IN RE INTEREST OF DONALD B. & DEVIN B.
No. S-18-675
Nebraska Supreme Court
October 11, 2019
304 Neb. 239
Cassel, J.
Nеbraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets. 304 Nebraska Reports.
- Juvenile Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion independently of the juvenile court’s findings.
- Parental Rights: Proof. In order to terminate an individual’s parental rights, the State must prоve by clear and convincing evidence that one of the statutory grounds enumerated in
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292 (Reissue 2016) exists and that termination is in the children’s best interests. - Parental Rights: Juvenile Courts: Pleadings. In a termination proceeding, pursuant to
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(6) (Reissue 2016), a court may accept an in-court admission from a parent as to all or part of the allegations in the petition. - Pleas: Evidence: Waiver: Words and Phrases. A judicial admission is a formal act done in the course of judicial proceedings which is a substitute for evidence, thereby waiving or dispensing with the production оf evidence by conceding for the purpose of litigation that the proposition of fact alleged by the opponent is true.
- Parental Rights: Proof. When a parent admits to the State’s allegations regarding the statutory ground for termination of parental rights and that termination is in the children’s best interests, the State does not have to prove those allegations by clear and convincing evidence.
- Parental Rights: Juvenile Courts: Pleadings. Because the primary consideratiоn in determining whether to terminate parental rights is the best interests of the child, a juvenile court should have at its disposal the information necessary to make the determination regarding the minor child’s best interests regardless of whether the information is
in reference to a time period before or after the filing of the termination petition. - Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a review de novo on the record, an appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented by the record and reaches its own independent conclusions with respect to the matters at issue.
- Juvenile Courts: Jurisdiction: Statutes. As a statutorily created court of limited and special jurisdiction, a juvenile court has only such authority as has been conferred on it by statute.
Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals, MOORE, Chief Judge, and PIRTLE and ARTERBURN, Judges, on appeal thereto from the Separate Juvenile Court of Douglas County, CHAD M. BROWN, Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals reversed, and cause remanded with directions.
John J. Ekeh, of Ekeh Law Office, for appellant.
Donald W. Kleine, Douglas County Attorney, Natalie Killion, and Jennifer Chrystal-Clark for appellee.
HEAVICAN, C.J., MILLER-LERMAN, CASSEL, STACY, FUNKE, PAPIK, and FREUDENBERG, JJ.
CASSEL, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
Candice I. petitions for further review of the Nebraska Court of Appeals’ decision affirming the termination of her parental rights to one of her minor children based upon her admissions and the State’s factual basis presented at the termination hearing. Uрon a de novo review of the record, the indistinguishable progress made by Candice with both children does not support a sufficient factual basis that termination of her parental rights was in only one child’s best interests. Accordingly, we reverse, and remand with directions.
II. BACKGROUND
Candice is the natural mother of Donald B., born in 2003, and Devin B., born in 2004. In 2015, the juvenile court
1. HEARING ON TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO DEVIN
In January 2018, the State filed its third motion to terminate Candice’s parental rights to both Donald and Devin. Six months later, the juvenile court held a hearing on the motion.
Pursuant to a “plea deal” announced at the hearing, Candice admitted to count I (Devin was within the meaning of
During thе termination and permanency hearing, the court recited the allegations contained in the third motion to terminate parental rights. Before and after the recitation, the court conducted a colloquy with Candice to advise her of the rights that she would be waiving. Candice then admitted to the allegations.
After Candice’s admissions, the State set forth a factual basis for the plea, and we summarize its recitation. It stated it would show that Devin was removed from his parental care in 2015. As part of the removal, the court entered several orders. Candice failed to comply with the orders to reunify with Devin. Prior to filing the motion for termination, she did not have contact with Devin for 2 years. And other case
Based upon Candice’s admissions and the factual basis recited by the State, the juvenile court made several findings. Pursuant to count III, the court took judicial notice of its own record and orders in the case. It found that (1) there was a factual basis for the сounts; (2) the admissions to the motion were true by clear and convincing evidence; (3) the plea was knowingly, intelligently, and understandingly made; and (4) it was in Devin’s best interests to terminate Candice’s parental rights. It terminated Candice’s parental rights and found that “this is to be treated as a voluntary relinquishment to this Court and it cannot be used for any further filings or proceedings by the county attorney or any other party.” The hearing continued with respect to Donаld’s status, during which evidence was considered. We will return to that evidence later.
