This putative class action securities fraud case is brought by shareholders (“Plaintiffs”) of Defendant Galena Biophar-ma, Inc. (“Galena” or “Company”). Plaintiffs allege that Galena, certain members of Galena’s Board of Directors (“Board”), and executive officers of Galena engaged in a fraudulent scheme to promote Galena and increase its stock price so that many of Galena’s officers and directors could (and did) sell their personally-owned Galena stock at artificially high prices, in a “pump and dump” insider trading scheme. Plaintiffs further allege that The Dream-Team Group LLC (“DreamTeam”), its Managing Member Michael McCarthy, its employee or agent Thomas Michael Meyer,
Before the Court are five motions to dismiss: (1) a motion to dismiss filed by Defendants Rudolph Nisi, Sanford Hills-berg, Steven Kriegsman, Stephen Galliker, and Richard Chin (collectively “Outside Directors”) (Dkt. 80); (2) a motion to dismiss filed by Defendant Mark J. Ahn (Dkt. 81); (3) a motion to dismiss filed by Defendants Mark Schwartz, Ryan Dunlap, and Remy Bernarda (collectively “Management Defendants”) and Galena
STANDARDS
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim may be granted only when there is no cognizable legal theory to support the claim or when the complaint lacks sufficient factual allegations to state a facially
A complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations to “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Starr,
BACKGROUND
A. Company Background
As alleged in the Consolidated Class Action Complaint for Violations of the Federal Securities Laws (“Consolidated Complaint” or “CAC”), Galena is a biotechnology company based in Lake Oswego, Oregon. In 2007 the Company was spun off from its parent, CytRx Corporation (“CytRx”). CytRx remained Galena's majority owner until 2008. In connection with the spin-off, Ahn was appointed a director of Galena. Ahn became Galena’s President and Chief Executive Offiсer (“CEO”) in March 2011.
Galena focuses on the development and commercialization of targeted oncology treatments. Galena’s only commercial-stage product is Abstral®, a propriety form of fentanyl, an opiate analgesic. Fentanyl can be abused and has been resold as a street drug. At least four other companies already offer generic fentanyl in the United States. As alleged by Plaintiffs, Galena is “far from obtaining financial success from selling Abstral.” Galena also is pursuing the development of cancer therapeutics, including its main product candidate, NeuVaxTM, for the treatment of breast cancer.
B. Galena’s Relationship with Dream-Team and Lidingo
Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam dates back to 2008, and its relationship with Lidingo dates back to 2012. Galena previously had hired these investor relations firms to tout Galena’s stock in advance of stock offerings. In early summer 2013, Galena did not have any open contracts with either company.
In July 2013, Ahn asked Galena’s Vice President of Marketing & Communica
Despite Bernarda’s recommendation to the contrary, Ahn also hired DreamTeam. DreamTeam began its work under a 90-day, $25,000 contract for “Platinum Services” dated July 23, 2013 and a 240-day, $50,000 contract also dated in July 2013. The total monthly payment to DreamTeam was approximately $14,583.
In addition, Ahn signed a contract with Lidingo oh August ’1, 20Í3, which obliged Galena to pay Lidingo a cash fee of $20,000 per month plus expenses. The contract also gave Lidingo an option to buy 250,000 shares of Galena common stock at an exercise price based on the day the agreement closed, 100,000 shares of which vested immediately. Plaintiffs allege that Ahn did not have the corporate authority to award stock options.
C. Alleged Scheme
Plaintiffs allege that Galena and its management and directors entered into an unlawful promotional scheme with Dream-Team and Lidingo artificially to inflate the stock price of Galena using a variety of different channels. Galena intended that DreamTeam and Lidingo would place misleading articles on investor websites touting Galena. DreamTeam and Lidingo did so, often using third parties and aliases that falsely claimed to be established, credible investment professionals. The articles did not disclose the paid relationship with Galena and often included false disclaimers that they were not paid promotions. Galena required that it approve every article before that article could be published, and either Ahn or Bernarda approved each article.
By way of example, on or about August 6, 2013, DreamTeam submitted to the online investment advice website Seeking Alpha
Another article placed by DreamTeam touting Galena in Seeking Alpha appeared
DreamTeam and Lidingo would' also monitor social media, post oh electronic message boards and blogs, and send email blasts relating to Galena. They used numerous aliases on Facebook, twitter, and other social networking sites to call attention to the positive (and allegedly misleading) articles and to respond to any negative articles or comments about Galena. By way of example, Plaintiffs allege that hours after Galena and DreamTeam caused to be published a pro-Galena article on August'6, 2013, two aliases posted on a Yahoo! Finance Galena page that the article was “worth checking out.” One of these posts . indicated that the person posting would buy more Galena stock the next day. Similarly, on November 27, 2013, Galena and DreamTeam caused another article to be published on the website Seeking Alpha using the alias “Stock Whisper” and then posted on DreamTeam’s blog,, stating that “Stock Whisper” had published a bullish article about Galena. The post on Dream-Team’s blog summarized and analyzed the Seeking Alpha article without disclosing that DreamTeam or its agents had, in fact, authored both. Some of the articles published resulted in Galena’s stock price gaining fifteen percent in a single day.
Many different fraudulent aliases and third parties were used by DreamTeam and Lidingo to convince investors that there was a broad base of independent and professional investors supporting Galena. The fact that many different “voices”, appeared to be touting Galena persuaded investors that the conclusions must be accurate and that there was heavy demand for Galena’s stock.
Shortly after retaining Lidingo and DreamTeam in July 2013, Galena initiated a secondary offering.
Plaintiffs further allege that Galena, DreamTeam, Lidingo, and their respective management personnel entered into this scheme with the plan to manipulate Galena’s stock price. Galena’s officers and directors intended to wait until the share price of Galena was artificially inflated as a result of DreamTeam and Lidingo’s misleading promotional campaign and then, in possession of material, adverse, non-public information, sell their personally-held stock.
On November 22, 2013, the same day that the Seeking Alpha bullish article was published, Galena’s Compensation Committee
By early January 2014, Galena’s stock price had risen significantly. In July 2013, it traded at approximately $2 per share. By January 16, 2014, it had more than tripled and was trading at $7.48 per share. Beginning January 17, 2014, and within a period of eighteen trading days, through February 12, 2014, six of Galena’s officers and directors sold all or nearly all of their personally-held Galena stock; a seventh sold approximately 20 percent of his shares. Collectively, these sales totaled more than $16 million.
D. Exposing the Alleged Scheme
The scheme allegedly began to unravel as news of the insider trades entered the market. Plaintiffs allege that from January 17, 2014 through January 31, 2014, based on news of the insider trades, Galena’s stock price fell approximately 29.5 percent, from $7.48 to $5.27. On February I, 2014, analyst Matt Gravitt published an article on Seeking Alpha, titled “Galena Biopharma: Numerous Red Flags Suggest a Significant Overvaluation.” This article revealed that Galena had been paying Mis-sionlR, a DreamTeam brand, to promote Galena. Galena’s stock price fell an additional 20 percent, from $5.27 to $4.22.
Two days later, on February 14, 2014, an analyst published an article on Seeking Alpha, attributing Galena’s stock price performance since November 2013 to DreamTeam’s promotional, efforts. That same day, Galena published an open letter to its investors. The letter admitted that the Company had paid DreamTeam to promote Galena’s stock and that Company insiders had sold, or.“divested” personally-owned shares in mid-January 2014, but denied all other allegations. On that same day, February 14, 2014, Galena’s stock price dropped $0.63 per share to close at $3.73 per share, a one-day decline of 14 percent.
On March 13, 2014, financial analyst and аuthor Richard Pearson published the results of his investigation of the relationship between Galena, CytRx, and DreamTeam on Seeking Alpha. The article detailed Mr. Pearson’s findings after going “undercover” as a writer for DreamTeam assigned to promote Galena. Mr. Pearson also released his emails with Meyer, who claimed to be an employee of DreamTeam working, closely with McCarthy. Mr. Pearson’s investigative article stated that he was told that DreamTeam’s clients would have to approve and edit all articles and that Mr. Pearson was not allowed to disclose that he was being paid to write the pro-Galena articles.
On March 17, 2014, two trading-days after the publication of the Pearson ex-posé, Galena, announced that it was under investigation by the SEC, stating in its Form 10-K annual report: “In February 2014, we learned that the SEC is investigating certain matters relating to our company and an outside investor-relations firm that we retained in 2013. We have been in contact with the SEC staff through our counsel and are cooperating with the investigation.” Upon, disclosure of the SEC investigation, Galena’s common stock share price dropped to $2.82, representing a 12 percent single day loss.
On August 18, 2014, Galena’s Board held a special meeting. On August 20, 2014, Mr. Feuerstein announced that a source close to Galena had. informed him that Ahn had been fired for cause at that special meeting. As alleged by'Plaintiffs, at the time of Mr. Feuerstein’s report, neither Galena nor anyone else had announced that Ahn had left the company.
On August 21, 2014, Galena issued a press release claiming that Ahn had “resigned” as President and CEO. On August
On August 21,2014, Galena also issued a press release that stated Ahn had resigned “to pursue other long held personal and professional goals.” Plaintiffs’ allege, however, that Ahn’s employment agreement; dated March 31, 2011, provides that Ahn will receive severance unless he was fired for cause or resigned without good reason;
E. Galena’s Additional Alleged Misrepresentations
In addition to the alleged scheme and the alleged misrepresentations made through the promotional campaign, Plaintiffs allege that Galena made false or misleading statements in its own name. To conduct its September 2013 public offering, on September 13, 2013, Galena entered into an Underwriting Agreement, signed by Ahn. This Underwriting Agreement was filed as an exhibit to Galena’s 8-K filing with the SEC made that same day. Plaintiffs allege this Underwriting Agreement was false or misleading because it claimed that Galena was not engaging in any conduct that would “manipulate” its stock price.
The same day, also as part of its secondary offering, Galena published a Prospectus. Plaintiffs allege that this Prospectus is misleading and contains material omissions because it lists several possible reár sons why Galena’s stock price might fluctuate, but does not disclose the alleged promotional scheme as one of those reasons.
