In Re Hoffman

168 N.W.2d 229 | Mich. | 1969

382 Mich. 66 (1969) 168 N.W.2d 229

In re HOFFMAN.

Calendar No. 19, Docket No. 51,959.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Decided June 2, 1969.

George A. Greig, Prosecuting Attorney, and James S. Ainsworth, Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.

Leo W. Hoffman, in propria persona.

BLACK, J. (for reversal).

As this originally simple and altogether local proceeding came to appellate decision (9 Mich. App. 342), both its nature and issue as framed, tried and decided in circuit were subjected errantly to the influence of Federal law attending a conjectured but quite nonexistent Federal question. Now, and until this Court restores to its pristine posture what in the Court of Appeals became a curiously new-blown Federal case, no thought of affirmance may be entertained without offense to yet another constitutional right, that of a respondent charged with and convicted of contempt of a Michigan court to have his conviction reviewed without the application ex post facto of the rule of a Federal decision which, aside from its irrelation to such a proceeding, was handed down some 15 months after that respondent's conviction was adjudged in circuit and he had timely claimed right of appeal.^[1]

Here we review for error no criminal prosecution. No defendant charged with or convicted of crime stood before either of the courts below. None stands here. No Federal constitutional right, advanced on behalf either of the accusing judge or the respondent attorney, is at stake. The rights of no accused person or of any convict are called into play by him, or on his behalf. Our forthcoming judgment will determine no issue arising under the Constitution of the United States, or under any act of Congress, or treaties made, with respect to which the Supreme Court is given supreme interpretive authority by US Const, art 6. That judgment will simply determine whether, upon a record made in a circuit court of Michigan, before a circuit judge of Michigan, a member of the Michigan bar was properly judged — under Michigan law — guilty of contempt of that same court of Michigan.^[2]

These beginning postulates suggest that the proceeding under review should be ordered from exalted heights down to the comparatively pastoral legal environment of Allegan county. There the accusing judge, all credit to him, undertook only to determine whether the respondent attorney was, by the gauge of exclusively applicable Michigan law, guilty of contempt of one of our circuit courts for 1 simply assigned reason, reflected this way in the judgment entered in circuit and brought now to review:

"1. That on May 27, 1965, an order was made by this court appointing Leo W. Hoffman, a duly licensed attorney at law, appellate counsel in the matter of The People of the State of Michigan v. Ernest B. Sandefur, criminal file No. 4068, Allegan county circuit court.

"2. That the said Leo W. Hoffman, well knowing the terms of the said order, did, in a report filed in this court, refuse to prepare and file an appeal for the said Ernest B. Sandefur, giving as his reason therefor, that he was unable, after careful examination, to find any ground for an appeal.

"3. That such refusal to prepare and file an appeal as guaranteed by the Constitution of the State of Michigan 1963, particularly article 1, § 20, and GCR 1963, 785, constitutes a violation of a valid order of this court, and that a refusal to proceed as directed constitutes contempt of this court."

Like all judges of the courts of the States, Judge Smith knew naught then of Anders v. California (May 8, 1967), 386 U.S. 738 (87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493). That case had not as yet been Federally conceived. The conception did not take place until certiorari was granted April 4, 1966, 383 U.S. 966 (86 S. Ct. 1278, 16 L. Ed. 2d 307).

First: Judged exclusively by the record made by and before Judge Smith, was the respondent contemptuous?

By way of purposeful preamble the indorsers of this opinion approach consideration of the recorded facts exactly as they were developed by and made to appear before Judge Smith between June of 1962 and February of 1966, uncolored by any subsequently written judicial opinion. Declared another way, we consider the record as if this Court stood judicially in Judge Smith's shoes on and prior to February of 1966, with no opinion of Anders v. California and no opinion of Mr. Hoffman's appeal to the Court of Appeals known to us, and with no issue framed and submitted for decision save that which the judge decided per quotation above. As we perceive, this is the sure way to avoid the afterwitted error of applying a respectable yet elective Federal intervenient to a not very difficult question of local law.

In June of 1962 one Ernest B. Sandefur was charged in Allegan county with first-degree murder. John B. Nahan, a reputable member of the Allegan county bar, was promptly engaged to represent him. Upon Mr. Nahan's advice the defendant stood mute. A plea of not guilty was entered. Two months later the defendant appeared with counsel before the court. The following record was made:

"Mr. Andrews [prosecuting attorney]: May it please the court, this is the matter of the People of the State of Michigan v. Ernest B. Sandefur, File No 4068. Mr. Sandefur was before the court on the 20th day of June, 1962, with his counsel, Mr. Nahan, of the city of Allegan, and stood mute on a charge of homicide which had been filed on the 5th day of June. My understanding is Mr. Sandefur has further consulted with his counsel, Mr. Nahan, and wishes to inform the court that there is a change in the plea in this matter. Is that right, Mr. Nahan?

"Mr. Nahan: Yes, sir. I advised Mr. Sandefur and he has agreed to change his plea from mute to a plea of guilty to the general charge of homicide, with the request that the court allow respondent^[3] to offer evidence as to the degree of homicide, and then after hearing such evidence determine the degree.

"The Court: Is that your wish, Mr. Sandefur?

"The Respondent: Yes, sir, it is okay with me, sir.

"The Court: Mr. Nahan has been your attorney for the last 2 months or so?

"The Respondent: Yes.

"The Court: His services have been satisfactory?

"The Respondent: Satisfactory to me, sir, fine.

"The Court: Plea of not guilty heretofore entered by the court may be withdrawn, plea of guilty to the open charge of homicide will be accepted by the court. There will be no bond. Mr. Nahan and the court has discussed the matter of trial date to determine degree of guilt in this matter and he has suggested a month from today. Is that satisfactory to you, Mr. Andrews?

"Mr. Andrews: Satisfactory to the people, yes, your Honor.

"The Court: That is the 20th day of September, 9 o'clock.

"Mr. Andrews: I would be perfectly willing to make available to counsel my files in the matter so we might expedite this hearing.

"The Court: That will be appreciated.

"Mr. Nahan: Thank you, your Honor."

A little over a month later the court conducted an unusually thorough hearing to determine the degree of guilt. It is unnecessary that the hearing be rehashed here beyond comment that the court and all counsel left no legal stone unturned, no known witness unsworn, no argument for a reduction of degree left silent. The result, certified to us by Judge Smith, was this:

"On October 9, 1962, the court found:

"`The court finds there is an absence of that degree of premeditation which would characterize the act as murder in the first degree and, likewise, an absence of such provocation or justification that would reduce the homicide to manslaughter.

