In Re Grant

May 24, 2010
19-01662
Versions:

MEMORANDUM OPINION

JOHN H. SQUIRES, Bankruptcy Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on the motion of Marilyn O. Marshall, the Chapter 13 Standing Trustee (the “Trustee”), to dismiss the bankruptcy case filed by Corrine F. Grant (the “Debtor”) because the plan is in material default. For the reasons set forth herein, the Court grants the Trustee’s motion and dismisses the case. The plan will take over five years to execute, and the unsecured creditors have not received a distribution.

I. JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE

The Court has jurisdiction to entertain this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and Internal Operating Procedure 15(a) of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This matter is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) and (O).

II. FACTS AND BACKGROUND

Most of the facts in this matter are undisputed. On September 27, 2004, the Debtor filed a voluntary Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition. The Debtor’s plan was confirmed on December 22, 2004. The plan term was for sixty months with a monthly payment of $1,035 to be made to the Trustee. The payments from the Debtor to the Trustee were to total $62,100. The plan provided that all general unsecured claims were to be paid in full with interest at the rate of 4.5 percent.

Pursuant to the Trustee’s records, the Debtor made her first payment of $1,035 on October 28, 2004. Thereafter, from December 2004 through December 2006, with only two exceptions, the Debtor made monthly payments tо the Trustee in the sum of $955.24 each. With respect to those two exceptions, the Debtor paid the Trustee $477.62 each time. After December 2006, the Debtor began making bimonthly payments to the Trustee, eaсh in the sum of $477.62. The Trustee’s records show that, as of March 12, 2010, the Debt- or has not missed a plan payment. Though generally timely, however, the Debtor’s plan payments have been less than the amount propоsed and required under her confirmed plan.

According to the Debtor, she has paid approximately $67,000 to her creditors so far under the plan, her secured claims have been paid in full, and she has not defaulted on any payments. The Debtor maintains that it is in the best interest of the creditors to allow her to complete the plan because the ‍​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‍unsecured creditors will receive one hundred рercent of their filed claims plus 4.5 percent interest. If she is allowed to continue with her plan, the Debtor contends that she will begin to pay her unsecured creditors and should be able to successfully сomplete the plan in approximately twelve months.

The Trustee contends that the Debtor is in material default because the unsecured creditors have not received any distribution as providеd for in the plan and because the plan has not been completed in timely compliance with the confirmed terms. The plan should have been completed in September of 2009. According tо the Trustee, it will take the Debtor approximately seventy-eight months in total to complete the plan. The Trustee argues that, with a balance of approximately $13,687.22 still owed to the unsecured creditors, the plan is no longer feasible. Further, the Trustee maintains that the Debtor has been on notice since November 24, 2008 that the plan is no longer feasible. The Trustee states that notice was sent to both the Debtor and counsel for the Debt- or indicting that the current monthly mortgage payment changed (for reasons that are not clear) and that, as a result, the plan is no longer feasible. The Trusteе submits that the Debtor did not move to amend the plan and now wants the Court to ignore the plan terms. The parties waived their opportunity for an evidentiary hearing.

III. APPLICABLE STANDARDS

Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1807(c), courts have the power to convert or dismiss a bankruptcy case for cause. The statute sets forth a list of eleven “causes.” The Trustee seeks to dismiss the Debtor’s case under § 1307(c)(6), which provides as follows:

(c) Except as provided in subsection (e) of this section, on request of a party in interest, or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing, the court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title, or may dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interests of creditors and the estate, for cause, including—
(6) material default by the debtor with respect to а term of a confirmed plan[.]

11 U.S.C. § 1307(c)(6).

The Court follows the line of authority that considers the Chapter 13 Standing Trustee a party in interest for purposes of § 1307(c). In re White, 126 B.R. 542, 546 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1991) (collecting cases). Conversion or dismissal under this ‍​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‍рrovision is not automatic; rather, it is a matter of the court’s discretion. Marshall v. Henry (In re Henry), 368 B.R. 696, 701 (N.D.Ill.2007). Generally, a court will find conversion or dismissal appropriate when efforts to cure a default are unsuccessful and the рlan cannot be modified so as to make it feasible for completion. White, 126 B.R. at 546.

Another provision of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 1322(d)(1), should be also considered with respect to the Trustee’s motion. Section 1322(d) states in pertinent part that a “plan may not provide for payments over a period that is longer than 5 years.” 11 U.S.C. § 1322(d). According to the Seventh Circuit, a Chapter 13 plan “may not exceed five years undеr any circumstances.... ” See In re Chappell, 984 F.2d 775, 780 (7th Cir.1993).