On November 6, 2013, Galena filed a Form 10-Q with the SEC, signed by Ahn and Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Ryan Dunlap. Plaintiffs allege this form is false or misleading because it asserts that no material facts are omitted from the report and that the signatories have disclosed to Galena’s auditors any fraud that involves Galena’s management or other employees. ' Plaintiffs аlso allege that Galena’s Code of Ethics is false or misleading because it is publicly available and states that Galena will not tolerate conduct that risks a violation - of federal law. ■
DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction over DreamTeam Defendants
The DreamTeam Defendants originally argued that, the Court does not have personal jurisdiction over either DreamTeam or McCarthy. Plaintiffs responded that, pursuant to the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Sec. Investor Prot. Corp. v. Vigman,
To state a claim for securities fraud a plaintiff must prove:
(1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.
Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., — U.S. -,
First, the complaint must satisfy Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires that “a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.' Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” “To satisfy Rule 9(b), a pleading must identify ‘the who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct charged,’ as well as ‘what is false or misleading about [the purportedly fraudulent] statement, and why it is false.’” Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc.,
Second, because Plaintiffs allege misrepresentations in violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78j (“Section 10(b)”), and Rule 10b-5(b), that claim must satisfy the requirements of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”), codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b). The PSLRA requires a plaintiff plead with particularity each statement or omission that is alleged to be misleading and the reasons why it is misleading. 15 U,S.C. § 78u-4(b)(l). The PSLRA also requires that a plaintiff “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference” that the defendant acted with scienter. Id. § 78u-4(b)(2). “The inference that the defendant acted 'with scienter need not be irrefutable, i.e., of the ‘smoking-gun’ genre, or even the ‘most plausible of competing inferences,’ but it “must be more than merely plausible or reasonable” — it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd.,
“Scienter may be established ... by showing that the defendants knew their statements were false, .or by showing that defendants were reckless as to the truth or falsity of their statements.” Gebhart v. S.E.C.,
a highly unreasonable omission, involving ... an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care, and which presents a danger of misleading buyers or sellers that is either .known to the defendant or is so obvious that the actor must have been aware of it. [Additionally)] the danger of misleading' buyers must be actually known or so obvious*1164 that any reasonable man would be legally bound as knowing.
In re NVIDIA Corp. Sec. Litig.,
C. Scienter
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs do not plead sufficient facts showing that any of them knew or were suffiсiently reckless to the truth about the alleged fraud or scheme. Scienter is a necessary element for Plaintiffs’ claim under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 (alleged against Galena, Ahn, Dunlap, Bernarda, the DreamTeam Defendants, and the Lidingo Defendants) and claims of insider trading (alleged against Defendants Ahn, Kriegsman, Chin, Nisi, Hillsberg, Galliker, and Schwartz). In evaluating scienter, courts must look at the complaint in its totality and not just the individual allegations of scienter. See Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp.,
a. Ahn
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege Ahn’s scienter because there are no facts alleged showing that Ahn knew that writers were being paid to tout Galena, knew the writers were using multiple aliases, or knew the articles were not disclosing the paid relationship. Defendants also argue that a more reasonable inference is that Ahn was merely reviewing draft articles to “fact-check” for inaccuracies concerning Galena’s business.
Viewing the Consolidated Complaint as a whole, the Court finds that it sufficiently alleges facts giving rise to a strong inference of Ahn’s scienter. Plaintiffs assert numerous allegations relevant to Ahn’s scienter.
Plaintiffs also allege that Ahn knew and allowed- insiders to sell stock during the height of .the promotion scheme in violation of Galena’s insider trading policy and conspired with Dunlap to “confuse” the market and hide the. insiders’ sell-off. To do so, Dunlap and Ahn encouraged the inside sellers to also make numerous “small buys” so that the insider selling SEC Form 4’s would be mixed with insider buying forms.
Plaintiffs further allege that Ahn sold a significant amount of personally-held Galena stock in a manner inconsistent with his historical trading practices and after the stock had increased in price. He then publicly asserted a false reason for his insider sales, falsely stating that he was precluded from selling Galena stock for nine months that ended in January 2014, when in fact the “blackout” continued until March 2014.
On January 16, 2014, Galena’s stock hit its highest price since 2010. Plaintiffs allege that Galena held a Board meeting that same day. At that time, Galena was in a trading “blackout” for insiders. This insider • trading “blackout” was in place because Galena insiders had received Galena’s preliminary earnings report and thus could not trade until the final earnings report was publicly disclosed. The minutes from the January 16, 2014 Board meeting reflect that after discussion, the Board lifted the trading blackout. The testimony of the Board members to Galena’s Special Committee investigating the alleged wrongdoing, however, was “inconsistent” with there being such a discussion and vote that day during the Board meeting. The Special Committee concluded in its report
Plaintiffs also allege that Galena’s Special Committee determined that Ahn had violated company policy, may have breached his fiduciary duties, likely violated securities laws, and lied to the Special Committee. Ahn was then terminated for cause after his misconduct came to light, although he falsely claimed that he resigned.
Plaintiffs also incorporate by reference emails to DreamTeam in which Ahn requests that he be sent copies of published articles. Plaintiffs further allege that either Ahn or Bernarda, both of whom were copied on the emails attaching draft articles, approved all. of the articles drafted by DreamTeam before those articles could be published, Plaintiffs also allege that DreamTeam stated in an email to. Mr. Pearson that Galena was slow to approve articles and that DreamTeam “can’t make [Galena] approve when I say, it’s up to them unfortunately.” CAC ¶ 148.
. These numerpus particularized factual allegations relating to Ahn’s knowledge and conduct support -a strong inference that Ahn knew or was, at a .minimum, deliberately or. consciously reckless as to the truth, or falsity of the fact, that Lidingo and DreamTeam were using illegitimate means to boost Galena’s stock price and that the promotional campaign violated the securities laws. Although the Consolidated Complaint does not identify specifically which articles were approved by Ahn and specifically which were approved by. Ber-narda, the email exhibits to the Special Committee Report, incorporated by reference, show that the articles were sent to both Ahn and.Bernarda at the same time and knowledge of their contents can be imputed to both of them, regardless of who made the specific approval on any given article. Ahn approved drafts that did not contain the required paid promotion disclaimer and was later- provided copies of final, published versions that also did not contain the required paid promotion disclaimer.
Additionally, Ahn’s alleged attempts to hide that he renewed Lidingo’s contract and awarded stock options to Lidingo and his responses and attempts to cover up the specifics of the paid promotional campaign and his personal sale of stock also support a strong inference of scienter. See, e.g., Nathanson v. Polycom, Inc.,
Further, the fact that Ahn was terminated for cause, or even if he resigned (as stated by Ahn), after the conduct came to light is evidence supporting an inference of scienter. See Cement & Concrete Workers Dist. Council Pension Fund v. Hewlett Packard Co.,
Finally, Ahn’s insider stock sales support a strong inference of scienter. See Tellabs,
Here, Plaintiffs have alleged facts sufficient to show that Ahn’s stock sales support a strong inference of scienter. On January 27, 2014, Ahn sold approximately 87 percent
Ahn argues that the more compelling inference to be drawn from the facts alleged in the Consolidated Complaint is that he hired multiple investor and public relations firms, he had no reason to believe those firms were paying authors and not disclosing that fact, he reviewed articles to ensure their factual accuracy regarding Galena’s business, and he sold his stock to diversify his investment portfolio. The
b. Bernarda
Similar to the allegations made against Ahn, Plaintiffs allege that Bernar-da corresponded extensively with Dream-Team and Lidingo; reviewed, edited, and approved the articles; knew that the articles were part of the paid promotional scheme; admitted to the Special Committee that she knew the articles were part of the paid promotional campaign; received copies of the published articles; and knew the articles did not disclose their paid connection to Galena.
Plaintiffs also allege that either Ahn or Bernarda, both of whom were copied on the emails attaching draft articles, approved certain articles drafted by Dream-Team before those articles could be published. As with the allegations against Ahn, the fact that the Consolidated Complaint does not identify which articles were approved by Ahn and which were approved by Bernarda is not fatal because the email exhibits show that articles were sent to both Ahn and Bernarda at the same time and knowledge of the articles can be imputed to both of them.
Unique to Bernarda, Plaintiffs allege that on December 12, 2013, Tiberend, the “legitimate” public relations firm retained by Galena, warned Bernarda that hiring an investment relations firm that engages in “pay-for-play” often “border[s] on fraud.” CAC ¶ 177. Tiberend cautioned that these firms “are asking for fees but not disclosing that the resulting article was paid for by the company. They generally hide this connection (you pay CSIR Group; they pay a blogger), but I think this will eventually get noticed by regulators and trouble could ensue.” Id. On December 16, 2013, Tiberend forwarded such an article, written by Defendant Thomas Meyer, to Ber-narda. Bernarda claimed that she did not know Meyer, even though she had approved an article written by Meyer two weeks earlier, on December 3, 2013. Additionally, as alleged by Plaintiffs, either Bernarda or Ahn had approved the very article forwarded by Tiberend. Further, as discussed above, Bernarda had originally warned Ahn about the potential regulatory scrutiny that may arise from hiring DreamTeam. Bernarda stated that she wanted to hire Tiberend, who “treats all authors like ‘journalists.’” These allegations support an inference that Bernarda knew that DreamTeam’s promotional campaign was improper.
Plaintiffs also allege that on November 26, 2013, DreamTeam sent to Bernarda a list of all the articles it had published on Seeking Alpha, including 18 articles with a link to each article. Each of those articles was subject to the Seeking Alpha disclaimer that it was not a paid article. Moreover, this email contained the alias of the purported authors with links to their allegedly fraudulent profile pages, which did not disclose the author’s affiliation with DreamTeam.
