IN RE INTEREST OF LILLY S. & VINCENT S.
No. S-17-259
Nebraska Supreme Court
December 1, 2017
298 Neb. 306
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets, 298 Nebraska Reports. In re Interest of Lilly S. and Vincent S., children under 18 years of age. State of Nebraska, appellee, v. Kenny S., appellant. ___ N.W.2d ___
Juvenile Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion independently of the juvenile court‘s findings. When the evidence is in conflict, an appellate court may give weight to the fact that the juvenile court observed the witnesses and accepted one version of facts over another. - Rules of Evidence: Judicial Notice. Pursuant to
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-201(2) (Reissue 2016), a judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (a) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (b) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned. - ____: ____. When neither of the alternative tests prescribed in
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-201(2) (Reissue 2016) is satisfied, judicial notice of an adjudicative fact is improper. - Rules of Evidence: Judicial Notice: Words and Phrases. Adjudicative facts within the meaning of
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-201 (Reissue 2016) are simply the facts developed in a particular case, as distinguished from legislative facts, which are established truths, facts, or pronouncements that do not change from case to case but apply universally. In other words, the adjudicative facts are those to which the law is applied in the process of adjudication. - Judgments: Words and Phrases. A fact is adjudicative if the fact affects the determination of a controverted issue in litigation.
- Judicial Notice. A judge or court may take judicial notice, whether requested or not, and judicial notice of an adjudicative fact may be taken at any stage of proceedings.
Juvenile Courts: Judicial Notice: Records. A juvenile court has a right to examine its own records and take judicial notice of its own proceedings and judgment in an interwoven and dependent controversy where the same matters have already been considered and determined. - Judicial Notice. A trial court cannot take judicial notice of disputed allegations.
- Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction. To obtain jurisdiction over a juvenile at the adjudication stage, the court‘s only concern is whether the conditions in which the juvenile presently finds himself or herself fit within the asserted subsection of
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247 (Reissue 2016). - Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Parental Rights.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016) outlines the basis for the juvenile court‘s jurisdiction and grants exclusive jurisdiction over any juvenile who lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of his or her parent, guardian, or custodian. - Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Proof. While the State need not prove that a child has actually suffered physical harm to assert jurisdiction under
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016), Nebraska case law is clear that at a minimum, the State must establish that without intervention, there is a definite risk of future harm. - Parental Rights: Proof. The State must prove the allegations in a petition for adjudication filed under
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016) by a preponderance of the evidence. - Parental Rights. A court need not await certain disaster to come into fruition before taking protective steps in the interest of a minor child.
- Constitutional Law: Due Process. Procedural due process includes notice to the person whose right is affected by the proceeding; reasonable opportunity to refute or defend against the charge or accusation; reasonable opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses and present evidence on the charge or accusation; representation by counsel, when such representation is required by the Constitution or statutes; and a hearing before an impartial decisionmaker.
- Child Custody: Parental Rights. Under the parental preference principle, a parent‘s natural right to the custody of his or her child trumps the interests of strangers, including the State, to the parent-child relationship and the preferences of the child.
- Constitutional Law: Public Policy: Child Custody: Parental Rights. Unless it has been affirmatively shown that a biological or adoptive parent is unfit or has forfeited his or her right to custody, the U.S. Constitution and sound public policy protect a parent‘s right to custody of his or her child.
- Constitutional Law: Parental Rights: Presumptions. Absent circumstances which justify terminating a parent‘s constitutionally protected
right to care for his or her child, due regard for the right requires that a biological or adoptive parent be presumptively regarded as the proper guardian for his or her child. - Child Custody: Parental Rights. The parental preference doctrine, under which a parent‘s natural right to the custody of his or her child trumps the interests of strangers, is applicable even to an adjudicated child.
- Juvenile Courts: Parent and Child: Evidence. Once there has been the adjudication that a child is a juvenile within meaning of the Nebraska Juvenile Code, the foremost purpose or objective is promotion and protection of the juvenile‘s best interests, with preservation of the juvenile‘s familial relationship with his or her parents, where continuation of such parental relationship is proper under the law. To accomplish such a goal and fashion a dispositional remedy beneficial to the juvenile, the juvenile court should have access to the best available evidence which is relevant, reliable, and trustworthy concerning a correct disposition for the juvenile.
- Child Custody: Parental Rights. While it is true that a parent has a natural right to the custody of his or her child, the court is not bound as a matter of law to restore a child to a parent under any and all circumstances.
- ____: ____. The parent‘s natural right to the custody of his or her child is limited by the State‘s power to protect the health and safety of the children.