2. COURT OF APPEALS’ DECISION
Candice timely appealed and challenged the termination of her parental rights.1 She assigned that the court lacked authority to accept her admissions as a voluntary relinquishment. Additionally, she assigned that the court erred in terminating her parental rights to Devin.
The Court of Appeals reasoned that the juvenile court was empowered to аccept Candice’s admissions and to rely on the admissions when terminating her parental rights. It disregarded the cases she discussed about relinquishment of parental rights, because, it said, those cases were concerned about a juvenile court’s authority to order DHHS to accept a voluntary relinquishment from a parent.
Candice timely petitioned for further review, which we granted.3
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Candice assigns that the Court of Appeals (1) erred in failing to make a proper de novo review when “it disregarded evidence that the [j]uvenile [c]ourt erred in terminating [her parental] rights” and (2) erred in affirming the juvenile court’s decision to accept her admissions as a voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights to Devin.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion independently of the juvenile court’s findings.4
V. ANALYSIS
1. TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS
(a) Candice’s Arguments
In her petition for further review, Candice argues that if she is a fit parent to strive for reunification with Donald, then the
(b) Statutory Grounds for Termination
[2,3] In order to terminate an individual’s parental rights, the State must prove by clear and convincing evidence that one of the statutory grounds enumerated in
[4] When a parent, pursuant to
Because Candice admitted to the allegations in the motion to terminate, the State did not have to prove them by clear and convincing evidence. It was only required to set forth a factual basis. We must examine whether the factual basis was sufficient to support the admissions. Here, we have an unusual series of events, where a factual basis, apparently sufficient on its face, is undermined by evidence presented during the hearing.
(c) Best Interests of Child
[6] We first address the factual basis to support Devin’s best interests. Because the primary consideration in determining whether to terminate parental rights is the best interests of the child, a juvenile court should have at its disposal the information necessary to make the determination regarding the minor child’s best interests regardless of whether the information is in reference to a time period before or after the filing of the termination petition.13 While statutory grounds for termination are based on past conduct, the best interests element focuses on future well-being of the child and should not be seen through a microscope, but a telescope.14
[7] In a review de novo on the record, an appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented by the record and reaches its own independent conclusions with respect to the matters at issue.15 We will consider all the evidence presentеd at the hearing which is relevant to Devin’s best interests. Additional evidence relevant to our analysis was presented during the second half of the termination hearing, when the court conducted a permanency hearing for Donald.
In the State’s factual basis, it specifically stated that Devin’s caseworker would testify that “it was in the best interest due to the length of time that [Candice and Devin] did not have contact, as well as the lack of progress being made.”
During the permanency hearing, the State entered several exhibits, including the DHHS court report signed 3 days before the hearing. In an update from December 2017, the DHHS court report stated that Candice had been meeting with the caseworker and that Candice “[had] not started visiting with the boys yet as there are concerns with her visiting them when she has been out of the picture for 2 years now. Therapeutic visits are looking intо being set up.” In February 2018, Candice began weekly therapy with Donald and therapy every other week with Devin. Since that time, Candice had consistently participated in therapy with the children.
In the DHHS court report, it recommended that the court adopt the case plan and court report. DHHS stated that in regard to Donald and Devin, “[f]air progress is being made to alleviate the causes of out-of-home placement.” It furthеr stated that “[t]he primary permanency plan of Reunification is being achieved by [December 2018].” It recommended that the court adopt a permanency objective of reunification concurrent with adoption for both Donald and Devin.
During the permanency hearing, the parties discussed the improvements in Candice’s life. Candice was employed and
The court remarked that it was “impressed with where [she was] today” and how she “kind of def[ied] odds here.” The juvenile court ordered a permanency objective of reunification concurrent with guardianship for Donald. It further ordered that Candice shall have supervised visitation with Donald.
(ii) Case Law
In In re Interest of Zanaya W. et al.,16 the father admitted to the stаtutory ground for termination and that termination was in the children’s best interests. The juvenile court relied upon the State’s factual basis. The father was convicted of possession with intent to distribute marijuana and sentenced to 3 to 5 years’ imprisonment. While incarcerated, he was convicted of third degree assault and sentenced to an additional 120 days’ imprisonment. The father had admitted he used marijuana on a daily basis when the children wеre in his care, custody, and control. The caseworker would testify that termination was in the children’s best interests, “because [the father] was not able to provide permanency for them.”17
On appeal, the father asserted that the court relied extensively on his incarceration and that thus, the factual basis was insufficient. We discussed that the factual basis did not rely solely on incarceration. We reasoned that the juvenile сourt relied on the crimes committed, length of incarceration, prior drug use, length of time the children were in DHHS custody, and prospective testimony to find that the factual basis supported termination. We affirmed the termination of the father’s parental rights.
