlup standard does not apply. In Schlup, the Supreme Court held that for a procedural claim of innocence (as opposed to a substantive constitutional claim of innocence) as in Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 113 S.Ct. 853, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993), to meet the miscarriage of justice exception to excuse abuse of the writ, the habeas petitioner “must show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327, 115 S.Ct. 851.8 However, the Schlup standard applies to claims of actual innocence of the underlying conviction. Id. at 325, 115 S.Ct. 851. Byrd is not challenging his underlying conviction, but only his sentence. See Byrd‘s Memorandum in Support, at 1-2, 46 n. 20. Thus, the appropriate standard of review here is the “clear and convincing” standard found in Sawyer, “which was fashioned to reflect the relative importance of a claim of an erroneous sentence.” Id.
Byrd‘s only evidence is the first Brewer affidavit. It was made in 1989, six years after he had been convicted and sentenced for his part in the Tewksbury robbery and murder. See State v. Brewer, No. C-830672, 1984 WL 6695 (Ohio Ct.App. July 18, 1984) (affirming Brewer‘s conviction on direct appeal). Thus, Brewer‘s confession was made only after he was no longer subject to further punishment for his actions in that robbery and murder. By waiting to provide the statement until 1989, Brewer could arguably shield both himself and Byrd from the death penalty because of double jeopardy. Such tactical maneuvers render the affidavit highly suspect.
Furthermore, Byrd‘s claim that he could not have raised his actual innocence claim in the state court because Ohio did not at the time recognize actual innocence of the death penalty as a cognizable claim must be rejected, because he most certainly could have used it in support of his due process challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. Campbell, 1997 WL 5182, at *3, No. C-950746 (Ohio Ct.App. Jan. 8, 1997) (per curiam).
Furthermore, Brewer‘s affidavit contradicts his own trial testimony. In August 1983, Brewer testified at his own trial. He stated that he did not participate in the killing of Monte Tewksbury and was not at the King Kwik. Brewer Tr. 874, 877. Not long after his trial, while awaiting placement in a state penal institution, Brewer told a prison social worker and a psychology assistant on August 18, and August 23, 1983, that Byrd killed Tewskbury. In September 1983, he also wrote letters to the parole authority stating that he did not want to be sent to the Lucasville prison, where Byrd and Woodall were, and reiterating that he knew nothing about the killing. (J.A. 211.)
Byrd acknowledges these facts in his Memorandum in Support, but nonetheless attempts to explain the inconsistency with his affidavits as “understandable” because “[t]wenty year old defendants who go on trial are not eager to be convicted of serious crimes with long sentences.” Byrd‘s Memorandum in Support at 39. Byrd further attempts to minimize the absolute contradictions by proclaiming that “Brewer readily admits in his 2001 affidavit that his trial testimony was not truthful.” Id. The question for this Court then is: “Was Brewer lying in 1983, was Brewer lying in 1989, or is he lying now?” This is certainly not the kind of “clear and convincing evidence” that would prevent any reasonable juror from finding Byrd eligible for the death penalty.
There is also the dying declaration of the third co-defendant, William Woodall. Woodall was diagnosed late last year with terminal cancer. On January 29, 2001, he
4.) Mr. Woodall expressed extreme remorse over the death of Monte Tewksbury, stated that he was dying from lung cancer and had been told he has no more than a year to live, and that he had made his peace with God.
5.) Mr. Woodall said that year ago while he was confined at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, he signed affidavits for the Ohio Public Defender which were not true. He signed these at the request of inmate Johnny Brewer to help inmate John Byrd, Jr. Recently he has been asked on numerous occasions to meet with the Ohio Public Defender‘s representing John Byrd, Jr., but that he has refused to do so.
6.) Mr. Woodall said that Johnny Brewer never told him that he had killed Monte Tewksbury. Mr. Woodall was shown the statement in Johnny Brewer‘s affidavit numbered (11) wherein he stated “When I got back in the van I said to Danny Woodall, ‘Man I stabbed a guy, take off.‘” Mr. Woodall said that did not happen.
7.) Mr. Woodall stated that when John Byrd, Jr. and Johnny Brewer returned to the van after coming out of King Kwik, that John Byrd, Jr. had the knife.
8.) Mr. Woodall stated that while confined at the A Block of the Cincinnati Workhouse awaiting trial in 1983, John Byrd, Jr. told black inmates who were harassing him not to mess with him because he had already killed a man and wasn‘t afraid to kill again.
9.) Mr. Woodall said the owner of the van used during the murder of Monte Tewskbury, Leroy Tunstall, visited him in jail shortly after the crimes. Mr. Woodall told Leroy Tunstall that John Byrd, Jr. was the one who murdered Monte Tewksbury.