"`We have here a killing done in anger with sufficient time for a cooling off with no justification for self-defense, and in the opinion of the court, those circumstances dictate a finding of murder in the second degree and the court so finds.'

"The court then asked the respondent, Ernest Sandefur, if he knew of any reason why the court could not lawfully pass judgment, and the respondent replied:

"`No, sir.

"`The Court: And sentence in your matter today?

"`The Respondent: No, sir.

"`The Court: Is there anything you would like to say to the court?

"`The Respondent: I don't know of anything, sir.

"`The Court: Mr. Nahan?

"`Mr. Nahan: No, sir.

"`The Court: It is the sentence and judgment of this court that Ernest B. Sandefur be committed to the jurisdiction of the Michigan corrections department and confined at Michigan Southern Prison at Jackson for a period not less than 20 nor more than 40 years. The court recommends the minimum.

"`Mr. Nahan: Your Honor, does such sentence take into consideration the time spent in the Allegan county jail?

"`The Court: Yes. The court always takes that matter in consideration.'"

It was not claimed then or in the course of postconviction proceedings (mentioned later) that Mr. Nahan did not act faithfully and competently for the defendant. Indeed, the full record of the statutory proceeding (CL 1948, § 750.318 [Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.550]), conducted by the court to determine the degree of Mr. Sandefur's guilt, shows that Mr. Nahan went to uncommon lengths in effort to reduce the charge against Mr. Sandefur to voluntary manslaughter; a goal insurmountable in view of eyewitness proof that Mr. Sandefur, having shot at and wounded his son in the home, pursued the fleeing son down the street, meanwhile firing his Colt .45 three times more with fatal effect. Mr. Nahan's uphill work did at least accomplish for Mr. Sandefur a conviction of second-degree rather than first-degree murder, along with recommendation of the minimal term of sentence as fixed by the court, that is, 20 years.

In May of 1965 Mr. Sandefur wrote to "the Allegan county circuit court," alleging indigency and requesting:

"Will you please appoint me an attorney, I want to appeal my case, and furnish all records and transcript at public expense."

May 27, 1965 the court appointed the respondent Hoffman "appellate counsel for the defendant." The order of appointment concluded:

"It is further ordered that such portion of the trial transcript as shall be requested by counsel for post-conviction motions and the perfection of an appeal be furnished to said counsel."

Having obtained the necessary transcripts and having completed what to him was requisite to performance of his appointive duty, Mr. Hoffman reported to the court under date of September 24, 1965 that he could find no reason or ground "to file for new trial" or attempt an appeal on behalf of Mr. Sandefur. His report consists of 3 printed pages. Save for deletion by asterisks of a long paragraph which includes the oath required by our July 17, 1964 amendment of section 3 of State Bar Rule 16 (373 Mich cxxviii-cxxxi),^[4] the report appears verbatim in Justice T.M. KAVANAGH'S opinion and will not be repeated here. We find that report, supported as it was by Mr. Hoffman's undisputed testimony given in response to Judge Smith's order to show cause, amply sufficient to meet and overcome any thought that Mr. Hoffman's refusal to proceed was either contemptuous or technically indicative of contempt. The report and the testimony exhibit assiduous care on the part of an able and experienced trial and appellate lawyer in undertaking to search a complete record — of arraignment, appointment of counsel, plea, and statutory proceeding which included the taking of the defendant's testimony along with that of others — for some reasonable or even "arguable" possibility of error. The report was right, factually and legally. It justifies our now declared ruling that Mr. Hoffman, declining to proceed further, relied properly upon the canonically ordered duties of members of the Michigan Bar.

As against all this it is not out of order to observe that even one of these brilliantly imaginative law professors moderne — strengthened say like Samson with Dundreary whiskers and curls of Custer — would be hard put to strain out of Mr. Sandefur's 1962 court record something other than plain nonsense for review on his behalf. Of that we own to some knowledge born of experience, to which we come now.

The soundness of Mr. Hoffman's reported appraisal of the Sandefur record was confirmed by Judge Smith at the time.^[5] It was tested thereafter by the Court of Appeals and then by this Court.

A week after having received Mr. Hoffman's report Judge Smith appointed another eminent (and this time obediently willing) member of the Allegan county bar, to act as substituted counsel in the place and stead of Mr. Hoffman. Such new counsel promptly prepared and submitted to the Court of Appeals an application on behalf of Mr. Sandefur for leave to take a delayed appeal. We need not relate the valiant if useless content thereof. It was denied unanimously by order entered March 8, 1966. The order reads:

"In this cause an application for delayed appeal is filed by defendant, and nothing in opposition thereto having been filed, and due consideration thereof having been had by the Court;

"It is ordered that the application for delayed appeal be, and the same is hereby denied for the reason that a meritorious basis for an appeal is not established."

An application to this Court for leave to review the quoted order of denial was denied by unanimous order entered June 14, 1966. That order reads:

"On order of the Court, the application for delayed leave to appeal is considered, and the same is denied, for the reasons that defendant-appellant has failed to persuade the Court that he has a meritorious basis for appeal or that the decision of the Court of Appeals was clearly erroneous."

A second application by Mr. Sandefur, alleging applicability to his 1962 confession and conviction of Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436 (86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694), Johnson v. New Jersey (1966), 384 U.S. 719 (86 S. Ct. 1772, 16 L. Ed. 2d 882), and Davis v. North Carolina (1966), 384 U.S. 737 (86 S. Ct. 1761, 16 L. Ed. 2d 895), all handed down in 1966, was denied here September 6, 1967 by order reading:

"On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal is considered, and the same is denied, for the reasons that no sufficient justification or meritorious basis is presented and further because a previous application was denied by order of this Court on June 14, 1966."

There is reversible error here, committed successively by the retroaction of backward bent judges. Judge Smith erred in planting his judgment of contempt upon view that new section 20 of article 1 of the Constitution of 1963, granting appeal as of right "in every criminal prosecution," became applicable nunc pro tunc to the 1962 judgment of conviction and sentence of Mr. Sandefur.^[6] Division 3 erred in backtracking Anders two years to justify a judgment of conviction of contempt for having done that which, when performed, was lawful. And Division 3 erred in failing to perceive that the practice pursued by Judge Smith, when the judge substituted promptly the willing Mr. Tooman for the unwilling Mr. Hoffman, provided Mr. Sandefur with service — appellatewise — surpassing that which the Supreme Court later called down upon California on behalf of Mr. Anders.