The Court of Appeals there reasoned that the factual basis was sufficient to support both the statutory ground for termination and the best interests of the children. In its best interests analysis, it examined the additional evidence presented during the hearing. An exhibit contained an affidavit by the family permanency specialist stating that the mother had over 16 intakes with DHHS, the mother relinquished her parental rights to another child, and she used methamphetamine while pregnant with her younger child. The mother made no efforts to regain custody of the older child. She was discharged unsuccessfully from family support services, and she did not participate in court-ordered drug or psychological evaluations. It reasoned that because of her history with DHHS and her failure to address the initial concerns that led to the children’s removal, there was а sufficient factual basis to support the best interests admission. The Court of Appeals affirmed the juvenile court’s judgment. But there, the Court of Appeals was not presented with evidence contradicting the State’s factual basis.
Although the State did not have to prove the admissions by clear and convincing evidence, we must examine whether there was a sufficient factual basis to support that it was in Devin’s best interests to terminate Candice’s parental rights. After a de novo review of the entire record, we conclude that there was not.
The record shows that Donald and Devin were identical in their relationship with Candice. In light of the record, the Court of Appeals’ statement that Candice did not have contact with Devin but did maintain contact with Donald was not accurate. For 2 years prior to the motion to terminate, both children did not have contact with Cаndice. In February 2018, both children began therapy with Candice and continued regularly until the hearing. Candice provided the children with money, clothing, and shoes for their care. In the DHHS case report, it stated that “[f]air progress [was] being made” and that reunification was supposed to be achieved by December 2018. Unlike In re Interest of Brooklyn T. & Charlotte T.,19 the additional evidence presented did not support the factual basis. The record failed to show a contrast in Candice’s relationship with Donald and Devin to support that Devin’s best interests favored termination while Donald’s did not.
Further, the record shows Candice’s progress toward reunification with both children. In addition to the facts discussed earlier, Candice successfully completed a substance abuse treatment program, she was attending therapy by herself and with each child, her drug tests were all negative, she had legal and steady income, and she had suitable housing. We cannot ignore the substantial progress made by Candice. And neither did the juvenile court when it remarked on how she “kind of def[ied] odds here.” Unlike In re Interest of Zanaya W. et al.,20 there
The children are so factually indistinguishable that the State could have interchanged the children’s names and reached the same result. There was no evidence presented, either before or after the court terminated Candice’s parental rights, that showed how or why the children differ in their relationship with Cаndice. Nor was there any evidence presented as to why Candice’s rights to Devin were terminated but as to Donald they were not.
At oral argument, the State forthrightly explained that due to Donald’s age, he would have to consent to an adoption, but that Devin was below the age requiring such consent. This reason was insufficient to establish that termination of parental rights was in the younger child’s best interests. Although there are cases where tеrmination is in the best interests of one sibling and not another,21 this is not one of them.
Based upon our de novo review of the entire record, we conclude that the factual basis was insufficient to support that it was in Devin’s best interests to terminate Candice’s parental rights. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the termination of Candice’s parental rights to Devin.
2. VOLUNTARY RELINQUISHMENT
Candice argues that the juvenile court erred in accepting her admissions as a voluntary relinquishment. The “plea deal” entered between the parties conditioned the termination of parental rights to be treated as a voluntary relinquishment. At oral argument, the State conceded that its representation of
[8] We think that the mixing of terminology in this way is fraught with danger. As a statutorily created court of limited and special jurisdiction, a juvenile court has only such authority as has been conferred on it by statute.22 Under the adoption statutes, a voluntary relinquishment is effective when a parent executes a written instrument and DHHS or an agency, in writing, accepts responsibility for the child.23 Under the Nebraska Juvenile Code, termination of parental rights is determined by judicial action.24 Although the practical result may be similar, the meсhanisms and effects of those procedures are different and should be treated so. We discourage the practice of characterizing termination and relinquishment interchangeably. The juvenile court should be careful to follow the statutory authority conferred upon it and not to confuse the proceedings by inaccurate or incomplete descriptions.
VI. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the factual basis was insufficient to support that termination of Candice’s parental rights was in Devin’s best interests. We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand the cause to that court with directions to reverse the judgment of the juvenile court and remand the cause to the juvenile court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.