Plaintiffs’ allegations are sufficient to support a strong inference of scienter that Bernarda knew or was reckless with the truth about the fact that DreamTeam was paying for promotional articles and other materials to be published without disclosing those promotional materials had been paid for by Galena. As alleged by Plaintiffs, Bernarda approved draft articles that did not contain the required paid promotion disclaimer and received copies of published articles that did not contain the
Plaintiffs do not, however, allege with particularity Bernarda’s scienter with regard to Lidingo during the relevant time period. The only allegations regarding Bernarda’s knowledge of Lidingo’s relationship with Galena during-the relevant time period are general, conclusory allegations that do not contain the required level of particularity. The specific allegations, including those incorporating by reference the Special Committee Report and its exhibits, relate to Galena’s relationship with Lidingo before the relevant time period. Unlike with Ahn, Plaintiffs offer no particularized allegation that Bernarda knew Galena had an ongoing promotional relationship with Lidingo during the relevant time period. To the contrary, Plaintiffs allege that Bernarda stated that she was told by Ahn that he had not renewed Lidingo’s contract. Thus, Plaintiffs have not sufficiently pled Bernarda’s scienter for Plaintiffs’ claims involving Lidingo’s promotional activities.
c. Dunlap"
The allegations specific to Dunlap in the Consolidated Complaint are that he: (1) signed some of Galena’s SEC filings, which were allegedly false or misleading; (2) drafted a.new insider trading policy in August 2013, shortly after the alleged promotional scheme began, that was less restrictive than the old policy; (3) advised Kriegsman in December 2013 that he should not be selling shares but was aware that Kriegsman intended to sell shares anyway; (4) orchestrated the plan to make numerous small buys to disguise the large insider sales; (5) was included On emails from Lidingo during the relevant time period attaching published articles; (6) was included on emails from Lidingo and Ahn in November 2013 relating to the stock options awarded to Lidingo and the renewed contract with Lindigo; (7) conspired with Ahn to conceal the fact that Ahn had improperly awarded stock options to Lidingo; (8) failed to disclose to the Compensation Committee or Board his knowledge that Ahn had given stock options to Lidingo even though he attended those meétings in November 2013 and January 2014, respectively; and (9) informed Galena insiders in December 2013 that they could not sell Galena stock until March 2014.
Considering the Consolidated Complaint as a whole, these factual allegations are not sufficient to show that Dunlap knew or was rеckless with the truth about the fact that DreamTeam and Lidingo were causing promotional materials to be published without disclosing that Galena paid them to do so. -Although the allegations are sufficient to show that-Dunlap knew that Galena was in a promotional relationship with Lidingo and that Ahn had improperly awarded stock options to Lidingo, there are no particularized allegations that Dunlap knew that Lidingo was causing promotional publications to be published in a misleading fashion or without the required disclosures. Additionally, although the-allegations are sufficient to show that Dunlap knew directors were selling their stock in violation of Galena’s blackout period, there are no particularized allegations that Dunlap knew or believed these sales were to take advantage of the alleged illicit promotional scheme. The trading blackout period instituted by Dunlap was because of
d. . Kriegsman
Kriegsman has served on Galena’s Board since 2006. He is the chairman of Galena’s Compensation Committee. He is one of the first Galena insiders to sell any shares; He sold 200,000 shares, approximately 32 percent of his holdings, on January 17, 2014. He sold another 250,000 shares three trading days later, on January 22, 2014, representing approximately 59.5 percent of his then-remaining Galena shares. The next day, January .23, 2014, he sold another 150,000, representing’approximately 88 percent of his then-remaining shares. In total, within the span of five trading days, Kriegsman sold approximately 97 percent of his personally-held Galena stock.
As discussed above, suspicious sales by insiders “weigh heavily in favor of a scien-ter'inference.” Tellabs,
Additionally, Plaintiffs allege that Kriegsman was familiar with DreamTeam and how it operated because Kriegsman had hired DreamTeam to promote CytRx, Galena’s former parent company of which Kriegsman was the CEO. CytRx sold more than $74.5 million, of its stock while a DreamTeam client. Kriegsman or his personal assistant at CytRx made changes to articles drafted by undercover 'analyst Mr. Pearson posing as a DreamTeam author.
Kriegsman began selling his stock on January 17,' 2014, the day after the Galena Board meeting discussed above. Thus, as alleged by Plaintiffs, Kriegsman’s sale was either during a trading blackout period or made immediately after the Board lifted the blackout to allow the insiders to trade at the height of the alleged price inflation, both of which support an inference of scienter.
Plaintiffs also allege that Galena’s Compensation Committee awarded stock options in November 2013, at a time of year when the Company had never before awarded stock options, to take advantage of the promotional scheme. Kriegsman, as chair of the Compensation Committee, was involved in that decision. Further, on December 19, 2013, Kriegsman sought to exercise his options to buy 200,000 shares of Galena and immediately sell- them for a profit. Dunlap advised that Kriegsman could not sell at that time because of the trading blackout period. Kriegsman was “insistent” but ultimately did not sell until approximately one month later, on January 17, 2014.
Considering the totality of the Consolidated Complaint, there are sufficient allegations to support a strong inference of Kriegsman’s scienter with respect to the alleged promotional scheme. Kriegsman’s sale of his Galena stock is highly suspicious. Additionally, his knowledge of DreamTeam through his exposure and both CytRx and Galena, his attempt to exercise his options for an immediate profit during the promotional campaign, and his participation in granting the unusually-timed stock options all demonstrate that the inference of scienter argued by Plaintiffs is as least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.
e. Chin, Nisi, Hiilsberg, and Galliker
Defendant Richard Chin has served on Galena’s Board since 2009 and on the Compensation Committee since 2011. He is a co-founder of Kindred- Bios-ciences, Inc. (“Kindred”), a development-stage pet prescription drug company. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Chin sold 262,500 shares of his Galena stock, representing -100 percent of Chin’s personally-held Galena stock. Chin sold his shares on January 30, 2014 and February 12, 2014, during the narrow time frame when the other Galena insiders were selling off their shares. Plaintiffs allege that Chin had not sold any of his personally-held Galena stock in the previous four years. ' Chin’s dramatically out-of-line stock sales weigh heavily in showing scienter. Additionally, Plaintiffs’ allegation that Chin was familiar with DreamTeam and how it operated because he had hired DreamTeam to promote-the' stock of Kindred, which sold more than $106 million in shares while a DreamTeam client, supports an inference of scienter. Further, as a member of Galena’s Compensation Committee, Chin participated in the unusually-timed award of stock options in November 2013, during the promotional 'campaign, which also supports an inference of scienter.
. Defendant Rudolph Nisi has served on Galena’s Board since 2009 and on the Compensation Committee since 2009. Plaintiffs allege that Nisi sold 450,000 Galena shares, representing 98.6 percent of his personally-held Galena - stock. Nisi sold his shares on January 17, 2014 • and January 29, 2014.. Plaintiffs allege that Nisi had not sold any personally-held Galena stock in the previous four years. Nisi’s dramatically out-of-line stock sales weigh heavily toward an inference of scienter. Further, as a member of Galena’s Compensation Committee, Nisi pаrticipated in the unusually-timed award of stock options
Defendant Sanford J. Hillsberg has served on Galena’s Board since 2007. Hillsberg is also the managing partner at the law firm TroyGould, which represents various companies that have employed DreamTeam. Plaintiffs allege that Hills-berg sold 450,000 of his Galena stock, representing 93.3 percent of his personally-held Galena stock. Hillsberg sold his shares on January 17, 2014 and January 30, 2014. Plaintiffs allege that Hillsberg had not sold any personally-held Galena stock in the previous four years. Hills-berg’s dramatically out-of-line stock sales weigh heavily toward an inference of scien-ter. Additionally, giving Plaintiffs the benefit of all reasonable inferences, Hills-berg’s association with TroyGould supports an inference that he is familiar with how DreamTeam works and how it allegedly promoted Galena.
Defendant Stephen S. Galliker has served on Galena’s Board since 2007. Gal-liker is also the Chief Financial Officer of Kindred. Plaintiffs allege that Galliker sold 300,000 shares, representing 96.8 percent of Galliker’s personally-held Galena stock. Galliker sold his shares on February 3, 2014. Plaintiffs allege that Galliker had not sold any personally-held Galena stock in the previous four years. Galliker’s dramatically out-of-line stock sale weighs heavily toward an inference of scienter. Additionally, Plaintiffs’ allegation that Galliker was familiar with DreamTeam and how it operated because he had hired DreamTeam to promote the stock of Kindred further supports an inference of scienter.
As with Kriegsman, all of these directors were at the Board meetings held in October 2013 and January 2014 when Galena’s investor and public relations activities were discussed and, as alleged by Plaintiffs, when the trading blackout was purportedly lifted in the January 2014 Board meeting at the height of Galena’s artificially inflated stock price.
Viewing the Consolidated Complaint as a whole, Plaintiffs’ allegations against these directors are sufficient to support a strong inference of scienter with respect to the alleged promotional scheme. This is primarily because of their insider sales. See No. 84 Employer-Teamster Joint Council Pension Trust Fund v. Am. West Holding Corp.,
f. Schwartz
Plaintiffs allege that Schwartz sold 100,000 of his Galena stock, representing 19.6 percent of Schwartz’s personally-held Galena stock. Schwartz sold his shares on January 30, 2014. Plaintiffs allege that Schwartz had not sold any personally-held Galena stock in the previоus four years. The timing of Schwartz’s sale
g. Galena
“[C]orporate scienter relies heavily on the awareness of the directors and officers.” Glazer Capital Mgmt., LP v. Magistri,
h. Michael McCarthy
Most of Plaintiffs’ allegations relating to DreamTeam either impermissibly combine the DreamTeam Defendants and the Lidingo Defendants together or generically reference “DreamTeam” without specifically identifying the involvement or knowledge of McCarthy.
Plaintiffs also specifically incorporate by reference into the Consolidated Complaint several of the Special Committee Report exhibits that relate to McCarthy. One exhibit is the November 26, 2013 email from McCarthy to Bernarda attaching links to 18 Seeking Alpha articles that had been published “since we [DreamTeam] started,” none of which contained the required paid promotion disclosure. This email also provided links to the purported biographies of the authors using aliases in the articles, including the allegedly false credentials claimed by the DreamTeam-affiliated aliases and the fact that the biographies did not disclose the authors’ paid
Moreover, the Court is instructed to consider all facts alleged in the Consolidated Complaint. Tellabs,
Plaintiffs also allege that DreamTeam’s marketing materials brag about how DreamTeam writers post articles on Seeking Alpha, resulting in more than 6,500 views for a single article. Seeking Alpha, however, generally does not permit paid articles and requires an affirmative statement that articles posted are not the pr'od-uct of a paid transaction. If an article is a paid promotion, it must affirmatively state as much.