On petition for certiorari, filed by the indigent and imprisoned Mr. Anders, the Supreme Court (not exactly quiescent or unanimous) criticized California's method of providing appellate service and laid down for California and States providing similar appellate procedure a new rule; in particular one which exacts of appointed appellate counsel a request for permission to withdraw and "a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal." Then the rule calls upon the court to make a determination that "the case is [or is not] wholly frivolous."

As against that rule and for the nonce we prefer our eminently superior practice; that of appointing for an indigent appellant willing or disposed counsel as done by Judge Smith. It provides for such an appellant a lawyer more likely to serve better than would the lawyer forced against his will to act for a cause he knows, and the trial judge knows, is frivolous. And, unlike Anders, it certainly assures this in the appellate court; that the indigent appellant is represented there no matter the fatuity of the presented issues and arguments presented thereon.

Second: Was respondent guilty of contempt for failure to move for leave to withdraw?

Division 3 repeated what became on appeal a new charge against the respondent; that he did not ask leave of Judge Smith to withdraw from representation of Mr. Sandefur (9 Mich App at 344, 346). This is a question no one raised in circuit and is simply more afterwisdom acquired of Anders. Not having been charged against Mr. Hoffman, in circuit, as a contemptuous act or omission, the allegation was not reviewable by Division 3 and is not before this Court now. We take it up nonetheless since the response in any event must be the same.

Judge Smith did not require or call upon Mr. Hoffman for a motion for leave to withdraw. The judge instead appointed substitute counsel and did so some weeks prior to instituting this proceeding by order to show cause. His first order effected a proper substitution of counsel, obviated need for presentation and consideration of a motion for leave to withdraw, released the respondent Hoffman from further duty as previously appointed counsel, and provided as we have seen expeditious if vain appellate proceedings on behalf of Mr. Sandefur.

It is not open to question, this whole record considered, that Judge Smith wanted to pose and decide for appellate review just one issue, that is, duty of appointed counsel to appeal on grounds assigned by the indigent defendant no matter the sophistry or frivolity thereof. The judge's opinions, quoted infra, make that clear. So do the introductory paragraphs of his opinion finding Mr. Hoffman guilty of contempt:

"The circuit court for the county of Allegan, on its own motion, required Leo W. Hoffman, a duly licensed attorney at law, to appear before the court to show cause why he should not be adjudged guilty of contempt for failure to take the necessary legal steps to bring the matter of the People v. Ernest B. Sandefur, No. 4068, Allegan county circuit court, before the Michigan Court of Appeals.

"Ernest B. Sandefur had been adjudged guilty of second-degree murder by this court and sentenced to a term in prison. After a lapse of several years, Sandefur petitioned the court for legal counsel to enable him to have his case reviewed. On May 27, 1965, the court appointed Mr. Hoffman to represent Sandefur pursuant to GCR 1963, 785, and article 1, § 20, Michigan Constitution 1963.

"Thereafter Mr. Hoffman reviewed the file and record in the Sandefur case and reported to the court in writing his professional opinion that Mr. Sandefur had no just grounds on which to appeal. Mr. Hoffman's report to the court contained a refusal to proceed to take the necessary steps for an appeal. Thereupon the court appointed substitute counsel to represent Sandefur."

To Summarize:

1. Refer back to the introductory paragraphs of this opinion. They show that local law is properly determinative of the issue made in circuit. They show also the inapposite character of each of the cases Justice T.M. KAVANAGH has cited under heading "We are not without a pragmatic guide implementing the decision in Anders:" (post 100), in that no one of them challenges or decides the asserted power of a State trial judge to find an attorney guilty of contempt for having refused after appointment to proceed with an indigent's demand for appeal on grounds which the judge and the attorney both know are frivolous.

2. As for the trial judge's reference to former and now extinct^[7] Rule 785.4(2) (373 Mich. xvi, xvii, xviii), it need only be said that that rule merely required the appointment of counsel for indigent convicts "to prepare delayed motions for postconviction proceedings in the trial court and to prepare an application for leave to take delayed appeal." It did not undertake, nor has this Court ever undertaken, to require appointed counsel to proceed on frivolous grounds once those grounds have been ascertained to be such, as in this case.

The judgments of the circuit court and Court of Appeals are reversed. An order acquitting the respondent of contempt, as charged in the circuit court, will enter there.

T.E. BRENNAN, C.J., and DETHMERS and KELLY, JJ., concurred with BLACK, J.

T.M. KAVANAGH, J. (dissenting).

Defendant attorney appeals from the decision of the Court of Appeals (9 Mich. App. 342), which affirmed the order of the trial court holding defendant in contempt for failing and refusing to prepare and file an appeal in the matter of People v. Sandefur.^[1]

Ernest Sandefur entered a plea of guilty to an open charge of homicide. The trial court, after holding a hearing to determine the degree of guilt, found Sandefur guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced him on October 9, 1962, to a term of 20 to 40 years. On May 24, 1965, Sandefur filed a written request, and the required affidavit of indigency for appointment of counsel to appeal his conviction.

The circuit court of Allegan county appointed defendant, on May 27, 1965, to act as appellate counsel for Sandefur.

On September 24, 1965, defendant filed a report in the Allegan circuit court stating:

"Some time ago you appointed me to represent Ernest Sandefur, who is now serving a sentence in Jackson Prison for the murder of a son, Gaylon Sandefur.

"I have obtained his file from Mr. Nahan, who represented Mr. Sandefur during the proceedings had in the circuit court for the county of Allegan, and I have reviewed the transcript and the record on proceedings in the court file.

"It is my conclusion that Ernest Sandefur, after being properly advised of all his constitutional rights, voluntarily, without duress of any kind, entered a plea of guilty. That he made a voluntary confession to the officers attached to the sheriff's office, that he voluntarily took the stand and testified, and that the degree of crime was properly determined by the circuit court and that his sentence was proper. I can find no reason or ground to file a motion for new trial or to take an appeal in this case.

"There is no question but that Ernest Sandefur, while sane, not in self defense, without that provocation sufficient to reduce the crime to manslaughter, deliberately and intentionally, in accordance with a determination to kill his son, shot his son several times and caused his death.

"Even if there were some legal technicality, which might conceivably result in this man securing a new trial, I would not feel obligated or bound to pursue it under the circumstances.