- Child Custody: Parental Rights: Proof. The best interests of the children must always be considered in determining matters of child custody, and where the parent is shown to be unfit or to have forfeited his or her superior right to custody, the court may place the children in the custody of an unrelated third party.
- Juvenile Courts: Parental Rights: Notice.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-267(2) (Reissue 2016) requires that as a party, the parent shall receive notice of a juvenile dispositional hearing. Such notice ensures that the rights of the adjudicated and nonadjudicated parents are recognized.
Appeal from the Separate Juvenile Court of Douglas County: DOUGLAS F. JOHNSON, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part vacated and remanded with directions.
Thomas C. Riley, Douglas County Public Defender, and Zoë R. Wade for appellant.
No appearance for appellee.
KELCH, J.
INTRODUCTION
Kenny S. appeals the adjudication and disposition order of the separate juvenile court of Douglas County. He challenges (1) the sufficiency of the evidence that his children were at risk of harm, (2) the juvenile court‘s judicial notice of disputed facts and judicial notice of facts within the court‘s own “knowledge,” (3) the constitutionality of
FACTS
Kenny and Ashley S. are the biological parents of Lilly S., born in 2006, and Vincent S., born in 2012.
In November 2016, the State filed a petition alleging that Lilly and Vincent were children within the meaning of
Adjudication proceedings were held in February 2017, during which Ashley entered a “plea” admitting the allegation regarding domestic violence and the allegation that the children were at risk for harm. Specifically, she admitted that there had been one incident where Kenny had pushed her and she called the police. Based on Ashley‘s admission, the juvenile court found a factual basis sufficient to adjudicate the children as to Ashley and proceeded to receive exhibits and hear arguments concerning disposition as to her.
Immediately thereafter, the matter proceeded to adjudication of the allegations against Kenny. The State attempted to elicit evidence regarding Kenny‘s use of methamphetamine, but was unable to do so because Kenny invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The State‘s efforts to obtain such testimony from other witnesses were also unsuccessful, as the court sustained various objections.
The guardian ad litem called Ashley to testify regarding the domestic violence allegations. Ashley testified that on November 1, 2016, she and Kenny engaged in an argument which led to her calling the police. She explained that Kenny pushed her out of his way in order to leave the house. Upon cross-examination by Kenny‘s counsel, Ashley further testified that this was the only time Kenny had “been physical” with her and that their children were not in the home at the time of the altercation.
The juvenile court took the matter under advisement and issued a written adjudication and dispositional order as to Kenny later that day. It determined Lilly and Vincent to be children within the meaning of
[T]he Court also, upon its own motion, takes judicial notice that just before trial [Ashley] admitted to the same when she entered a plea of admission [that she engages in domestic violence with Kenny and has failed to take steps to address the domestic violence, placing the children at risk of harm]. The Court finds that by taking jurisdiction of that the same factual basis applies to [Kenny]. Any domestic violence, whether the children are present or not, normally occurs more than one time. Although there may be [one] incidence that is suggested the Court finds that the case law is clear that the children do not have to await for [sic] actual harm to occur for the State to intervene[.]
The juvenile court found the allegations of domestic violence to be true and adjudicated the children on those grounds as to Kenny, but dismissed the substance abuse allegations for insufficient evidence. It went on to state that the “matter proceeded to immediate disposition hearing as to [Kenny].” The juvenile court then ordered Kenny to undergo an initial diagnostic interview as well as any further recommended evaluations and to participate in an accredited domestic violence “Batterer‘s Intervention Program.”
Kenny appeals. The State filed notice of its intent to waive filing a brief and participation in oral arguments in this matter. Ashley has not appealed; as such, this appeal pertains to Kenny only.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Kenny assigns that (1) the juvenile court erred in finding sufficient evidence that the children are at risk for harm; (2) the juvenile court erred in taking judicial notice of disputed facts and facts within the court‘s own personal “knowledge“;
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion independently of the juvenile court‘s findings. In re Interest of LeVanta S., 295 Neb. 151, 887 N.W.2d 502 (2016). When the evidence is in conflict, an appellate court may give weight to the fact that the juvenile court observed the witnesses and accepted one version of facts over another. Id.
ANALYSIS
JUDICIAL NOTICE OF DISPUTED FACTS AND FACTS WITHIN COURT‘S PERSONAL “KNOWLEDGE”
We first address Kenny‘s claim that the juvenile court erred in taking judicial notice of disputed facts and facts within the court‘s own personal “knowledge.” As noted above, the juvenile court order stated, in part:
[T]he Court also, upon its own motion, takes judicial notice that just before trial [Ashley] admitted to the same when she entered a plea of admission [that she engages in domestic violence with Kenny and has failed to take steps to address the domestic violence, placing the children at risk of harm]. The Court finds that by taking jurisdiction of that the same factual basis applies to [Kenny]. Any domestic violence, whether the children are present or not, normally occurs more than one time. Although there may be [one] incidence that is suggested the Court finds that the case law is clear that the children do not have to await for [sic] actual harm to occur for the State to intervene[.]
