MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS
Before the Court is the Trustee’s Objection to debtor’s claim of exemption in the Additional Child Tax Credit as a public assistance benefit pursuant to Iowa Code section 627.6(8)(a) (2014). At the eviden-tiary hearing that was conducted, Dallas Janssen, Chapter 7 Trustee (“Trustee”), appeared on behalf of the estate, and Felicia Hatch was represented by Nancy L. Thompson and Samuel Z. Marks. An ami-cus curiae brief in support of the position that the additional child tax credit does not qualify as exempt under Iowa law has been filed by Donald F. Neiman
The Court has jurisdiction of this proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. sections 157(b)(1) and 1334. The following findings of fact and conclusions of law are entered by the Court pursuant to Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052 and 9014. For the reasons set forth herein Debtors’ Objection to Trustee’s Objection to Exemption is sustained.
FACTS
Felicia Hatch is a single mother of three children ranging in age from one to fourteen years old. She filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition on December 13, 2013. At the time of her bankruptcy she had the following sources of monthly income: gross wages of approximately $2,403, child support of $100 and $500 from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). On Schedule B of her filing she identified an anticipated tax refund for calendar year 2013, including any earned income tax credit and additional child tax credit, which was claimed as exempt on Schedule C with an unknown value. The Trustee filed a timely objection to the exemptions claimed on Hatch’s original Schedule C, which disputed her ability to claim any amount of that portion of her refund attributed to the refundable portion of the Additional Child Tax Credits (“ACTC”) as a public assistance benefit. On February 24, 2014, Hatch amended Schedule B to reflect her actual tax refunds in the amount of $8,864. Schedule C was amended to claim this amount as exempt under Iowa law. There is no dispute
In support of his objection, the Trustee cites to Hardy v. Fink (In re Hardy) which held that the ACTC does not qualify as a public assistance benefit for purposes of exemption under Missouri law.
DISCUSSION
1. Adoption and Application of the Child Tax Credit
Congress enacted the child tax credit at 26 U.S.C. section 24 (“Section 24”) in 1997 to provide tax relief beyond the dependency exemption to wage earning families. As stated in the Senate’s Report on the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1997: “The Committee believes that the individual income tax structure does not reduce tax liability by enough to reflect a family’s reduced ability to pay taxes as family size increases.” S.Rep. No. 105-33, at 18 (1997). Neither the original statute nor its legislative history identifies a benefit to low income individuals or neediness as a purpose for the tax credit established by the 1997 law. The statute created a $500 non-refundable tax credit which could be applied to reduce the tax obligation owing under a filed return. The tax credit gradually phased out as a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income increased up to a specified level beyond which the credit was not available. H.R.Rep. No. 105-148, at 14-15 (1997), 1997 U.S.C.C.A.N. 678. at 0; S.Rep. No. 105-33, at 19 (1997). The child tax credit adopted in 1997 has undergone a number of modifications. “The first significant change to the child tax credit occurred with the enactment of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16). That Act raised the amount of the available credit over time to $1,000 per qualifying child and authorized a partially refundable credit under an earned income formula.” Margot L. Crandall-Hollick, Cong. Research Serv., R41873, The Child Tax Credit: Current Law and Legislative History (2014).
The current version of Section 24 is summarized as follows. A tax credit of $1,000 may be claimed for each qualifying child during the tax year as long as the tax payer does not exceed specified adjusted gross income (AGI) limitations of: $110,000 for a jointly filed return; $75,000 for an unmarried filer; and $55,000 for a married individual filing a separate return. 26 U.S.C. § 24(b)(2) (2014). As various levels are reached under AGI, the tax credit starts to decrease based upon a fraction of the amount exceeding the given threshold. Id. § 24(b)(1). A taxpayer with earned income of less than $3,000 does not qualify for either the non-refundable or refundable portion of the child tax credits.
Debtor’s tax return (Exhibit 1) provides a concrete illustration of the process. Hatch has three qualifying children which permits her to claim total child tax credits in the amount of $3,000. Line 46 of her 2013 tax return reflects that she owes $249.00 in taxes. After application of an
2. Hardy v. Fink
This was a chapter 13 case where the debtor (Hardy) claimed an exemption in the ACTC to which the chapter 13 trustee (Fink) objected. In re Hardy,
The EITC’s specific purpose was to provide economic relief to those defined as “low-income workers.” In contrast, the CTC’s availability was not restricted to low-income workers; rather, its purpose in sum was to give parents of dependent children a “financial break.” Given that the CTC is available to taxpayers who could be described as relatively affluent in comparison to the low income working parents who qualify for the EITC, the Court concludes that the Missouri legislative would not have intended the CTC to be a “public assistance benefit.”