"I am fully aware of the constitutional protection that is afforded persons accused of crime, as set forth in section 20, article 1 of our Constitution of 1963, which, among other rights, affords to him; `an appeal as a matter of right[;] and in courts of record[,] when the trial court so orders, to have such reasonable assistance as may be necessary to execute [perfect, sic] and prosecute an appeal'. I do not interpret this provision of the Constitution as meaning that every attorney appointed by the court shall be required to file an appeal where there is no error in the proceedings, either as to fact or law, and an appeal could not possibly benefit the accused.

"Being mindful of my oath taken when I was admitted to the bar * * * and having in mind the canons of professional ethics as spelled out by the American Bar Association and by our State Bar Association, I have concluded that it would be improper and unethical for me to advance a defense that, in my opinion, would be useless and not of any benefit to my client and contrary to my professional opinion and personal convictions.

"I am therefore, stating as a matter of record, that I cannot and will not file a motion for a new trial or an appeal for Ernest Sandefur." (Emphasis added.)

On December 3, 1965, the circuit judge, on his own motion, ordered defendant to appear in the circuit court to show cause why he should not be adjudged in contempt of court and punished for refusing to file a motion for a new trial and to take an appeal for and on behalf of Ernest Sandefur.

After a full hearing in the matter the circuit court, in its opinion, stated that the citation of authorities from other jurisdictions and from the canon of ethics "simply does not solve the practical problem of implementing the Michigan constitutional grant of an appeal of right." (Emphasis added.) The circuit court concluded in its order that such refusal to prepare and file an appeal "as guaranteed by the Constitution of the State of Michigan 1963, particularly article 1, § 20, and GCR 1963, 785, constitutes a violation of a valid order of this court, and that a refusal to proceed as directed constitutes contempt of this court." A civil fine of $25 with a 20-day stay of performance was imposed by the circuit court.

Defendant filed his appeal as a matter of right to the Court of Appeals. The opinion of the Court of Appeals quoted at length from Anders v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 738 (87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493),^[2] and tacitly adopted the "single inflexible answer" contained in Anders to the difficult problem of how to afford equal protection to indigent appellants. While recognizing that the Anders rule postdated defendant's cause of action, the Court of Appeals concluded that the language and logic of Anders was binding upon the defendant, and affirmed the circuit court.

Leave to appeal to this Court was granted by order dated April 16, 1968. 380 Mich. 766.

On appeal defendant contends that (1) Const 1963, art 1, § 20, does not apply to criminal prosecutions concluded prior to the effective date of the Constitution; (2) the order of the circuit court appointing defendant as counsel for Sandefur did not, by its terms, order the defendant to file a delayed motion for new trial and, upon denial thereof, a delayed appeal; (3) the circuit court for the county of Allegan did not have the authority and power to compel a court-appointed attorney to violate his oath of office, the canon of ethics or case law defining his duties to his client, the court and the public, and if so construed the order would constitute an unlawful order; (4) the defendant did act in good faith and, in fact, was not contemptuous; (5) it was impossible to file an application for delayed new trial and a delayed appeal, within the framework of the law.^[3]

Defendant's contentions wholly miss the point and the decisions of both courts below reach the proper conclusion but for the wrong reasons.

The primary issue is twofold: (1) Did the circuit court issue a lawful and valid order? (2) Did defendant's noncompliance with a valid order of the circuit court constitute contempt?

The secondary issue focuses upon the extent of the duty of a court-appointed appellate counsel to prosecute an application for leave to appeal from a criminal conviction after that attorney has conscientiously determined that there is no merit to the indigent's appeal. Ancillary to this secondary issue is the question of whether appellate counsel, appointed to prosecute an application for leave to appeal, is held to the same standards as appellate counsel appointed to perfect an appeal as of right as required in Anders.

Prior to the consideration of these issues, we must distinguish the basis of Ernest Sandefur's claim of appeal and defendant Hoffman's claims and objections to this appeal.

Ernest Sandefur's claim of appeal was in the nature of an application for leave to appeal. Sandefur was convicted on October 9, 1962. At that time there was no appeal as a matter of right in criminal cases in Michigan, the date of conviction being prior to the effective date of the Michigan Constitution of 1963. The request for appointment of appellate counsel and the appointment of defendant Hoffman occurred in May of 1965. The circuit court, finding defendant Hoffman in contempt, apparently thought that Sandefur's claim of appeal was "of right." In its opinion the circuit court stated:

"An appeal as of right requires an appellate court to pass final judgment. Neither the judgment of the trial court or a member of the bar is a proper substitute for appellate review. * * *

"Since the 1963 Michigan Constitution changed the law from `leave to appeal' to `an appeal as of right' there seems no other recourse but to amend the Constitution."

In this respect the circuit court was in error. Absent some provision in the 1963 Constitution making the appeal as of right provision retrospective, Sandefur's appeal was discretionary in nature. This nonretrospective aspect of article 1, § 20, on "appeal as of right" comports with the intent of the drafters of the Michigan Constitution of 1963. 1 Constitutional Convention 1961, Official Record, pp 562-568.^[4]

For the circuit court to make a proper appointment of appellate counsel, it had to proceed under the provisions of Const 1963, art 1, § 20, which reads in part:

"and in courts of record, when the trial court so orders, to have such reasonable assistance as may be necessary to perfect and prosecute an appeal."

It is to be noted that this language is in substance identical with the Michigan Constitution of 1908, art 2, § 19.

Further, the trial court was required under the then existing Michigan General Court Rules to appoint appellate counsel. GCR 1963, 785.4(2)^[5] read in part as follows:

"Delayed Appeal. * * * Upon defendant's request, if defendant is indigent, the trial court in which defendant was convicted shall appoint counsel for him and shall furnish such portions of the trial transcript counsel so appointed requires to prepare delayed motions for postconviction proceedings in the trial court and to prepare an application for leave to take delayed appeal." (Emphasis added.)

This subrule is to be distinguished from GCR 1963, 785.4(1), which required the appointment of counsel to perfect an appeal where the defendant "is entitled as a matter of constitutional right to appellate review of his conviction."^[6] In People v. Mallory (1967), 378 Mich. 538, 568, Justice SOURIS drew this distinction between the subrules as follows:

"While 785.4(1) applies prospectively, in the sense that it specifies procedures to be followed at sentencing in current criminal cases where timely appeal as of right exists, 785.4(2) applies retrospectively, in the sense that it specifies the procedures for furnishing appellate counsel and free trial transcript to indigents in all other criminal cases completed through sentencing before August 1, 1964, the effective date of 785.4(1)." (Emphasis added.)

We conclude that it was incumbent upon the trial judge to appoint appellate counsel to prosecute leave to appeal under the then existing subrule of this Court.^[7] The trial judge proceeded properly, even though under a misapprehension as to his duty and authority.