Clearly, however, the juvenile court took judicial notice of the factual basis from the “plea of admission” that Ashley entered during her adjudication proceedings and used it as evidence to support the allegations against Kenny in separate proceedings. Kenny argues that because these facts were in dispute, the juvenile court erred. We agree.
[2-5] The Nebraska Evidence Rules control adduction of evidence at an adjudication hearing under the Nebraska Juvenile Code. See In re Interest of J.S., A.C., and C.S., 227 Neb. 251, 417 N.W.2d 147 (1987). See, also,
[6,7] A judge or court may take judicial notice, whether requested or not, and judicial notice of an adjudicative fact may be taken at any stage of proceedings.
The foregoing authority permitted the juvenile court to take judicial notice of the adjudicated fact that it had found Lilly and Vincent, in Ashley‘s case, to be within the meaning of
[8] As Kenny points out, we have recognized that under
“When facts do not possess [the] requisite degree of certainty, our traditional procedure has been to require proof within the framework of the adversary system for reasons well-expressed by Professor Davis: ‘The reason we use trial-type procedure, I think, is that we make the practical judgment, on the basis of experience, that taking evidence subject to cross-examination and rebuttal, is the best way to resolve controversies involving disputes of adjudicative facts, that is, facts pertaining to
the parties. . . . ’ [Quoting from K. Davis, A System of Judicial Notice Based on Fairness and Convenience, in Perspectives of Law 69 (1964).]”
State v. Vejvoda, 231 Neb. at 676, 438 N.W.2d at 467.
Here, the factual basis provided by the State for Ashley‘s admission, which is disputed by Kenny, did not “‘possess [the] requisite degree of certainty‘” that is required for judicial notice, since the veracity of the facts offered was not subject to any test by Kenny at the time of Ashley‘s admission. See id. We conclude that this procedure of judicially noticing adjudicative facts against a parent who challenges those facts, without providing that parent the opportunity to respond to the act of judicial notice, was in error. And we do not consider such facts in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence.
SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE OF RISK OF HARM
[9-12] Next, Kenny claims that the juvenile court erred in finding sufficient evidence that the children were at risk for harm and therefore came within the meaning of
[13] As the juvenile court observed, “a court need not await certain disaster to come into fruition before taking protective steps in the interest of a minor child.” In re Interest of S.L.P., 230 Neb. 635, 639, 432 N.W.2d 826, 830 (1988). Conceivably, a child need not witness domestic violence or be in the vicinity in order to be placed at risk for harm. For example, if a child observed the subsequent results of domestic violence or was otherwise made aware of the domestic violence, this could constitute a risk for harm to the child. But to support adjudication, this court has required an evidentiary nexus between a parent‘s fault or habits and the risk for harm to the child. See In re Interest of Justine J. et al., supra. Here, without additional evidence of the actual or potential effects of the domestic violence on Lilly and Vincent, there is insufficient evidence in the record to find that they were placed at risk for harm by Kenny‘s actions. Therefore, we conclude that the juvenile court erred in finding sufficient evidence that the children were at risk for harm due to any faults or habits of Kenny and that it erred in adjudicating the children on that basis.
DUE PROCESS CLAIMS
Finally, Kenny claims that
In relevant part,
The juvenile court in each county shall have jurisdiction of:
. . . .
(3) [a]ny juvenile (a) . . . who lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of his or her parent, guardian, or custodian [and]
. . . .
(5) [t]he parent, guardian, or custodian of any juvenile described in this section.
Under our previous interpretations of
Kenny claims that our previous holdings applying
[14] Instead, Kenny points to two principles. First, he cites our description of procedural due process in the context of a juvenile adjudication:
“’ “[P]rocedural due process includes notice to the person whose right is affected by the proceeding;
reasonable opportunity to refute or defend against the charge or accusation; reasonable opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses and present evidence on the charge or accusation; representation by counsel, when such representation is required by the Constitution or statutes; and a hearing before an impartial decisionmaker.” ’ ”
In re Interest of Heather R. et al., 269 Neb. 653, 659-60, 694 N.W.2d 659, 665 (2005) (quoting In re Interest of Mainor T. & Estela T., 267 Neb. 232, 674 N.W.2d 442 (2004)).