Plaintiffs further allege that in December 2012 and January 2013, DreamTeam caused five articles to be published on Seeking Alpha, all of whom were written by the same author using different Dream-Team aliases. Seeking Alpha discovered they were written by the same person and removed the articles. After that discovery, those aliases stopped being used by DreamTeam.
Plaintiffs also allege that DreamTeam attempted to cover up its relationship with Galena after the alleged scheme began being reported in the press. Plaintiffs allege that DreamTeam deleted articles, blogs,' comments, Twitter feeds, and the compensation disclosure noting the $50,000 payment made by Galena.
These allegations, taken collectively, sufficiently support a strong inference that McCarthy knew that DreamTeam was paying authors to use multiple aliases and false credentials to write articles touting Galena without disclosing that the articles were part of a paid promotion. The allegations that McCarthy forwarded both draft and final articles, all of which failed to disclose the paid relationship, show that McCarthy was aware that the articles did not contain the required disclosure. Further, Plaintiffs’ allegations support that
i.Thomas Meyer
Plaintiffs allege that Meyer was affiliated with DreamTeam, stated to an undercover analyst that Meyer worked for DreamTeam, stated that he worked closely with McCarthy, published articles touting Galena under his own name, published articles touting Galena using several aliases with false credentials, recruited other authors to write articles touting Galena and CytRx for money, and told an undercover analyst that the conditions for writing articles for DreamTeam included not disclosing that the article was paid for and not publishing without the company’s approval.
j. DreamTeam
The DreamTeam Defendants-argue that because Plaintiffs do not adequately plead McCarthy’s scienter, Plaintiffs fail adequately to ■ plead DreamTeam’s scienter. Plaintiffs respond that they adequately plead McCarthy’s scienter, that Meyer is either an employee or an agent of Dream-. Team and his scienter can therefore be imputed onto DreamTeam, or that one of the group scienter pleading exceptions applies.
Because the Court has found that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege McCarthy’s scienter, the scienter of DreamTeam is sufficiently alleged with respect to its relationship with Galena. The Court need not address whether Meyer is an employee or agent of DreamTeam or whether the group pleading doctrines of “collective scienter” or “core operations” scienter are applicable in this case.
k. Kamilla Bjorlin
As with the allegations relating to DreamTeam and its alleged employees, many of the allegations relating to Lidingo are impermissible group allegations. There are several allegations, however, that are specific to Bjorlin.
Plaintiffs also incorporate by specific reference numerous exhibits to the Special Committee Report that relate specifically to Bjorlin, most of which are emails to and from Bjorlin and Galena.
With regard to payment, the emails incorporated by reference show that Bjorlin explains to Ahn that Lidingo’s expenses are high. She then notes that Bernarda agreed to cover Lidingo’s expenses in addition to the flat monthly fee. Bjorlin also requests that Lidingo be paid in stock options as well as cash “to ensure we are appropriately compensated for the hard work and the risks, as well as performance.” She also suggests Lidingo receive “an equity stake of some kind.” Plaintiffs allege that Ahn eventually agreed to issue Lidingo stock options. In a November 13, 2013 email, Bjorlin asks Dunlap to provide her with a copy of “the option agreement and any necessary doc[ument]s associated for the execution of the option shares awarded Lidingo from our agreement.”
Bjorlin is also the person at Lidingo who signed its 2012 promotional services contract with Galena. Although the 2013 promotional services contract is not incorporated by reference, it can reasonably be inferred that Bjorlin is familiar with its terms based on the emails showing her negotiations regarding terms, her knowledge of the stock option agreement, and the fact that she signed the 2012 contract.
These allegations are sufficient to support a strong inference of Bjorlin’s scien-ter. The allegations and documents incorporated by reference show that Bjorlin knew Lidingo paid writers, knew Lidingo published articles on Seeking Alpha (which generally prohibits paid promotional articles), and knew those articles did not contain the required paid disclaimers. Further, the allegations that Bjorlin counseled Ahn that having Lidingo operate the promotional campaign offered “protection” and was “safer,” coupled with the fact that Bjorlin sought stock options to compensate for the “risk” that Lidingo was taking supports a strong inference that Bjorlin knew the campaign conducted by Lidingo was improper. If the campaign was not improper, then Lidingo was not facing any particular “risk” by engaging in the campaign. In a legitimate advertising and promotional campaign, the campaign may succeed or fail, but the only “risk” to the public relations firm is the general business risk that if the campaign fails a dissatisfied customer will hire another firm in the future. The inference that Bjorlin was seeking equity-based compensation for Li-dingo, in addition to the $20,000 monthly
Plaintiffs sufficiently plead Bjorlin’s scienter with respect to the alleged promotional scheme and false or misleading statements relating to Lidingo’s relationship with Galena. Plaintiffs do not, however, sufficiently plead Bjorlin’s scienter with respect to Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam.
l. Lidingo
Because the Court has found that Plaintiffs properly plead Bjorlin’s scienter, the scienter of Lidingo is sufficiently alleged with respect to the alleged promotional scheme and false or misleading statements relating to Lidingo’s relationship with Galena.
m. Conclusion
In sum, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege scienter against: Ahn, Kriegsman, Chin, Nisi, Hillsberg, Galliker, and Galena with respect to the alleged promotional scheme and false or misleading statements arising out of Galena’s relationship with both DreamTeam and Lidingo; Bernarda, DreamTeam, McCarthy, and Meyer with respect to the alleged promotional scheme and false or misleading statements relating to Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam; and Lidingo and Bjorlin with respect to the alleged promotional scheme and false or mislеading statements relating to Galena’s relationship with Lidingo. Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege scienter against Dunlap or Schwartz.
D. First Claim for Relief: Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5
Section 10(b) 'of the Exchange' Act makes is “unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly ... [t]o use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security ... any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations the Commission may prescribe.” 15 U.S.C. § 78j. Rule 10b-5, implementing Section 10(b), states:
It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails or of any facility of any national securities exchange,
(a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
(c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,
in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.
17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.
Defendants argue that in Plaintiffs’ first claim, they allege only a violation under Rule 10b-5(b). The heading of Plaintiffs’ first claim states that it is for violations of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5(b). The allegations within that claim, however, are that Galena, Ahn, Bernarda, Dunlap, the DreamTeam Defendants, Meyer, and the Lidingo Defendants
1. Rule 10b-5(b)
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ 10b-5(b) claim fails because Plaintiffs do not adequately plead: (a) a material misrepresentation or omission; (b) that any misrepresentation or omission was “made by” any Defendant; (c) scienter; (d) reliance; and (e) loss causation. The DreamTeam Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs do not adequately, plead that the alleged misrepresentations were made “in connection with” the purchase or sale of a security. Each argument except scienter, which was discussed previously, is- addressed in turn.
a. Material misrepresentations or omissions
Plaintiffs allege both direct misrepresentations* and omissions by Galena and its officers and misrepresentations and omissions through publications placed by DreamTeam or Lidingo.
i. September 13, 2013 8-K filing
Plaintiffs allege that to conduct Galena’s September 2013 secondary offering, on September 13, 2013, Galena entered into an Underwriting Agreement, which was attached as an exhibit to Galena’s 8-K filing with the SEC made that same day. This Underwriting Agreement contained a clause stating that:
The Company has not taken, nor will it take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or which might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, or which has constituted or which might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Stock or any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities.
CAC.¶ 105. Plaintiffs allege this statement is false because at that time Galena had already hired DreamTeam for the purpose of illegitimately manipulating Galena’s stock price so the insiders could sell their stock at inflated prices.
Defendants respond that this statement is not actionable because it was a private statement between Galena and its.underwriter, Oppenheimer &. Co. (“Oppenheimer”), and was a warranty. only between Galena and Oppenheimer, as a different clause in the -Underwriting Agreement expressly established. Thus, argue Defendants, the investing public was informed that this was a private warranty solely for the benefit of Oppenheimer and the statement is not actionable. Defendants primarily rely on S.E.C. v. Tex. Gulf Sulphur Co.,
The Ninth Circuit has rejected a similar argument that statements or omissions .in a private contract cannot be actionable in a securities fraud action. Reese,
Here, the statement contained in the Underwriting Agreement'was publicly disseminated and was part of Galena’s disclosures relating to its secondary offering. The Court finds that the allegedly misleading ' Statement was actionable and was in connection with the sale of a security. Although the Underwriting Agreement contains a clause stating that the warranties and representations were made only to the underwriter, at this stage it is a plausible inference that a reasonable investor would believe that the statements ’and representations made to the underwriter were truthful and could be relied .upon. Unlike in Reese, a reasonable investor could view the representation that Galena had not taken any action to manipulate its stock price as certification of that fact. The allegedly misleading statement therefore reasonably created an impression of a state of affairs — that Galena was not engaging in activities to manipulate its stock price — that differed in a material way from the one that allegedly existed. Id. This representation was one on which a reason
Defendants also argue that this statement is not false because Plaintiffs do not state a claim for “market manipulation.” In arguing that Plaintiffs do not allege market manipulation, Defendants rely on the following dicta by the Ninth Circuit generally summarizing the difference between a manipulation claim and an omissions claim:
Here, Investors allege manipulative conduct and omissions by Deutsche Bank. “Manipulation,” the Supreme Court has recognized, “is virtually a term of art when used in connection with securities markets. The term refers generally to practices, such as wash sales, matched orders, or rigged prices, that are intended to mislead investors by artificially affecting market activity.” Santa Fe Indus., Inc. v. Green,430 U.S. 462 , 476,97 S.Ct. 1292 ,51 L.Ed.2d 480 (1977) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As for omissions, the term generally refers to the failure to disclose material information about a company, as opposed to affirmative manipulation.