The Court of Appeals, after quoting at length from Anders, found that defendant did not ask the court to withdraw from representing Sandefur, but told the court he would not file a motion for new trial or an appeal for Sandefur. Tacitly relying upon Anders, it held that this direct refusal to comply with a court order constituted contempt.

In Anders, the United States Supreme Court restricted its consideration to the effectiveness of counsel on a first appeal. Mr. Justice Clark, speaking for the Court, framed the specific issue (p 739):

"We are here concerned with the extent of the duty of a court-appointed appellate counsel to prosecute a first appeal from a criminal conviction, after that attorney has conscientiously determined that there is no merit to the indigent's appeal." (Emphasis added.)

Further, the facts involved in Anders indicate that the United States Supreme Court considered this issue solely in the light of California's constitutional grant of "a right of appeal."

A careful analysis of the majority opinion in Anders reveals that it was predicated upon the decisions in Griffin v. Illinois (1956), 351 U.S. 12 (76 S. Ct. 585, 100 L. Ed. 891), and Douglas v. California (1963), 372 U.S. 353 (83 S. Ct. 814, 9 L. Ed. 2d 811). In both Griffin and Douglas the United States Supreme Court was concerned solely with an appeal as of right. In fact, the Douglas opinion specifically delineated its decision. Mr. Justice Douglas, speaking for the Court, stated (pp 356, 357):

"We are not here concerned with problems that might arise from the denial of counsel for the preparation of a petition for discretionary or mandatory review beyond the stage in the appellate process at which the claims have once been presented by a lawyer and passed upon by an appellate court. We are dealing only with the first appeal, granted as a matter of right to rich and poor alike (Cal Penal Code, §§ 1235, 1237), from a criminal conviction. We need not now decide whether California would have to provide counsel for an indigent seeking a discretionary hearing from the California supreme court after the district court of appeal had sustained his conviction (see Cal Const, art 6, § 4c; Cal Rules on Appeal, Rules 28, 29), or whether counsel must be appointed for an indigent seeking review of an appellate affirmance of his conviction in this Court by appeal as of right or by petition for a writ of certiorari which lies within the Court's discretion. But it is appropriate to observe that a State can, consistently with the Fourteenth Amendment, provide for differences so long as the result does not amount to a denial of due process or an `invidious discrimination.' Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma (1955), 348 U.S. 483, 489 (75 S. Ct. 461, 99 L. Ed. 563); Griffin v. Illinois, supra, p 18. Absolute equality is not required; lines can be and are drawn and we often sustain them. See Tigner v. Texas (1940), 310 U.S. 141 (60 S. Ct. 879, 84 L. Ed. 1124); Goesaert v. Cleary (1948), 335 U.S. 464 (69 S. Ct. 198, 93 L. Ed. 163). But where the merits of the one and only appeal an indigent has as of right are decided without benefit of counsel, we think an unconstitutional line has been drawn between rich and poor."

Defendant Hoffman's contention in this appeal is that the circuit court and the Court of Appeals — in ruling defendant guilty of contempt of court — treated the facts and law as though defendant had refused to take "a timely appeal as a matter of right." While defendant is correct in his observation, see this opinion supra, he is still guilty of contempt for refusing to comply with a lawful order. The basis of this conclusion involves the secondary issue framed above and results from the following analysis.

The circuit judge, under either Const 1908, art 2, § 19, or Const 1963, art 1, § 20, was empowered to appoint appellate counsel to provide "such reasonable assistance as may be necessary to perfect and prosecute an appeal." Further, it was incumbent upon the circuit judge under GCR 1963, 785.4(2), discussed above, to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant. While the order appointing defendant Hoffman did not cite either of the above authorities, the order of the circuit judge was, in final analysis, a valid and lawful order. Given the validity and the lawfulness of the order appointing him as appellate counsel, defendant Hoffman had three alternative courses of action:

First. Defendant Hoffman could have attacked the order as being invalid on its face. This would have directly put in issue the propriety of the order and the circuit judge's authority upon which it was based.

Second. Defendant Hoffman could have categorically refused to accept the appointment immediately upon its issuance. This, of course, would have raised the issue of contempt between the trial judge and defendant Hoffman without involving the merit of Sandefur's appeal.

Third. Defendant Hoffman could have accepted the appointment and either proceeded to perfect an appeal for Sandefur or declined to proceed with the appeal. It is this course of action which defendant Hoffman did in fact choose.

Thus we are presented with the problem of determining whether, once having accepted the appointment as appellate counsel, defendant's actions met the constitutional requirement of "effectiveness of counsel." Put in more general terms, we must determine whether appellate counsel appointed to prosecute an application for leave to appeal is held to the same standard as the appellate counsel appointed to prosecute an appeal as of right, as in Anders.

A review of the United States Supreme Court decisions, especially those cited as authority in Anders, compels us to the inexorable conclusion that appointed appellate counsel must be held to the same standard of "effectiveness," irrespective of the nature of the appeal.

In 1958, the Supreme Court in Ellis v. United States, 356 U.S. 674 (78 S. Ct. 974, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1060), laid down guidelines. Concerned with operation of the Federal rules of criminal procedure as it affected an indigent's application for leave to appeal and an appointed attorney's role in such an appeal, the Court reasoned as follows (p 675):

"Normally, allowance of an appeal should not be denied until an indigent has had adequate representation by counsel. Johnson v. United States (1957), 352 U.S. 565 (77 S. Ct. 550, 1 L. Ed. 2d 593). In this case, it appears that the two attorneys appointed by the court of appeals, performed essentially the role of amici curiae. But representation in the role of an advocate is required. If counsel is convinced, after conscientious investigation, that the appeal is frivolous, of course, he may ask to withdraw on that account. If the court is satisfied that counsel has diligently investigated the possible grounds of appeal, and agrees with counsel's evaluation of the case, then leave to withdraw may be allowed and leave to appeal may be denied." (Emphasis added.)

The plain words and meaning of this opinion clearly indicate that the Supreme Court intended to restrict counsel's request to withdraw and in addition thereto require concurrence by the appointing court in counsel's approach and "evaluation" of the case.

However, we must recognize that where the constitutional rights of equal protection and due process are involved the Supreme Court has gone as far as striking down a trial judge's independent determination of the merits of an appeal. In Eskridge v. Washington Prison Board (1958), 357 U.S. 214 (78 S. Ct. 1061, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1269), the Court, dealing with the denial of a transcript by a State judge, stated (p 216):

"The conclusion of the trial judge that there was no reversible error in the trial cannot be an adequate substitute for the right to full appellate review available to all defendants in Washington who can afford the expense of a transcript."