IV. DISCUSSION

The Court finds that the Debtor’s case should be dismissed because the Debtor is in material default under the terms of the confirmed plan. First, the Debtor is in material default because, after mоre than sixty months, she has not paid her unsecured creditors anything at all, in contravention of the confirmed plan requiring her to pay those creditors their claims in full along with interest at 4.5 percent. Section 1327(a) of the Bankruptcy Code binds the Debtor, as well as her creditors, to the terms of the confirmed plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1327(a). The Debtor’s failure to satisfy the terms of the confirmed plan with respect to the payments tо her unsecured creditors constitutes a material default and warrants dismissal of the case.

Under 11 U.S.C. § 1329, a debtor may modify a plan after it has been confirmed. Specifically, a debtor may increase or reduce the amount of payments on claims to a particular class of creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a)(1). Here, the Debtor did not take advantage of the opportunity to modify her plan post-confirmation.

Next, the Court finds that the Debtor is in material default under the confirmed plan because she was not able to complete the plan in five years. The Debtor cites to In re Henry, 343 B.R. 190 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2006), aff 'd, 368 B.R. 696 (N.D.Ill.2007), in support of her position that the Court should allow her to continue to make payments under the confirmed plan until the unsecured creditors are paid in ‍​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‍full. According to the Trustee, allowing the Debt- or to make these paymеnts would take an additional eighteen months beyond the sixty-month term of the confirmed plan.

The decision to allow continued payments after five years is left to the Court’s discretion. See Henry, 368 B.R. at 701-02. The Court declines the Debtor’s request to allow her to continue making payments under her plan and respectfully declines to follow the result in Henry. In that case, the debtor was given an additional thirty months to complete her pаyments. The Henry court utilized a four-part inquiry that was employed in In re Brown, 296 B.R. 20 (Bankr.N.D.Cal.2003), to determine whether dismissal was appropriate. Those factors are not, however, set forth in the text of § 1307 and could effectively permit a Chapter 13 plan to extend many yеars beyond its stated term. Conceivably, a hypothetical case under this line of reasoning could continue throughout the entire life of a debtor and even past the debtor’s demise. Such a result seems absurd and not within the scope of what Congress intended in the current paradigm of Chapter 13. Thus, the Court declines to follow this line of cases, which potentially allows Chapter 13 plans to run an unlimited duration.

Instеad, the Court will follow the logic of its earlier opinion in In re White, 126 B.R. 542, 547 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1991) (“[T]he fact that the Debtors have exceeded ‍​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the five year limitation ... further mandates the Court’s exercise of its discretion in favor of dismissal.”). See also In re Goude, 201 B.R. 275, 276 (Bankr.D.Or.1996) (“Since the maximum time allowed to complete the payments under a Chapter 13 plan has expired, this case must be dismissed.”); In re Jackson, 189 B.R. 213, 214 (Bankr.M.D.Ala.1995) (“The maximum duration of any Chapter 13 plan under § 1322(d) will expire five years after the date of the initial payment under the plan.”); In re Woodall, 81 B.R. 17, 18 (Bankr.E.D.Ark.1987) (“Under this computation, the case has been pending for more than five years and must be dismissed.”). Moreover, the Court has support for its decision to dismiss this case pursuant to the Seventh Circuit’s statement that Chapter 13 plans should “not exceed five years under any circumstances.... ” Chappell, 984 F.2d at 780.

The Court finds that § 1322(d) limits Chapter 13 plans to a maximum of five years. The Court will not ignorе this limitation. While this section pertains to the contents of a plan and confirmation requirements, the Court believes it applies to all confirmed Chapter 13 plans. A plan cannot be confirmed if it exceeds five years. Hence, a debtor should not be allowed to continue making payments under the plan if such payments exceed that five-year period. To allow this plan to continue fоr another twelve to eighteen months is simply to ignore § 1322(d) and clear Congressional intent. Congress intended to limit the time period of a Chapter 13 plan in order to protect debtors from involuntary servitude. Henry, 368 B.R. at 701. Thе purpose of the plan term limitation in Chapter ‍​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‍13 is to avoid debtors becoming “wage slaves.” Woodall, 81 B.R. at 18. If, in the future, Congress wants to permit longer Chapter 13 plan terms, it can so legislate.

Further, the Court finds that the dismissal оf this case is in the best interest of the creditors and the estate. From the unsecured creditors’ perspective, they are still stayed by the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a) and 1301, and they have received nothing аs promised under the plan. If the case is dismissed, as it should be, the stay lifts as a matter of law and the unsecured creditors are free to pursue collection of their claims from the Debtor. They will not havе to wait for future payments. After all, the unsecured creditors were promised to be paid in full with interest in sixty months. It is not fair or equitable for them to wait another twelve to eighteen months for them distributions.

V. CONCLUSION

For the forеgoing reasons, the Court grants the Trustee’s motion and dismisses the case.

This Opinion constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052. A separate order shall be entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9021.