Desai v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Ltd.,
The Court finds Defendants’ argument unpersuasive. First, the term “manipulation” as used in the Underwriting Agreement does not appear to be used as narrowly as Defendants suggest. The clause uses broad wording, asserting that Galena has not “directly or indirectly” taken “any action” designed to or that might reasonably be expected to constitute the “stabilization or manipulation” of Galena’s stock price. Second, as discussed below, the Court finds that Plaintiffs adequately allege a “scheme” or “manipulation” claim artificially to inflate Galena’s stock price. Accordingly, the statement that Galena had not taken “any action” to stabilize or manipulate Galena’s stock price is sufficiently alleged to be false.
ii. September 13, 2013 prospectus
Also as part of its secondary offering, Galena published a Prospectus, in which Galena noted that there have been and may continue to be possible fluctuations in its stock price. Galena then explained that price fluctuations are caused by many reasons and provided twelve possible reasons, none of which included the alleged promotional campaign. Defendants argue that the promotional campaign did not need to be disclosed because the listed risks were only risks that might reduce the stock price, not increase it. Ahn separately argues that the campaign did not need to be disclosed because it was alleged to increase the price of stock and an increase is not “fluctuation,” which means both increase and decrease. Both of these arguments are unavailing.
The disclosure provided in the Prospectus does not list reasons the stock price may decline, but reasons the stock price may be “volatile” and “fluctuate.” Volatile and fluctuate both imply movement in two directions — prices increasing and decreasing. See, e.g., Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 2562 (3d ed.2002) (defining “volatile,” with respect to markets, as “subject to or characterized by wide price fluctuations”); Cambridge Business English Die-
Moreover, the scheme, as alleged, had the risk of making Galena’s stock price both increase and decrease. If the alleged plan was successful, the stock price would increase. If the alleged secret paid promotional campaign came to light, the stock price would decrease, as happened. Additionally, the fact that, as alleged, Company insiders were planning to sell large amounts of personally-held stock after the price was inflated could also result in a decrease in the stock price, after the public became aware of an insider sell-off, even if the alleged promotional campaign was not discovered. Thus, the alleged scheme was a risk that might result in the fluctuation of Galena’s stock price, up or down.
Regardless of whether Galena had an independent duty to disclose the paid promotional campaign in its SEC filings, Rule 1-0b-5(b) “prohibits the telling of material half-truths, where the speaker ‘omit[s] to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.’ ” U.S. v. Laurienti,
iii. Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A
Plaintiffs allege that Galena’s SEC Form 10-Q/A filed on November 6, 2013, was misleading because the report asserts that it does not omit a material fact and that the signatories have disclosed to Galena’s auditors any fraud that involves management or other employees. Plaintiffs allege that this statement was false or misleading because at that time, Galena had engaged DreamTeam and Lidingo in the scheme illegitimately to boost Galena’s stock price and did not disclose that fact to the auditors. Because the Court finds that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that Galena made false or misleading statements
iv. Galena’s Code of Ethics
Plaintiffs allege that Galena’s Code of Ethics, adopted in. January 2012, is false or misleading because Galena’s officers and directors violated it when they engaged in insider trading in January 2014. Even assuming that the Selling- Defendants engaged in insider trading as alleged, the Court finds that the statements in Galena’s Code of Ethics are not actionable statements under Rule 10b-5(b). Plaintiffs do not allege any statement by Galena or an .individual Defendant that he or she was complying with the Code of Ethics when he or she was not complying with the Code of Ethics. The only allegations are that the Code of Ethics was publicly available on the website, includes a sentence that Galena will not sanction or tolerate conduct that risks a violation of federal law, and the Selling Defendants violated the law. This is insufficient to rise to the level of a material misrepresentation for securities fraud. See, e.g., Retail Wholesale & Dep’t Store Union Local,
v. Lidingo publications
Plaintiffs allege that the many articles, blogs, and email blasts by Lidingo were misleading because they did not disclose that the publications were part of a paid promotional campaign. Such disclosures are required under Section 17(b) of the Securities Act of 1933.
Plaintiffs allege that Lidingo used numerous aliases on Facebook, Twitter, and other social media to call attention to Dre'amTeam and Lidingo articles, thereby giving them more validation; paid writers and was reimbursed by Galena for that expense; published articles and email blasts that did not disclose that they were part of a paid campaign; and provided copies of published articles and email blasts to Ahn and Dunlap. Plaintiffs note an email during Galena’s 2012 engagement of Lidingo, where Lidingo describes itself as having published original articles by its writers on various websites, distributed them directly to hundreds of thousands of investors, used third-party message boards to drive traffiс to those articlés, and monitored and “worked” message boards to insert pro-Galena messages. Plaintiffs also allege that Galena’s Special Commits tee, which conducted an investigation into the conduct at issue in this lawsuit, concluded that Lidingo likely had violated federal security laws.
The PLSRA requires that for a claim based on a fraudulent statement or omission, the complaint must “specify each statement alleged to have been misleading” and the reasons why that statement is misleading. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(l)(B). If an allegation of a statement or omission is based on information and belief, the
Here, Plaintiffs do not allege with particularity any specific article, email, or blog post published by Lidingo within the relevant time period or why any particular communication is false or misleading. Plaintiffs also do not plead with particularity any specific article caused to be published by Lidingo that failed to contain the required disclosure that it was a paid promotional publication.
The Consolidated Cornplaint, however, contains factual allegations and incorporates by reference emails showing that Lidingo’s services to Galena generally included providing articles and email blasts. These include an April 9, 2013 email in which Bjorlin states that “we [Lidingo]-have already set up huge email campaigns and assigned writers to promote the company”; an April 11, 2013 émail in which Ahn requests Bjorlin send him the “five articles”; the April 12, 2013 email in which Bjorlin notes she has sent Ahn the articles; the April 19, 2013 email in which Bjorlin states that Lidingo has “several articles in the queue” and reminds Ahn that Lidin-go’s services are useful because Lidingo “provides a layer of protection” and a “safer” option; and a November 20, 2013 email in which Ahn requests that Bjorlin send Ahn “the email blast you noted.” Plaintiffs further allege that Galena and Lidin-go entered into a contract for promotional services in July 2013 at significantly higher fees than, the “legitimate” investor relations firm Tiberend received, and that Galena’s Special Committee determined that Lidingo likely violated securities law.
Plaintiffs’ allegations relating to Lidingo are sufficient to support an alleged promotional “scheme” claim under 10b — 5(a) or (c) (discussed further below). To the extent Plaintiffs intend to allege a separately actionable false or misleading .statement under 10b-5(b), however, Plaintiffs do not allege with particularity what is false or misleading about any specific promotional publication issued by Lidingo. Plaintiffs do not identify a single article published as a result of Galena’s relationship with Li-dingo that did not contain the required disclosure that the article was part of a paid promotional campaign. Plaintiffs also fail to identify any specific email or social media post or explain how and why any specific email or post was false or misleading. Plaintiffs’ allegations of Lidingo’s concurrent social media and blog campaign are insufficient Under the PLSRA to plead with particularity a misrepresentation or omission.
vi. DreamTeam publications
Defendants do not dispute that the articles touting Galena published by the writers paid by DreamTeam failed to contain the required disclosure that they were paid promotional communications. Defendants instead argue that they cannot be held liable for those false or misleading stаtements because no Defendant “made” those statements and Plaintiffs fail properly to allege the other elements of a securities fraud claim. The other elements of a
Plaintiffs also allege, however, that DreamTeam published false or misleading blog posts, social media posts, and comments on investor websites. Plaintiffs make two specific allegations to this effect. The first is that immediately after causing a promotional article to be published on Seeking Alpha on August 6, 2013, Dream-Team authors then used two aliases to post on Yahoo! Finance comments telling readers to “check out” the article and that the person posting the comment was going to buy Galena stock the next day. The second is that when DreamTeam caused an article to be published on Seeking Alpha on November 27, 2013, that same day on its blog DreamTeam touted that an author had posted a bullish article about Galena on Seeking Alpha, without disclosing DreamTeam’s connection to that author and that article.
Plaintiffs’ allegations relating to Dream-Team’s social media posts support an alleged promotional “scheme” claim under 10b-5(a) or (c) (discussed further below). To the extent Plaintiffs intend to allege a separately actionable false or misleading statement under 10b — 5(b), however, Plaintiffs do not allege with particularity what is false or misleading about those posts. Plaintiffs’ allegations of DreamTeam’s concurrent social media and blog campaign are insufficient under the PLSRA to plead with particularity a misrepresentation or omission.
vii. Conclusion
Plaintiffs sufficiently allege under Rule 10b-5(b) actionable misrepresentations or omissions in: (1) the Underwriting Agreement contained in Galena’s September 13, 2013 8-K filing; (2) Galena’s September 13, 2013 prospectus; (3) Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A; and (4) the articles published in connection with Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam. Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege specific misrepresentations or omissions in: (1) Galena’s Code of Ethics; (2) Lidingo publications; and (3) DreamTeam publications other than the published articles. Claims under Rule 10b-5(b) based on those allegations are dismissed.
b. Misrepresentations “made by” Defendants
The Supreme Court recently clarified that only the “maker” of a statement can be held liable for alleged misrepresentations and omissions under Rule 10b-5(b). Janus Cap. Grp., Inc. v. First Derivative Traders,
The Court has found that there were actionable misrepresentations in three of Galena’s publicly disseminated documents and in the articles published as a result of Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam. The Court next analyzes whether Plaintiffs adequately allege that any of Defendants
i. Galena’s publicly disseminated documents
The Court has found that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege misrepresentations or omissions in: (1) the Underwriting Agreement contained in Galena’s September 13, 2013 8-K filing; (2) Galena’s September 13, 2013 prospectus; and (3) Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A. The signatories to those documents, and through thеm, Galena, are “makers” of statements contained in those documents. See Special Situations Fund III QP, L.P. v. Brar,
Plaintiffs allege that Ahn signed the Underwriting Agreement. As the signor, Ahn, and Galena through him, are the makers of the allegedly false or misleading statements contained in the Underwriting Agreement. Plaintiffs also allege that Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A was signed by Dunlap and Ahn, who also signed its accompanying Sarbanes-Oxley certification. Dunlap and Ahn, as signors, and Galena through them, are the makers of the allegedly false or misleading statements contained in Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A.