In view of the decision in Eskridge, it was logically consistent for the Supreme Court to likewise protect these rights from the unreviewable and independent determination of a nonjudicial officer. In Lane v. Brown (1963), 372 U.S. 477 (83 S. Ct. 768, 9 L. Ed. 2d 892), the Court, reviewing the denial of a writ of error coram nobis and the Indiana public defender's determination of "no merit," reached this conclusion (p 485):

"In Eskridge the Court held constitutionally invalid a provision which permitted a trial judge to prevent an indigent from taking an effective appeal. The provision before us confers upon a State officer outside the judicial system power to take from an indigent all hope of any appeal at all. Such a procedure, based on indigency alone, does not meet constitutional standards."

Appellants have attempted to distinguish these and other cases on the basis of "appeal of right" vis a vis "leave to appeal." See, e.g., Burns v. Ohio (1959), 360 U.S. 252 (79 S. Ct. 1164, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1209). No logical distinction can be made on this basis in the area presently under consideration. Clearly, the Court in Lane v. Brown, supra, refuted any such distinction (pp 483-485):

"In Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, the Court held that a State with an appellate system which made available trial transcripts to those who could afford them was constitutionally required to provide `means of affording adequate and effective appellate review to indigent defendants.' Id., at 20. `Destitute defendants,' the Court held, `must be afforded as adequate appellate review as defendants who have money enough to buy transcripts.' Id., at 19. In Burns v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 252, involving a $20 fee for filing a motion for leave to appeal a felony conviction to the supreme court of Ohio, this Court reaffirmed the Griffin doctrine, saying that `once the State chooses to establish appellate review in criminal cases, it may not foreclose indigents from access to any phase of that procedure because of their poverty. * * * This principle is no less applicable where the State has afforded an indigent defendant access to the first phase of its appellate procedure but has effectively foreclosed access to the second phase of that procedure solely because of his indigency.' Id., at 257. In Smith v. Bennett (1961), 365 U.S. 708 (81 S. Ct. 895, 6 L. Ed. 2d 39), the Court made clear that these principles were not to be limited to direct appeals from criminal convictions, but extended alike to State postconviction proceedings. `Respecting the State's grant of a right to test their detention,' the Court said, `the Fourteenth Amendment weighs the interests of rich and poor criminals in equal scale, and its hand extends as far to each.' Id., at 714. In Eskridge v. Washington Prison Board, 357 U.S. 214, the Court held invalid a provision of Washington's criminal appellate system which conferred upon the trial judge the power to withhold a trial transcript from an indigent upon the finding that `justice would not be promoted * * * in that defendant has been accorded a fair and impartial trial, and in the Court's opinion no grave or prejudicial errors occurred therein.' Id., at 215. There it was said that `the conclusion of the trial judge that there was no reversible error in the trial cannot be an adequate substitute for the right to full appellate review available to all defendants in Washington who can afford the expense of a transcript.' Id., at 216.

"The present case falls clearly within the area staked out by the Court's decisions in Griffin, Burns, Smith, and Eskridge. To be sure, this case does not involve, as did Griffin, a direct appeal from a criminal conviction, but Smith makes clear that the Griffin principle also applies to State collateral proceedings, and Burns leaves no doubt that the principle applies even though the State has already provided one review on the merits.

"In Eskridge the Court held constitutionally invalid a provision which permitted a trial judge to prevent an indigent from taking an effective appeal. The provision before us confers upon a State officer outside the judicial system power to take from an indigent all hope of any appeal at all. Such a procedure, based on indigency alone, does not meet constitutional standards."

The underlying theory of these cases, and one which should prove valuable as a guide to future decisions in this area, was well stated in the dissenting opinion of Justice Harlan in Douglas v. California, supra, at page 366:

"The Court distinguishes our review from the present case on the grounds that the California rule relates to `the first appeal, granted as a matter of right.' Ante, p 356. But I fail to see the significance of this difference. Surely, it cannot be contended that the requirements of fair procedure are exhausted once an indigent has been given one appellate review. Cf. Lane v. Brown, post, p 477. Nor can it well be suggested that having appointed counsel is more necessary to the fair administration of justice in an initial appeal taken as a matter of right, which the reviewing court on the full record has already determined to be frivolous, than in a petition asking a higher appellate court to exercise its discretion to consider what may be a substantial constitutional claim." We agree with Mr. Justice Harlan that, as a matter of judicial policy, there is no significance in the distinction between appeal as of right and leave to appeal as far as effectiveness of counsel is concerned.^[8]

Having reached the above conclusions and being cognizant of pervasive judicial policy, we must recognize that the guidelines set out in Anders, supra, are controlling. The majority opinion establishes a uniform answer to the difficult problem of how to accord equal protection of the laws to indigent appellants. The Supreme Court, in Anders, stated (pp 744, 745):

"The constitutional requirement of substantial equality and fair process can only be attained where counsel acts in the role of an active advocate in behalf of his client, as opposed to that of amicus curiae. The no-merit letter and the procedure it triggers do not reach that dignity. Counsel should, and can with honor and without conflict, be of more assistance to his client and to the court. His role as advocate requires that he support his client's appeal to the best of his ability. Of course, if counsel finds his case to be wholly frivolous after a conscientious examination of it, he should so advise the court and request permission to withdraw. That request must, however, be accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal. A copy of counsel's brief should be furnished the indigent and time allowed him to raise any points that he chooses; the court — not counsel — then proceeds, after a full examination of all the proceedings, to decide whether the case is wholly frivolous. If it so finds it may grant counsel's request to withdraw and dismiss the appeal insofar as Federal requirements are concerned, or proceed to a decision on the merits, if State law so requires. On the other hand, if it finds any of the legal points arguable on their merits (and therefore not frivolous) it must, prior to decision, afford the indigent the assistance of counsel to argue the appeal.

"This requirement would not force appointed counsel to brief his case against his client but would merely afford the latter that advocacy which a nonindigent defendant is able to obtain. It would also induce the court to pursue all the more vigorously its own review because of the ready references not only to the record, but also to the legal authorities as furnished it by counsel. The no-merit letter, on the other hand, affords neither the client nor the court any aid. The former must shift entirely for himself while the court has only the cold record which it must review without the help of an advocate. Moreover, such handling would tend to protect counsel from the constantly increasing charge that he was ineffective and had not handled the case with that diligence to which an indigent defendant is entitled. This procedure will assure penniless defendants the same rights and opportunities on appeal — as nearly as is practicable — as are enjoyed by those persons who are in a similar situation but who are able to afford the retention of private counsel."