Id. at 447 (citing In re Law,
On appeal, Hardy argued that “[t]he common meaning of public assistance benefit is quite plainly an assistance that benefits the public.” In re Hardy (Hardy v. Fink),
3. The Pending Exemption Dispute
Hatch challenges the holding in Hardy v. Fink and seeks a different determination from this Court. Whether a decision of a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel is binding precedent on bankruptcy courts is the subject of disagreement. Four approaches have developed related to this topic which vary from recognizing binding precedent to no binding effect by analogy to rulings of federal district courts related to bankruptcy appeals. See In re Hunter,
As permitted by 11 U.S.C. section 522(b), Iowa has opted out of the federal exemption scheme. See Iowa Code § 627.10 (2014). A resident of Iowa filing bankruptcy is limited to the exemptions provided for under state law. Iowa Code chapter 627 provides the following exemption: [A] “debtor’s rights in: (a) A social security benefit, unemployment compensation, or any public assistance benefit.” Iowa Code § 627.6(8)(a) (2014). The Trustee bears the burden of proof to establish that the claimed exemption is not properly claimed. Fed. R. Bankr.P. 4003(c).
Hatch contends that the ACTC meets the definition of a public assistance benefit because the statutory amendments to Section 24 since its original adoption, were designed to, and have resulted in, a benefit to low income families. This argument was not specifically raised by the parties in Hardy v. Fink. A review of the Appellant’s brief reflects that the legislative issue raised in Hardy v. Fink related to the revision of the Missouri statute, not the amendments to the federal statute governing child tax credits. The Appellee’s brief discussed the original purpose of the federal child tax credit, but also did not address the amendments to the tax credit law that occurred after 1997.
The focus of Hatch’s argument lies in the difference between the original nonrefundable credit and the ACTC which was enacted later. The distinction between the non-refundable and refundable components provided by the statute has been recognized as important in determining whether the credit is considered property of the estate. or entitled to exempt status. See In re Zingale,
There have been substantive changes to the original statute adopted in 1997, including amendments adopted after 2001.
The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 and the Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 increased the child tax credit to $1,000 per qualifying child. The increase was originally schedule [sic] to sunset after 2010, but was extended through 2012. The 2004 Act also amended the child tax credit to make the definition of a “qualifying child” uniform with the dependency exemption, the earned income credit, the credit for household and dependentcare services, and head of household filing status. A portion of the credit is refundable. As part of the effort to stimulate economic growth in 2008 and 2009, Congress lowered the income threshold used to calculate the refundable portion of the credit ($8,000) for 2009 and 2010, [ Qlater expended through 2012), making more lower-income taxpayers eligible for the refundable credit.
8 Mertens Law of Fed. Income Tax’n § 32:2 (2014) (internal footnotes omitted). The American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; P.L. 112-240) made the refundable portion of the tax credit, the ACTC, a permanent addition to the statute. These amendments served to expand the availability of the ACTC, as distinguished from the non-refundable portion of the child tax credit, to lower income tax payers. In re Vazquez,
Amendments to a statute are relevant to the application and intent of the law.
Courts have declared that the mere fact that a legislature enacts an amendment indicates that it intended to change the original act by creating a new right or withdrawing an existing one. Therefore, any material change in the language of the original act is presumed to indicate a change in legal rights.
The legislature is presumed to know the prior construction of terms in the original act, and an amendment substituting a new term or phrase for one previously construed indicates that the judicial or executive construction of the former term or phrase did not correspond with the legislative intent and a different interpretation should be given the new term or phrase. Thus, courts interpreting an amendatory act presume a change in legal rights. This rule is peculiar to amendments and other acts purporting to change existing statutory law.
