282 F. 12 | 2d Cir. | 1922
(after stating the facts as above). There is nothing in this record to warrent even a suggestion of fraud. The ioan by Ratner and the assignment by Hub Company of the accounts receivable constituted a legitimate and businesslike transaction, whereby a considerate father was willing to help his son and the latter’s associates in maintaining what, at the time, seemed to be a hopeful business. The questions involved, therefore, are solely questions of law. We shall speak of the receiver as a trustee in bankruptcy, and as though the application of Ratner had been made after the appointment of a trustee, in view of our recent decision in Matter of Max Mitchell (C. C. A.) 278 Fed. 707, filed January 18, 1922.
The status and powers of a trustee under section 47a of the Bankruptcy Act, as that section now reads since the amendments of' 1910 (Comp. St. § 9631), were decisively dealt with in Bailey v. Baker Ice Machine Co., 239 U. S. 268, 275, 276, 36 Sup. Ct. 50, 60 L. Ed. 275. In that case, Baker Ice Machine Company had made an agreement with Grant Bros, for the conditional sale of a machine, the title remaining in Baker Company until the purchase price was fully paid and the machine being in the possession of Grant Bros. Under the recording law of Kansas (Gen. St. 1915, § 6508), a contract of conditional sale is valid between the parties, whether filed for record or not, but is void as against a creditor of the vendee, who fastens a lien upon the property by execution, attachment, or like legal process before the contract is filed for record. The contract was made October 14, 1911, and filed for record May 15, 1912.
On June 11, 1912, Grant Bros, filed their voluntary petition in bankruptcy, and on the following day were adjudged bankrupts. At that time the chattel which was the subject-matter of the controversy was found in the possession of the bankrupts. Between October 14, 1911, and May 15, 1912, no creditor had “fastened a lien upon the property by execution, attachment or other legal process.” It was contended that section 47a, cl. 2, of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended in 1910 (36 Stat. 838, 840, c. 412 [Comp. St. § 9631]), gave a trustee the status of a creditor having such a lien. The court held, however, “that the trustee takes the status of such a creditor as of the time when the petition in bankruptcy is filed.” See, also, In re Morris, 204 Fed. 770, 123 C. C. A. 220; Matter of P. Jesse Matton (C. C. A.) 279 Fed. 530, decided January 18, 1922.
There was no way by which Hub Company could physically deliver notes, checks, or other evidences of debt from customers which had not yet heen received, and the only practicable method of conferring
In view, therefore, of the fact that Ratner had title to the accounts receivable and possession thereof, as matter of law, prior to the filing of the bankx-uptcy petition, the sole remaining question is whether the agreement between Ratner and Hub Company was inherently void, because Hub Company was permitted to reserve the right to use the proceeds of these x-eceivables until and unless Ratner demanded that they should be turned over to him.
“The situation with which we will now deal is where a man, not the owner of the property, is held out as the owner under such circumstances as would be reasonably calculated to induce the extension of credit to him upon the faith of his apparent ownership. In such a case, when he becomes insolvent, the qxxestion is whether the true owner can assert his title to the property in question as against the persons who have become creditors of the apparent owner.”
In Robinson v. Elliott, supra, a mortgage was executed which provided that the mortgagors—
“may x-emain in possession of said goods, wares, and merchandise, and may sell the same as heretofore and supply their places with other goods, and the goods substituted by purchase for those sold shall, upon being put into said store or any other store in said city where the same may be put for sale by said parties of the first part, he subjected to the lien of this mortgage.”
The Supreme Court said:
“Manifestly it was executed to enable the mortgagors to continue their business, and appear to the world as the absolute owners of the goods, and*16 enjoy all the advantages resulting therefrom. It is idle to say that a resort to the record would have shown the existence of the mortgage, for men get credit by what they apparently own and possess, and this ownership and possession had existed without interruption for 10 years. There was nothing to put creditors on their guard. On the contrary, this long-continued possession and apparent ownership were well calculated to create confidence and disarm suspicion.”
See, also, Frelinghuysen v. Nugent (C. C.) 36 Fed. 229; Griswold v. Sheldon, 4 N. Y. 581, 590; Stackhouse v. Holden, 66 App. Div. 423 at page 427, 73 N. Y. Supp. 203.
But the cases to which this doctrine of reputed or ostensible ownership has been applied are those where the personal property is visible. The American doctrine of reputed ownership, does not, however, apply to choses in action. As Glenn puts the point:
“It may be said that no one can be in the apparent ownership of a chose in action, because there is no possibility of an effective ostentation of ownership by means of possession.”
It is, perhaps, going too far to say that men get credit only because of what they apparently own, or that they never get credit because of the ownership of choses in action which may not be physically seen. This distinction has developed historically, but a further reason for the exclusion of choses in action from the rule of reputed ownership is that courts in their decisions have been reflective of the course of business in the commercial world.
The case at bar does not turn upon any question as to the right of substituting security for that withdrawn, which was one of the questions in Sexton v. Kessler, 225 U. S. 90, 32 Sup. Ct. 657, 56 L. Ed. 995, nor on the question as to whether a later transaction was merely the consummation of an earlier agreement, as in Chapman v. Hunt, 254 Fed. 768, 166 C. C. A. 214. Underlying these cases, as well as Greey v. Dockendorff, 231 U. S. 513, 34 Sup. Ct. 166, 58 L. Ed. 339, is this principle of exclusion from the reputed ownership rule, which we apply to this case. As Mr. Justice Holmes points out in Greey v. Dockendorff, supra:
“The rule of the English statutes as to reputed ownership may extend to debts growing due to the bankrupt in the course of his business but we hove no such statute.”
Nor on the facts in the case at bar was there (again to quote from Mr. Justice Holmes) “a moment when the goods [here the receivable sj could have been attached.” The case nearest that at bar is Stackhor se
The decree is affirmed, with costs.
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