We are not without a pragmatic guide implementing the decision in Anders: our sister States, similarly faced with this decision of the United States Supreme Court, have responded positively. See State v. Franklin (1967), 78 NM 127 (428 P2d 982); People v. Turner (1967), 252 Cal App 2d 536 (60 Cal Rptr 567); People v. Chung (1967), 252 Cal App 2d 436 (61 Cal Rptr 308); People v. Jones (1967), 38 Ill 2d 384 (231 NE2d 390); Commonwealth v. Baker (1968), 429 Pa 209 (239 A2d 201); People v. Carter (1968), 92 Ill App 2d 120 (235 NE2d 382). See, also, Smith v. United States (CA 8, 1967), 384 F2d 649.

We could adopt the method employed by the Florida first district court of appeal in Smith v. State (Fla, 1968), 208 So 2d 462 — divesting the trial courts of the jurisdiction to enter an order permitting withdrawal of appointed appellate counsel — but this appears to be a circuitous and problematic approach to a proper implementation of Anders. The simplest solution to the problem of establishing a guide of conduct for the bar and bench is to follow the language of Anders. This approach was well presented by Chief Justice Traynor in People v. Feggans (1967), 67 Cal 2d 444 (62 Cal Rptr 419, 432 P2d 21), where it was held (pp 447, 448):

"Under Anders, regardless of how frivolous an appeal may appear and regardless of how convinced appointed counsel as an advocate may be that there is nothing to advocate, a no-merit letter will not suffice. Counsel must prepare a brief to assist the court in understanding the facts and the legal issues in the case. The brief must set forth a statement of the facts with citations to the transcript, discuss the legal issues with citations of appropriate authority, and argue all issues that are arguable. Moreover, counsel serves both the court and his client by advocating changes in the law if argument can be made supporting change. If counsel concludes that there are no arguable issues and the appeal is frivolous, he may limit his brief to a statement of the facts and applicable law and may ask to withdraw from the case, but he must not argue the case against his client. Counsel is not allowed to withdraw from the case until the court is satisfied that he has discharged his duty to the court and his client to set forth adequately the facts and issues involved. If counsel is allowed to withdraw, defendant must be given an opportunity to present a brief, and thereafter the court must decide for itself whether the appeal is frivolous. (Anders v. California [1967], 386 U.S. 738, 741, 742 [87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493]; Ellis v. United States [1958], 356 U.S. 674, 675 [78 S. Ct. 974, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1060, 1061].) If any contention raised is reasonably arguable, no matter how the court feels it will probably be resolved, the court must appoint another counsel to argue the appeal."

See, also, appendix to the decision in Suggs v. United States (CA DC 1968), 129 US App DC 133 (391 F2d 971).

Returning to the instant case, defendant Hoffman admitted on oral argument that the order of appointment was valid and lawful, that he never filed a brief giving the facts and applicable law, and that he never requested to be relieved from the order of appointment — all of which are required by the majority opinion in Anders.

Further, we note that defendant Hoffman did not meet even the minimum standards established by Anders. The minority opinion in Anders states (pp 745, 746):

"The system used by California for handling indigent appeals was described by the California Supreme Court in In re Nash, 61 Cal 2d 491, 495 (393 P2d 405, 408):

"`We believe that the requirement of the Douglas Case [372 U.S. 353] is met * * * when, as in this case, counsel is appointed to represent the defendant on appeal, thoroughly studies the record, consults with the defendant and trial counsel, and conscientiously concludes that there are no meritorious grounds of appeal. If thereafter the appellate court is satisfied from its own review of the record in the light of any points raised by the defendant personally that counsel's assessment of the record is correct, it need not appoint another counsel to represent the defendant on appeal and may properly decide the appeal without oral argument.'" (Emphasis added.)

One of the elements recited in the minority opinion is that appointed counsel "consults with the defendant and trial counsel." Defendant Hoffman admitted on oral argument that he never requested to be relieved from the order of appointment and that he never consulted with Sandefur. Also, he never asserted the fact that he consulted with trial counsel. In these respects we conclude that he could not have acted as an effective appellate counsel, even under the dissenting opinion in Anders.

To summarize, we hold that the order of the circuit court appointing defendant Hoffman was valid and lawful, pursuant to either Const 1908, art 2, § 19, or Const 1963, art 1, § 20, and GCR 1963, 785.4(2). Defendant Hoffman's refusal to obey this lawful order and his constitutionally impermissive attempts to avoid its effect properly subjects him to the disciplinary proceeding of contempt.

If defendant Hoffman had so desired, the courts below and this Court would have permitted him to purge himself of his contempt. But he has tenaciously persisted in attempting to vindicate his personal views. While we commend his tenacity, we cannot condone his course of action. We suggest defendant reflect upon the wise and venerable words of Chief Justice COOLEY in 1 Constitutional Limitations (8th ed, 1927), p 700:

"With us it is a universal principle of constitutional law, that the prisoner shall be allowed a defense by counsel. And generally it will be found that the humanity of the law has provided that, if the prisoner is unable to employ counsel, the court may designate some one to defend him who shall be paid by the government; but when no such provision is made, it is a duty which counsel so designated owes to his profession, to the court engaged in the trial, and to the cause of humanity and justice, not to withhold his assistance nor spare his best exertions, in the defense of one who has the double misfortune to be stricken by poverty and accused of crime. No one is at liberty to decline such an appointment, and few, it is to be hoped, would be disposed to do so." (Emphasis added.)

We should affirm the decisions of the circuit court and the Court of Appeals finding defendant Hoffman in contempt.

ADAMS, J., concurred with T.M. KAVANAGH, J.

T.G. KAVANAGH, J., took no part in the decision of this case.

NOTES

[1] Justice Cooley's consideration and definition of ex post facto laws remains as valuable today as when written. Under the heading of "Ex Post Facto Laws. — " (General Principles of Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley [3d ed], by Andrew C. McLaughlin, 1898, page 313) the Justice added inter alia the following to the durable classification of ex post facto laws that was written in Calder v. Bull (1798), 3 U.S. 386, 390 (1 L. Ed. 648):

"5. Every law which, assuming to regulate civil rights and remedies only, in effect imposes a penalty or the deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful."