[15-18] Second, Kenny relies on the parental preference principle, under which a parent‘s natural right to the custody of his or her child trumps the interests of strangers, including the State, to the parentchild relationship and the preferences of the child. See In re Interest of Sloane O., 291 Neb. 892, 870 N.W.2d 110 (2015). Unless it has been affirmatively shown that a biological or adoptive parent is unfit or has forfeited his or her right to custody, the U.S. Constitution and sound public policy protect a parent‘s right to custody of his or her child. Id. Absent circumstances which justify terminating a parent‘s constitutionally protected right to care for his or her child, due regard for the right requires that a biological or adoptive parent be presumptively regarded as the proper guardian for his or her child. Id. The doctrine is applicable even to an adjudicated child. Id.
We dealt with a similar claim in In re Interest of Amber G. et al., 250 Neb. 973, 554 N.W.2d 142 (1996), where one parent asserted that the process of waiting until the dispositional hearing to determine placement is unconstitutional as applied to a nonadjudicated parent. In In re Interest of Amber G. et al., we found that despite no allegations against one parent, both parents were subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court after an adjudication hearing found the children to be within
In Nebraska, the rights of the parent and the child are protected by the separate adjudication and dispositional phases of the dependency proceeding. A petition brought under
§ 43-247(3)(a) is brought on behalf of the child, not to punish the parents. . . . The purpose of the adjudication phase of the proceeding is to protect the interests of the child; the purpose of the dispositional phase is to determine placement and the rights of the parties in the action. . . . It is not improper for the court to sustain jurisdiction at the adjudication phase if the State [establishes a] lack of proper parental care in the child‘s present living situation.
Id. at 980, 554 N.W.2d at 148 (citations omitted).
[19] Kenny asserts that his rights are not protected by waiting until the dispositional phase to address them; however, the adjudication stage represents the initial process whereby the juvenile court determines whether the child is subject to its jurisdiction pursuant to
This in turn leads to Kenny‘s next contention, which involves the following language from In re Interest of Amber G. et al., 250 Neb. at 984, 554 N.W.2d at 150:
Where there are two parents with separate homes, the children can be removed from the home of the unfit parent at the adjudication hearing without prejudicing the
other parent‘s right to gain custody of the child at the dispositional hearing upon a sufficient showing that he or she is capable of providing proper parental care.
(Emphasis supplied.) Kenny argues that “permitting a non-adjudicated parent to gain custody of his or her child ‘upon a sufficient showing that he or she is capable of providing proper care‘” improperly shifts the burden of proving parental fitness to the parent, thereby relieving the State of its burden of proof. Brief for appellant at 18.
We perceive the contradictory nature of the aforementioned language from In re Interest of Amber G. et al., 250 Neb. 973, 982, 554 N.W.2d 142, 149 (1996), wherein we also stated:
This court has long held that in a child custody controversy between a biological or adoptive parent and one who is neither a biological nor an adoptive parent of the child involved in the controversy, a fit biological or adoptive parent has a superior right to the custody of the child. . . . A court may not properly deprive a biological or adoptive parent of the custody of the minor child unless it is affirmatively shown that such parent is unfit to perform the duties imposed by the relationship or has forfeited that right; neither can a court deprive a parent of the custody of a child merely because the court reasonably believes that some other person could better provide for the child.
(Citation omitted.) To the extent that In re Interest of Amber G. et al. places the initial burden on the nonadjudicated parent at a dispositional hearing to show parental fitness, it is disapproved.
[20-22] However, upon a showing at a dispositional hearing by the State or another interested party or a predispositional report that raises concerns about the parental fitness of a nonadjudicated parent, that parent has the burden to rebut such evidence. This is consistent with our precedent that while it is true that a parent has a natural right to the custody of his or her child, the court is not bound as a matter of law to restore a
If we accepted Kenny‘s premise, a child would automatically be placed with the nonadjudicated parent until a hearing could be scheduled, which means that pending the placement hearing, the child would be placed in an unknown situation. We understand that much of the time, placement with the nonadjudicated parent would be appropriate. Unfortunately, however, there are those limited situations where placement with the nonadjudicated parent would cause harm to the child. At the same time, we also understand that the government is not a substitute for parents. But there must be a balancing between the rights of parents and the best interests of the child. See In re Interest of Cassandra B. & Moira B., 290 Neb. 619, 861 N.W.2d 398 (2015). Certainly, Kenny, as a parent, would be the preferred placement for Lilly and Vincent, but without any information about his situation, the juvenile court would have insufficient evidence to fashion a disposition that served the children‘s best interests. See
[23] Finally, we recognize that
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and in part vacate the juvenile court‘s decision and remand the cause for further proceedings.
AFFIRMED IN PART, AND IN PART VACATED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
WRIGHT, J., not participating.