Plaintiffs do not allege, however, who, if anyone, signed Galena’s September 2013 Prospectus. Plaintiffs also do not allege facts regarding who prepared or otherwise was responsible for the content of Galena’s September 2013 Prospectus. Because it is a statement by Galena, Galena is the maker of the allegedly false or misleading statements contained within Galena’s September 2013 Prospectus. Ahn, Dunlap, and Bernarda (the individual defendants at Galena against whom Claim One is asserted), however, are not alleged to have had ultimate authority over the content of the Prospectus. Thus, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any individual defendant to be the maker of the allegedly false or misleading statements contained in the Prospectus.
ii. DreamTeam-related articles
Defendants argue that none of them are the “makers” of the allegedly false or misleading articles published through Galena’s relationship with Dream-Team. Defendants argue that the individual authors had the ultimate authority over the content and publication of the allegedly misleading published articles and thus are the only “makers” of the statements contained in those articles. Galena and its officers and directors argue in the alternative that if the individual authors are not
Plaintiffs allege that Ahn and Bernarda had to, and did, approve every article before it could be published. Plaintiffs also allege that authors paid by DreamTeam were informed that a condition imposed by Galena is that the articles could not be published without Galena’s approval. The publication process used by DreamTeam with its clients was described to one author as: (1) DreamTeam would give the author an assignment; (2) the author would submit a draft article to DreamTeam; (3) DreamTeam would forward the draft to DreamTeam’s “biotech company” client; (4) that client company would edit and approve the article; and (5) DreamTeam would send the approved article back to the author for publication and would pay the author $300.
Plaintiffs allege email correspondence in which Meyer, purporting to speak on behalf of DreamTeam, discussed how one article about Galena did not address a short attack on the Company because the article had been submitted. for approval before the attack but not approved for publication by Galena until after. Meyer noted in the email exchange that Galena took a long time to approve articles and there was nothing he could do about it because it was. “up to [Galena] unfortunately.”- Plaintiffs also -allege that an author submitted an article about Galena and was later informed by Meyer that Galena was putting a hold on the publication of all articles, but that DreamTeam would still pay the author for the article. Plaintiffs further allege that Ahn and Bernarda edited and approved all of these the articles before they were published. Plaintiffs’ allegations show that Ahn and Bernarda, and not DreamTeam or the article’s author, had the final, or ultimate, authority to publish the articles and had the final say about the article’s content. Thus, as alleged, the authors hired by DreamTeam were merely drafting the articles, but Ahn, Bernarda, and Galena, had the final word regarding approved content and whether the article would be published.
Defendants also argue that the articles were written by, and attributed to,- the individual authors. Defendants argue that, under Janus, the attribution -within the articles serves to prove that the authors are the “makers” of the statements contained in the articles.- This argument is unavailing. The Supreme Court in Janus noted that in the “ordinary case” attribution within a statement is “strong evidence” that the statement was made by the party to whom it is attributed. Janus,
Defendants’ argument that only the individual authors are the “makers” stretches the holding of Janus too far. As alleged in this case, Galena was paying for promotional articles with a requirement and understanding that the articles would not disclose the paid promotional relationship, and with Galena keeping the final say on the content of the articles and whether they could be published. If the Court were to consider the individual authors as the makers of those statements, then companies. could avoid liability under the Exchange Act simply by paying third parties to write and publish false or misleading statements about the company, even when the company retains final decision-making authority over content. The holding in Janus does not support such a broad reading.
The analysis in Janus rested on the fact that one business entity had a statutory obligation to file, and did file, allegedly misleading documents with the SEC, while another legally distinct business entity merely contributed content that the first company could choose whether to include in the SEC filing. Janus,
Plaintiffs’ argument that the individual DreamTeam-affiliated authors are not the “makers” of the statements contained in the articles is well taken. Plaintiffs also argue, however, that both- Galena and DreamTeam had ultimate authority over the published articles. Plaintiffs cannot have it both ways. Galena and Dream-Team are two separate, legally distinct business entities. If Galena, through Ahn and Bernarda, retained the ultimate authority over the content and publication of the articles, then DreamTeam necessarily did not have ultimate authority oyer those same articles, and vice.versa. The lesson of Janus is that where legally distinct entities are involved, only one entity has the final say in what, if anything, is published. Plaintiffs do not plead that Galena had ultimate authority over some articles and DreamTeam over others. Plaintiffs also do not plead in the. alternative, that Galena had ultimate authority but if not Galena, then DreamTeam. Instead,. Plaintiffs plead that Ahn and Bernarda had to approve every article and that no article could be published without their approval. These allegations assert that Ahn and Ber-narda, and not DreamTeam, had final authority over the articles. See, e.g:, e-Smart Techs., 74 F.Supp,3d at 319-20 (finding it to be “an inescapable conclusion” that the company CEO was the “maker” under Janus of statements contained in a press release because although a public, relations'"'consultant’’drafted the press release, the CEO edited and approved it before publication).
iii. Conclusion
Plaintiffs sufficiently- allege that Ahn and Galena are the makers of the state-
c. Reliance and Materiality
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not' sufficiently pled reliance through a fraud-on-the-market theory because there was no allegedly false or misleading information about Galena or its business. Defendants argue that the only allegedly misleading information involved non-company specific information; to wit the identity and potential bias of the authors of the published articles. Plaintiffs respond that the fraud-on-the-market doctrine assumes that in an efficient market a stock price includes all publicly available information, which includes the alleged misrepresentations and omissions involved in this case. In their reply, Defendants do not respond to Plaintiffs’ arguments relating to reliance.
The Supreme Court recently reiterated and reaffirmed the fraud-on-the-market doctrine as fоllows:
Basic[, Inc. v. Levinson,485 U.S. 224 ,108 S.Ct. 978 ,99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988)] held that securities fraud plaintiffs can in certain circumstances satisfy the reliance element of a Rule 10b-5 action by invoking a rebuttable presumption of reliance, rather than proving direct reliance on a misrepresentation. The Court based that presumption on what is known as the “fraud-on-the-market” theory, which holds that “the market price of shares traded on well-developed markets reflects all publicly available information, and, hence, any material misrepresentations.” Id. at 246,108 S.Ct. 978 . The Court also noted that, rather than scrutinize every piece of public information about a company for himself, the typical “investor who buys or sells stock at the price set by the market does so in reliance on the integrity of that price”— the belief that it reflects all public, material information. Id. at 247,108 S.Ct. 978 . As a result, whenever the investor buys or sells stock at the market price, his “reliance on any public material misrepresentations ... may be presumed for purposes of a Rule 10b-5 action.” Ibid.
Based on this theory, a plaintiff must make the following showings to demonstrate that the presumption of rebanee applies in a given case: (1) that the alleged misrepresentations were publicly known, (2) that they were material, (3) that the stock traded in an efficient market, and (4) that the plaintiff traded the stock between the time the misrepresentations were made and when the truth was revealed.
Halliburton,
The core of Defendants’ argument on reliance appears to be that the alleged misrepresentations and omissions in this case were not material because they were not about Galena’s core business operations. For an omission to be material, “‘there must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ‘total mix’ of information made available.’ ” Petrie v. Elec. Game Card, Inc.,
For the alleged misrepresentations and omissions the Court has found to be actionable, the Court also finds that they are material. There is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would have found the fact that Galena’s Prospectus and SEC filings did not disclose that the Company and its officers were engaging in fraud or market manipulation to have significantly altered the “total mix” of information. Similarly there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would have found the fact that the numerous articles touting Galena were sometimes authored by the same persons using different aliases; that the authors used false credentials, and that the authors were paid to tout Galena to alter the total mix of information. See, e.g., Swack v. Credit Suisse First Boston,
d. Loss causation
The Ninth Circuit has discussed the pleading requirements for loss causation as follows:
Broadly speaking, loss causation refers to the causal relationship between a material misrepresentation and the economic loss suffered by an investor. [Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo,544 U.S. 336 , 342,125 S.Ct. 1627 ,161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005)]. Ultimately, a securities fraud plаintiff must prove that the defendant’s misrepresentation was a “substantial cause” of his or her financial loss. In re Daou Sys., Inc.,411 F.3d 1006 , 1025 (9th Cir.2005). At the pleading stage, however, the plaintiff need only allege that the decline in the defendant’s stock'price was proximately caused by a revelation of fraudulent activity rather than by changing market conditions, changing investor expectations, or other unrelated factors. Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc.,540 F.3d 1049 , 1062 (9th Cir.2008). In other words, the plaintiff must plausibly allege that the defendant’s fraud was “revealed to the market and caused the resulting losses.” Id. at 1063 (emphasis added).
Loos v. Immersion Corp.,
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs do not properly to plead loss causation because, as pled by Plaintiffs, the information disclosed in the alleged corrective disclosures was “already publicly available on the internet” and thus was not new information to the market. Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ allegations relating Mr. Matt Gravitt’s February 1, 2014 article “Paying Companies for Stock Promotion and Significant Insider Selling are Major Red Flags” is fatal to Plaintiffs’ claims.
As alleged by Plaintiffs, Mr. Gravitt published an article on Seeking Alpha in which Mr. Gravitt informs the public that
At this stage of the proceedings, the Court finds that the fact that Mr. Gravitt was able to track down a short disclaimer about MissionIR receiving compensation from Galena in an allegedly obscure website after researching Galena’s promotions does not demonstrate that the information regarding Galena’s stock promotions was already in the market and incorporated into Galena’s stock price. There is no 'allegation that the published articles linked to or otherwise referenced the “tip-us” disclaimer or disclosed any relationship between Galena and MissionIR or Dream-Team.
The DreamTeam Defendants argue that the disclaimer placed on DreamTeam’s website that MissionIR received compensation from Galena served to incorporate that information into the market. This argument is unavailing. Persons reading the many published articles about Galena had no way of knowing that those specific materials were connected to DreamTeam or MissionIR, and thus would have had no reason to check DreamTeam’s website for any disclaimer relating to Galena or Mis-sionIR. Moreover, Plaintiffs allege that the authors posted false biographies that did not disclose the author’s connection to either DreamTeam or MissionIR.
The limited disclaimers on “tip-us” or DreamTeam’s website demonstrate the importance of the requirement that paid promoters disclose the paid relationship within the publication itself. It is not reasonable for investors to have to research every stock promotion-related website to make, sure - that each company recommended by purportedly independent analysts and investors has not hired a promotional firm to engage in secret stock .promotions.