[2] The pertinent nature of Michigan contempt proceedings was summarized in the "committee comment," appearing below RJA 1701 (See Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.1701, p 355). This connected portion is demonstrative:

"The courts originally had difficulty in defining the nature of contempt proceedings. Nearly any definition which it might choose ran into limitations to which the court did not wish to subject the contempt power. In the case of In re Smith (1906), 144 Mich. 39, the court held that contempt proceedings were not actions at law within the reasonable construction of the statute but were instead special summary proceedings entirely independent and distinct from the suit in which the contempt was committed. In the case of People v. Yarowsky (1926), 236 Mich. 169, the court decided that contempt proceedings were not criminal proceedings as they were not intended to punish breaches of the criminal law but were instead designed to maintain the dignity of the court. Contempt proceedings were said not to be criminal proceedings but proceedings partaking of a criminal nature and this was further demonstrated by the fact that the right to punish contempts is not limited to the criminal courts but may be exercised by a court sitting in a purely civil capacity."

[3] CL 1948, § 612.1 (Stat Ann § 27.653), and GCR 1963, 201.1, have specifically provided for upwards of 50 years that the party who commences an action shall be designated as plaintiff and the adverse party as defendant. Such designation is now made applicable to criminal actions by GCR 1963, 785.1. The "respondent", here referred to, is Mr. Sandefur. Elsewhere in this opinion the term "respondent" has referred to Mr. Hoffman, the attorney. Justice T.M. KAVANAGH refers to "defendant Hoffman." — REPORTER.

[4] The oath thus required includes this paragraph:

"I will not counsel or maintain any suit or proceeding which shall appear to me to be unjust, nor any defense except such as I believe to be honestly debatable under the law of the land."

[5] Judge Smith's opinion of October 11, 1965, denying Mr. Sandefur's then pending motion for new trial, stated:

"The court has appointed Leo W. Hoffman, an attorney of the city of Allegan, to represent respondent in his petition for a new trial. Mr. Hoffman has advised the court after reviewing the record he finds no grounds for a new trial or appeal. After being so advised by Mr. Hoffman the court reviewed the record and is like minded."

[6] All presently seated Justices have agreed on this. Judge Smith's retroactive application of said section 20 appears in his opinion of January 24, 1966 this way:

"But citation of authorities from other jurisdictions and from the canon of ethics simply does not solve the practical problem of implementing the Michigan Constitutional grant of an appeal of right. To that end the Michigan Supreme Court has required the appointment of appellate counsel in GCR 785.

"An appeal as of right requires an appellate court to pass final judgment. Neither the judgment of the trial court or a member of the bar is a proper substitute for appellate review. * * *

"Likewise where conflict exists between an attorney's obligations under the canons of professional ethics of the American Bar Association and his obligations under the Constitution of his State, the former must yield to the latter."

[7] Repealed effective June 8, 1967 (379 Mich. xxvi, xxx).

[1] The trial court denied a subsequent motion in propria persona for a new trial, but did appoint another attorney for postconviction proceedings. The Court of Appeals by order dated March 8, 1966, denied the application for delayed appeal "for the reason that a meritorious basis for appeal is not established." The Supreme Court by order dated September 6, 1967, denied Sandefur's application in propria persona for leave to appeal. See 379 Mich. 776.

[2] Hereinafter referred to as Anders.

[3] Defendant's brief in the Court of Appeals concisely phrased these contentions in the single issue of whether a court-appointed attorney, appointed under GCR 1963, 785.4(2) is guilty of contempt for refusal to file an application for delayed appeal where, in that attorney's professional opinion, there was no merit in such proceedings. The trial court, considering the matter as a disciplinary proceeding, viewed the legal question in the context of the right of an attorney "to resist court appointment to assist indigent respondents charged with crime." The Court of Appeals considered the legal question presented in the aspect of whether an attorney's constitutional duty to provide "such reasonable assistance as may be necessary to perfect and prosecute an appeal" for an indigent defendant compels him to compromise his oath of office and canons of professional ethics in filing an automatic appeal regardless of whether or not there is merit in the appeal. 9 Mich. App. 342, 344. (Emphasis added.)

[4] Of particular interest are the statements of Delegate Norris dealing with the appointment of counsel (p 563):

"All I can say to that, Mr. King, is that there are certain Supreme Court decisions, United States Supreme Court decisions, particularly Griffin v. Illinois, with regard to the extent of the participation of the State in giving effect to the right in the Federal Constitution to assistance of counsel, and insofar as that particular right would be applicable, then it would have some effect on what you are now questioning. I don't think, however, there has been any State court decision which has gone farther than what the Federal court has provided. So, no matter what we say here, it wouldn't go beyond what the United States Supreme Court now requires."

The above statement is buttressed by the proposition as stated by the Court in Griffin v. Illinois (1956), 351 U.S. 12, 18 (76 S. Ct. 585, 100 L. Ed. 891), that:

"It is true that a State is not required by the Federal Constitution to provide appellate courts or a right to appellate review at all. See, e.g., McKane v. Durston, 153 U.S. 684, 687, 688 (14 S. Ct. 913, 38 L. Ed. 867)."

See, also, the dissent of Mr. Justice Harlan in Douglas v. California (1963), 372 U.S. 353, 365 (83 S. Ct. 814, 9 L. Ed. 2d 811).

[5] Effective August 1, 1964 (see 373 Mich. xvii); amended effective May 2, 1967 (see 379 Mich. xxviii); repealed effective June 8, 1967 (see 379 Mich. xxx).

[6] Effective August 1, 1964; amended effective May 2, 1967; repealed effective June 8, 1967. Although this Court Rule was rescinded by order of this Court dated June 8, 1967, we are required — in the light of Douglas v. California (1963), 372 U.S. 353 (83 S. Ct. 814, 9 L. Ed. 2d 811), and more recently in Anders v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 738 (87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493) — to make this rule prospectively applicable in appeals which proceed as of right pursuant to Const 1963, art 1, § 20.

[7] See People v. Mallory (1967), 378 Mich. 538, 569.

[8] While it may be persuasively argued that the constitutional principles of equality and due process which the Supreme Court relied on in Douglas, Lane, Draper [Draper v. Washington (1963), 372 U.S. 487 (83 S. Ct. 774, 9 L. Ed. 2d 899)], Burns, and Ellis, are universally applicable irrespective of the nature of the appeal, we need not now decide the thorny problem of whether this State must, as a matter of Federal constitutional requirement, appoint appellate counsel to assist an indigent in pursuing discretionary review of his criminal conviction absent a controlling court rule. See People v. Mallory, supra, pp 566, 567. See, also, State v. Herzig (Fla, 1968), 208 So 2d 619.