(J.A. 190-91.) Furthermore, Mark E. Piepmeier, an assistant Hamilton County Prosecutor, attested that:
2.) I visited Mr. Woodall at the London Correctional Facility on January 29, 2001, along with assistant Hamilton County Prosecutor William E. Breyer and St. Lt. Howard Hudson of the Ohio State Highway Patrol....
3.) I was present when Mr. Woodall made the statements contained in the affidavit of Howard Hudson.
4.) I made a follow up visit to Mr. Woodall at the Ohio State University Hospital on Wednesday, January 31, 2001 along with assistant Hamilton County Prosecutor William E. Breyer.
5.) Mr. Breyer and I spoke to Mr. Woodall in a hospital room at the Ohio State University Hospital on January 31, 2001. Mr. Woodall said his medical condition had worsened and he realized he did not have long to live.
6.) Mr. Woodall confirmed that everything he had told myself, Mr. Breyer, and Howard Hudson on January 29, 2001 was true.
7.) Mr. Woodall said that Johnny Brewer had written to him several times and told him that he was going to lie on behalf of Mr. Byrd, and encouraged Mr. Woodall to do the same.
(J.A. 188-89.) Woodall died on April 8, 2001.
Like Brewer‘s various statements over the years, Woodall‘s statements are contradictory. According to former inmate Dan Cahill, Woodall told him (while both were working as Ohio Prison Industries clerks) that Byrd did not stab Tewksbury and that the wrong man was on death row. (J.A. 118.) In 1993, Woodall signed an affidavit for the Ohio Public Defender‘s office in which he stated that Brewer, not Byrd, carried the knife at all times, and that when he left the King Kwik store, the knife Brewer was still carrying was covered with blood. (J.A. 196-97.)
Ironically, Byrd states in his Memorandum that he did not submit Woodall‘s affidavit in the state postconviction petition “because of concerns about his reliability.” Byrd‘s Memorandum in Support, at 37. Brewer‘s varying statements share the same consistently inconsistent stories, and we share Byrd‘s “concerns about [Brewer‘s] reliability.” In short, the evidence before us is hopelessly contradictory—both internally and as between the two co-defendants. This is simply not clear and convincing evidence that would allow us to conclude that no reasonable juror would have found Byrd eligible for the death penalty. Byrd‘s evidence does not satisfy the Sawyer standard.
IV.
Byrd asks us in the alternative to remand his case to the district court for an evidentiary hearing. However, the Ohio state courts have already rejected his new evidence of actual innocence, finding that it lacked any credibility. This factual finding is entitled to a presumption of correctness in later federal habeas corpus cases. Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1038, 104 S.Ct. 2885, 81 L.Ed.2d 847 (1984); see also Ellis v. Collins, 956 F.2d 76, 79 (5th Cir.) (holding that a state trial court‘s summary determination that affidavits lacked credibility was entitled to a presumption of correctness in federal habeas corpus proceedings), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 915, 112 S.Ct. 1285, 117 L.Ed.2d 510 (1992). For the reasons articulated above, we find absolutely no basis to disturb that finding.
Byrd‘s request for an evidentiary hearing must also be rejected because he failed to diligently develop facts in support of his claim, and cannot show cause and prejudice. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 433-34, 120 S.Ct. 1479, 146 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (noting that
V.
Byrd‘s renewed attacks on trial witness Armstead‘s credibility, to the extent they are not barred under
VI.
For all the foregoing reasons, Byrd‘s request for an exemption from
BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the result reached in Judge Suhrheinrich‘s opinion and in the reasoning therein. I specifically dissent from the granting of a stay of execution and a continuance.
Understanding the procedural posture of this matter is critical to an understanding of why there is no legal basis upon which a stay of execution and a continuation of this matter may be granted. Byrd concedes that the initial determination of whether the AEDPA applies to this case must be made by this court, and not the district court. The vehicle for obtaining that determination is a motion under
Having been constrained to treat Byrd‘s motion as a motion under
Because the conclusions of the majority of this panel are final and not appealable, there is simply no basis for granting a stay of execution or a continuance.
NATHANIEL R. JONES, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I am convinced beyond doubt, that this court must carefully explore whether Byrd can satisfy the legal standard that would entitle him to file a second habeas petition. The complexity of the issues raised by the petitioner are of such scope and magnitude as to demand a careful and exhaustive analysis. I believe that the petition squarely implicates a question of fundamental fairness. Thus, a stay of execution is imperative. Byrd should not be put to death before this court is able to give full consideration to the issues raised in his case. Steffen v. Tate, 39 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir.1994).
I dissent.