The fact that the paid promotional campaign is information that was not incorporated into Galena’s stock price is further evidenced by Plaintiffs’ allegations that after Mr. Gravitt’s February 1, 2014 article was published Galena’s stock price dropped 20 percent, and after Mr. Feuer-stein’s February 12, 2014 article was published Galena’s stock price dropped more than 16 percent. Plaintiffs allege that as the disclosures continued, Galena’s stock price continued to fall. After the February 13 and 14 articles, Galena’s stock price fell 14 percent. After the March 13, .2014 article, Galena’s stock price dropped more than seven percent. If the fact of the promotional scheme was already incorporated into the market price, then these disclosures would not have had such a significant impact on Galena’s stock price.
Although Defendants may provide evidence at summary judgment or trial that the alleged misrepresentations did not
e. “In connection with” the purchase or sale of a security
The DreamTeam Defendants also argue that the alleged misstatements and omissions in the articles published through Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam were not “in connection with” the purchase or sale of security. The DreamTeam Defendants argué that is because the only alleged misrepresentations and omissions are that the authors used falsely credentialed aliases and failed to disclose they were being paid to tout Galena. The DreamTeam Defendants’ reading of the “in connection with” requirement is too narrow.
As noted above, alleged misrepresentations are sufficiently connected and actionable if they touch upon or have some nexus with any securities transaction. Rana Research,
f. Conclusion
Plaintiffs sufficiently allege violations of Rule 10b-5(b) as follows: (1) against Ahn, Bernarda, and Galena for the allegedly false and misleading articles published through Galena’s relationship with Dream-Team; (2) against Ahn and Galena for statements contained in the Underwriting Agreement contained in Galena’s September 13, 2013 8-K filing and in Galena’s 2013 third quarter 10-Q/A; and (3) against Galena for the statements contained in the September 13,- 2013 prospectus.
2. Rule 10b-5(a) and (c)
Rule 10b~5(a) prohibits persons from employing “any device, scheme, or artifice
To allege a claim for scheme liability, a plaintiff must allege the elements of a securities fraud claim. Stoneridge Invs. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.,
The reliance presumptions accepted by the Supreme Court also apply to scheme liability claims. Stoneridge,
Although not subject to the PSLRA pleading requirements, the conduct underlying claims for scheme liability must be alleged with particularity under Rule 9(b). ATSI,
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs do not adequately plead a claim of scheme liability because Plaintiffs do not allege conduct beyond the alleged misrepresentations and omissions, do not allege actionable manipulative conduct, allege only aiding and abetting liability, do not properly allege reliance, and do not properly allege scienter. The Court has already resolved the issue of scienter and now analyzes Defendants’ remaining arguments.
a. Conduct in addition to the alleged misrepresentations and omissions
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs merely recast their misrepresentation claim under. Rule 10b-5(b) as a scheme liability claim under Rules 10b-5(a) and (c). Specifically, Defendants assert,that Plaintiffs’ scheme liability .claim is based entirely on the same conduct as their misrepresentation claim. - The Court, disagrees. Although the alleged scheme involves allegedly false and misleading statements in some of Galena’s publicly-filed documents and in published articles, Plaintiffs -also allege additional conduct. This additional conduct includes Defendants’ actions in allegedly manipulating the stock price, including Gаlena hiring Lidingo and DreamTeam, Galena paying them both significantly above-market rates, Lidingo and DreahiTeam hiring authors to publish the articles and other promotional materials, Ahn paying Lidin-go in stock options in violation of Company policy, Ahn and Dunlap concealing the fact that Ahn paid Lidingo stock options
The fact that some of these alleged acts are closely connected to the alleged misrepresentations and omissions or that the alleged conduct was not disclosed until the alleged scheme unraveled does not mean that Plaintiffs’ scheme liability claim is a mere recast of their misrepresentation claim. As explained by the Ninth Circuit:
Manipulative conduct, by contrast, is actionable under Rule 10b-5(a) or (c) and includes activities designed to affect the price of a security artificially by simulating market activity that does not reflect genuine investor demand. See Santa Fe,430 U.S. at 476-77 ,97 S.Ct. 1292 ; Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder,425 U.S. 185 , 199,96 S.Ct. 1375 ,47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976) (“[Manipulation] connotes intentional or willful conduct designed to deceive or defraud investors by controlling or artificially affecting the рrice of securities.”). In order to succeed, manipulative schemes must usually remain undisclosed to the general public. See Santa Fe,430 U.S. at 477 ,97 S.Ct. 1292 . If such nondisclosure of a defendant’s fraud was an actionable omission, then every manipulative conduct case would become an omissions case. If that were*1195 so, then all of the Supreme Court’s discussion of what constitutes manipulative activity would be redundant. We decline to read the Supreme Court’s case law on manipulative conduct as little more than an entertaining, but completely superfluous, intellectual exercise. See Stoneridge,128 S.Ct. at 769 (listing the three types of § 10(b) actions); Cent. Bank,511 U.S. at 177 ,114 S.Ct. 1439 (same).
Desai v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Ltd.,
Here, a significant portion of the conduct alleged is not independently actionable misrepresentations or omissions, but is instead part of an alleged scheme artificially to inflate Galena’s stock price. The Court finds that Plaintiffs- sufficiently allege conduct beyond the alleged misrepresentations and omissions.
b. Actionable conduct
defendants also argue that the type of conduct alleged in this case is not considered “manipulative” conduct under securities law and thus is not actionable. Relying on Santa Fe, Defendants argue that “manipulative” conduct is a term of art and means market transactions such as “wash sales, matched orders, or rigged prices.” Santa Fe, however, noted that two types of conduct are actionable under Rules 10b-5(a) and (c) — “deceptive” and “manipulative.” The court in Santa Fe found there was no element of deception in the alleged breach of fiduciary duty in that case and therefore only discussed “manipulative” conduct. Here, the alleged conduct is “deceptive” and so falls within that category of actionable conduct. See In re ZZZZ Best,
Further, “manipulative” conduct is not as narrow as Defendants argue. In discussing “manipulative” conduct, the Ninth Circuit has held:
It is also readily apparent that the conduct alleged in the complaint was not ‘manipulative’ within the meaning of the statute. ‘Manipulation’ is “virtually a term of art when used in connection with securities markets.” The term refers generally to practices, such as wash sales, matched orders, or rigged prices, that are' intended to mislead investors by artificially affecting market activity. Indeed, nondisclosure is usually essential to the success' of a manipulative scheme. No doubt Congress naeant'to prohibit the full range of ingenious devices that might be used to manipulate securities prices. But we do not think it would have chosen this ‘term of art’ if it had meant to bring within' the scope of s 10(b) instances of corporate mismanagement such as this, in which the essence of the complaint is that shareholders were treated unfairly by a fiduciary.
Santa Fe,
Regardless of whether the alleged conduct is considered “manipulative” or “deceptive,” Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5(a) and (c) have been interpreted to prohibit a wide variety of conduct. See, e.g., Swack,
c. Primary violation versus aiding and abetting
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ allegations are, at most, that various Defendants aided and abetted the primary violations of other alleged primary violators. This argument is unavailing.
Scheme liability is not contingent upon the defendant making a specific misrepresentation or public statement. See Stoneridge,
For the reasons discussed throughout this Opinion and Order, the Court finds that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Bernarda, Ahn, Galena, Bjorlin, Lidingo, DreamTeam, McCarthy, and Meyer each committed at least one specified manipulative or deceptive act in furtherance of the alleged scheme. Plaintiffs sufficiently allege the nature, purpose, and effect of the alleged scheme and the roles of each of these defendants in the scheme. ATSI,
d. Reliance
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ scheme claim is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s decision in Stoneridge because Plaintiffs cannot prove the element of reliance. The reliance concern present in Stoneridge, however, does not arise in this case.
Stoneridge involved claims against vendors of Charter Communications. These vendors allegedly overcharged Charter for set-top boxes and then returned the overpayment by purchasing advertising from Charter.
In Stoneridge the, Supreme Court held that that the fraud-on-the-market theory of reliance, applies to claims of scheme liability, but the court did not apply the presumption in that case because the conduct of the vendors was never disclosed to the market and thus did not affect market prices. Id. at 159,
The Court has already found that Plaintiffs sufficiently alleged fraud-on-the-market reliance based on the alleged misrepresentations and omissions. The Court now must consider whether the conduct of each defendant against-whom Claim One is asserted is sufficiently connected to the information released to the public to warrant reliance being presumed based on that defendant’s own alleged conduct. Id. at 160,
The allegations in this case are distinguishable from those in Stoneridge. Each of the Defendants against whom Claim One is asserted is alleged to have directly engaged in conduct that resulted in allegedly misleading information being disseminated to the public and artificially inflating Galena’s stock price. Dream-Team, McCarthy, Meyer, Bjorlin, and Li-dingo are alleged to have played'essential roles in disseminating the alleged promotional scheme to the public. They are alleged to have hired authors to draft articles and other promotional materials, sent or caused to be sent promotional emails, and posted or caused to be posted information on social media designed to tout Galena, inflate Galena’s stock price, or call attention to other aspects of the alleged promotional scheme. In the case of Meyer, he is alleged to have drafted some of thé allegedly false and misleading articles. This is direct conduct that is alleged to have artificially inflated the price of Galena’s shares. Additionally, although Galena, Ahn, and Bernarda approved the articles, DreamTeam, McCarthy, and Meyer played a critical role in getting the articles drafted and published by coordinating with authors, websites, and Galena. ' This is unlike the vendors in Stoneridge, who played no role in drafting or publishing Charter’s financial statements. Dream-Team, McCarthy, Lidingo, and. Bjorlin also allegedly marketed themselves as having strong relationships with key investor websites such as Seeking Alpha that enabled them to get articles published on those websites. Without them serving as intermediaries between Galena, authors, and investor websites, the articles likely would not have been published. These actions are not part of an indirect chain too remote for liability, but are direct actions that caused certain false or misleading information to be publicly disseminated into the marketplace and, as alleged by Plain
Similarly, Ahn, Bernarda, and Galena did not play a remote, attenuated role in disseminating allegedly false and misleading information to the public. They hired the promotional firms. They caused the articles to be published, and Ahn and Galena caused public statements to be published in certain publicly-filed documents.