1A Sutherland: Statutory Construction, § 22.30 at 178 (7th Ed. 2013). Consideration is given to “the previous state of the law, circumstances 'surrounding the statute’s enactment, and the text both before and after the amendment. We examine amendments ‘with an eye toward determining the legislative design which motivated the change.’ ” Davis v. State,
The 2001 amendment to the child tax credit specifically tied the ability to obtain a refund by way of the ACTC to an “earned income” formula, but left undisturbed the qualifying income thresholds subject to the original AGI calculation. The statute’s use of two terms to describe income eligibility is important and cannot be overlooked in light of the effect of ACTC on low income wage earners. The original purpose underlying the 1997 enactment of the child tax credit statute has evolved by virtue of further amendments, including the addition of the ACTC. This court concludes that Congress intended and understood the benefit these changes in the statute would provide to low income families.
The Trustee in this case relies on the reasoning contained in Hardy v. Fink which stated that because the child tax credit is available to high income earners, and specifically excludes the neediest individuals, that by definition the ACTC, unlike the EITC, cannot be a public assistance benefit. This conclusion may have resulted from the lack of evidence presented in Hardy v. Fink
Debtor failed to produce any evidence that only needy individuals could ever receive the .refundable portion of the child tax credit. Moreover, to the extent this could somehow be shown to be true by mathematical calculations based upon the provisions of the internal revenue code, Debtor likewise failed to provide these calculations.
Qualification for the child tax credit based upon the highest AGI level does not correlate to, or result in, a refund based upon earned income; it merely permits a tax payer to obtain use of the tax credit, which is then applied, based upon certain criteria, as non-refundable or refundable. These criteria and distinctions webe not addressed by the parties, the bankruptcy court or the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel in Hardy v. Fink. The court in In re Longstreet identified the EITC as going “beyond mere tax relief, to become, in essence, a grant.”
Authority for the ACTC qualifying as exempt as a public assistance benefit exists. The court in In re Koch took into consideration the practical effect of the legislative changes that were made to Section 24. That court considered whether a higher income individual could receive a portion of the ACTC as a refund, and held that such exceptions, if any, should not dictate how the exemption is applied. In re Koch,
The court in Koch gave great weight to what it perceived to be the likelihood that ‘[rfarely will a middle or an upper-income level taxpayer receive a refund of the child tax credit.’ However, “rarely” is not the same as “never,” and the court did not explain how the record before it supported this conclusion. The court also discounted entirely the fact that “taxpayers with earned income of less than $10,350.00 [in 2002] are not eligible for a refund of the child tax credit. We fail to comprehend how a benefit that may not be available to the most needy can be considered a “public assistance benefit.”
Hardy v. Fink,
According to the Debtor’s exhibits, the highest percentage of individuals receiving a refund under the ACTC have incomes of less than $50,000. Conversely, at higher income levels individuals only receive the non-refundable benefit of the tax credit which simply serves to reduce their tax obligation and does not result in a refund to them. Debtor’s Exhibit 8 shows that by comparison only a very small percentage of individuals with income in excess of $50,000 receive the ACTC. The testimony provided support for these outcomes and further indicated that any deviation would be extremely rare. There is little evidence to suggest that high income earners obtain any benefit from the ACTC, in contrast to the benefits obtained by lower income wage earners.
Hardy v. Fink states that because it has not been shown that higher income individuals will never obtain the benefit of the ACTC under Section 24 that it cannot constitute a public assistance benefit. It is difficult to state with absolute certainty that an event will never occur, and it is equally as difficult to predict that an event will always occur. Based upon the evidence, the number of high income individuals that might possibly obtain the benefit of the ACTC in comparison to the substantial number of individuals of modest and low income levels that do benefit from the ACTC is sufficient to satisfy this standard. To conclude otherwise would result in the exceptions for a few dictating the availability of the exemption to many. See In re Koch,
Under Iowa law, exemptions are liberally construed in favor of a debtor to confer the intended benefit. See Frudden Lumber Co. v. Clifton,
IT IS ORDERED that
1. The Trustee’s Objection to the exemption of the $2,810 refund from the Additional Child Tax Credit is overruled.
2. The Debtor’s Objection to the Trustee’s Objection to Exemption is sustained.
3. The Additional Child Tax Credit in the amount of $2,810 is exempt as a public assistance benefit.
Notes
. Mr. Neiman is a member of the chapter 7 trustee panel for this District.
. On appeal to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, Case No. 14-1181.
. Tax credit for child and dependent care expenses.
. This issue has not been resolved in this this Circuit. See Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. Farmland Indus., Inc. (In re Farmland Indus., Inc.),