The alleged conduct of all defendants against whom Claim One is asserted had a direct connection to, public statements — some of which were allegedly false and misleading and some of which were not, but were made in furtherance of the alleged scheme. Additionally, these Defendants are alleged to have engaged in specific actions to cover-up Galena’s relationship with the promotional, firms, to publicly disseminate information about Galena, and to create a “host of voices” about Galena designed artificially to inflate Galena’s stock price.
These actions, unlike the generally unknown actions of the vendors in Stoneridge, are alleged to have artificially affected the securities market, when Plaintiffs relied on an assumption of an efficient market free of manipulation. The plaintiffs in Stoneridge alleged that the vendors were part of a behind-the-scenes scheme. Here, to the contrary, Plaintiffs allege a scheme that, by its nature, was intended to, and allegedly did, mislead the public regarding the valué of and interest in Galena’s stock in order to inflate’ Galena’s stock price. This is distinguishable from Stoneridge and Plaintiffs properly rely on the fraud-on-the-market theory of reliance for their scheme liability claims. See, e.g., Medtronic,
e. Conclusion
Plaintiffs adequately allege scheme liability against Ahn, Bernarda, Galena, Bjor-lin, - Lidingo, Meyer, McCarthy, and DreamTeam, Plaintiffs do not adequately allege scheme liability against Dunlap because they do hot sufficiently allege Dunlap’s scienter. '
E. Claim Two: Control Person Liability under Section 20(a)
Plaintiffs claim that all Defendants except DreamTeam are secondarily liable for DreamTeam and Galena’s alleged Rule 10b-5 violations because Defendants were “controlling persons” of Galena or Dream-Team under Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). The Court has found that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege a primary securities law violation by both Galena and DreamTeam. Thus, the Court considers whether Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that any Defendant (except DreamTeam) is a control person of Galena or DreamTeam.
1. Standards
Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act-provides that “[e]very person who, directly or indirectly, controls any person liable under ... this chapter ... shall also be liable ... to the same extent as such controlled person.” 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). For control-person liability, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) a primary violation of
“Control” is defined by the SEC as “the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies. of a pen-son, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.” 17 C.F.R. § 230,405; see also Howard,
Allegations of day-to-day oversight of a company’s operations and involvement in the statements at issue have been found sufficient to presume control over the transactions giving rise to alleged securities violations by that company. See Howard, 228 F.3d at 1065-66 (finding “actual authority over the preparation and presentation to the public of the financial statements” at issue sufficient to make out a prima facie case); Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433 (9th Cir.1987) (noting that although the directors’ status alone was insufficient for a finding of control, their day-to-day oversight of company operations and involvement in the financial statements at issue were sufficient to presume control over the “transactions giving rise to the alleged securities violation”); cf. In re Adaptive Broadband Sec. Litig.,
It is also sufficient to allege control over the “mechanisms intended to prevent” the fraud and failure to prevent it. See Fouad v. Isilon Sys., Inc.,
2. Control by Lidingo Defendants
Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege that either Bjorlin or Lidingo have the requisite control over either' Galena or DreamTeam. Plaintiffs allege no facts that Bjorlin or Lidingo were involved in the day-tor-day operations or the pro
3. Control by Galena’s Management and Outside Directors
Plaintiffs ' sufficiently allege that Ahn, Bernarda, and Dunlap had the requisite control over Galena and the transactions at issue to assert control person liability. Plaintiffs allege that Ahn was the president, CEO, and a director during the class period; was involved in hiring, paying, and firing DreamTeam and Lidingo; monitored DreamTeam and Lidingo’s work on behalf of Galena; spoke on behalf of the company; reviewed, edited, and approved the allegedly false and misleading articles; and signed allegedly false and misleading documents filed with the SEC. Accordingly, Plaintiffs ■ sufficiently allege that Ahn had authority both over the management and policies of Galena and over the primary violations of both the allegedly false and misleading statements and the alleged scheme.
Plaintiffs allege that Bernarda was Galena’s vice president of marketing and communications and is responsible for Galena’s investor and public relations; was involved in hiring DreamTeam and other promotional, firms; monitored Dream-Team’s work; and reviewed, edited, and approved the allegedly false and misleading articles. Accordingly, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Bernarda had authority both over the management and policies of Galena with respect to its investor and public relations and over the primary violations of both the allegedly false and misleading articles and the alleged scheme.
Plaintiffs allege that Dunlap was Galena’s CFO and vice president; drafted and modified Galena’s insider-trading policy; had authority over certain insiders’ requests to sell shares during the class period; and signed certain allegedly false SEC filings. That is sufficient involvement in the day-to-day. business of Galena and authority over its management and policies to state a prim a facie claim that Dunlap controlled Galena for purposes of the alleged scheme and the false statements contained within the SE.C filing signed by Dunlap.
Plaintiffs do not, however, sufficiently allege control by Schwartz. Plaintiffs only allege that he was Galena’s Chief , Operating Officer and Executive Vice President and sold some of his shares. Plaintiffs make no other allegations sufficient to show that Schwartz had the requisite control over Galena’s day-to-day operations, Galena’s management and policies, Galena’s investor and public relations, or the articles or SEC filings at issue. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ control person liability claim against Schwartz is dismissed.
Similarly, Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege that any of the Outside Directors had the requisite control over Galena or its public and investor relations. Plaintiffs allege that the Outside Directors were directors of Galena and that some of them were members of Galena’s Compensation Committee that issued a suspicious award of stock options during the alleged promotional scheme. , The fact that certain directors were, members of the Compensation Committee, without more, does not suffice to allege that those directors were control persons. The Compensation Committee did not oversee Galena’s promotion
Plaintiffs also do not allege that the Outside Directors had control over Galena’s day-to-day operations, Galena’s management and policies, Galena’s investor and public relations, or the articles or SEC filings at issue. Plaintiffs summarily assert that all Defendants “had direct and supervisory involvement .in the day-to-day operations of Galena and/or DreamTeam and, therefore, is presumed to have had the power to control or influence the particular transactions giving rise to the securities violations as alleged herein, and exercised the same.” CAC ¶265. This allegation improperly lumps together all Defendants and is insufficient to plead control person liability for the Outside Directors.
In addition, Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege that Galena or any of its officers or directors exercised control over Dream-Team. Although Ahn, Bernarda, and Galena exercised control over the specific articles published as a result of Galena’s relationship with DreamTeam, as previously discussed DreamTeam‘is not primarily liable for those allegedly false and misleading articles because DreamTeam is not the “maker” of the statements contained in those articles. Instead, Plaintiffs sufficiently allege a primary violation by DreamTeam under scheme liability for DreamTеam’s conduct in relation to the alleged promotional scheme. Plaintiffs, however, do not sufficiently allege that Galena or its personnel had control over DreamTeam’s day-to-day operations, management, policies, or decisions with respect to the promotional scheme.
4. Control by DreamTeam Defendants
Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege that Meyer or McCarthy had control over Galena. Plaintiffs sufficiently plead that McCarthy, but not Meyer, had control over DreamTeam. ■ Plaintiffs’ allegations and documents incorporated by reference support an inference that McCarthy was the day-to-day manager of DreamTeam and managed DreamTeam’s involvement in the alleged promotional scheme with Galena. .
5. Conclusion
Plaintiffs sufficiently allege, control person liability against Ahn, Bernarda, and Dunlap for secondary liability with respect to Galena’s alleged primary violations. Plaintiffs also sufficiently allege control person liability against McCarthy for secondary liability with respect to DreamTeam’s alleged primary violation. Plaintiffs do not sufficiently allege control person liability against Bjorlin, Lidingo, Meyer, Schwartz, or the Outside Directors. The control person claims against these defendants are dismissed.
F. Claims Three and Four: Insider Trading under Section 20A, 10(b), and Rule 10b-5
Plaintiffs allege insider trading claims against Defendants Ahn, Kriegsman, Chin, Nisi, Hülsberg, Galliker, and Schwartz in violation of Section 20A, Section 10(b), and Rule 10b-5. Section 20A of the Exchange Act states, in relevant part:
Any person who violates any provision of this chapter or the rules or regulations "thereunder by purchasing or selling a security while in possession of material, nonpublic information shall be liable in an action in any court of competent jurisdiction to any person who, contemporaneously with the purchase or sale of*1203 securities that is the subject of such violation, has purchased (where such violation is based on a sale of securities) or sold (where such violation is based on a purchase of securities) securities of the same class.
15 U.S.C. § 78t-1(a). To allege a violation of Section 20A, a plaintiff must allege an underlying “insider trading” violation of Section 10(b) or Rule 10b-5. Lipton v. Pathogenesis Corp.,
.Plaintiffs here allege a “traditional” or “classical” insider trading violation of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. “ ‘Under the ‘traditional’ or ‘classical theory’ of insider trading liability, § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 are violated when a corporate insider trades in the securities of his corporation on the basis of material, nonpublic information.’” S.E.C. v. Talbot,
“[A] purchase or sale of a security of an issuer is ‘on the basis of material nonpublic information about that security or issuer if the person making the purchase or sale was aware of the material nonpublic information when the person made the purchase or sale.” Rule 10b5-l(b). Whether a transaction is “on the basis” of material nonpublic information is subject to the affirmativé defenses that the sales were pursuant to' a binding contract or stock sale plan specifying the amount, price, and date of the securities transaction, ór a specific algorithm or formula for determining securities transactions, that was entered into before the insider knew about the material nonpublic information. Rule 10b5-l(c).
Additionally, scienter “is a necessary element of an insider trading violation” and is defined as “‘a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.’” U.S. v. Smith,
Finally, the Ninth Circuit has held that “the scope of liability for insider trading claims under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5
Thus, to sufficiently allege insider trading in violation of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, Plaintiffs must allege that the Selling Defendants: (1) were Galena insiders
1. Insider trading based on the alleged promotional scheme and misrepresentations
The Selling Defendants argue that Plaintiffs do not properly plead the Selling Defendants’ scienter and that the sales were “on the basis of’ material nonpublic information. As discussed above, the Court has found that Plaintiffs adequately plead scienter for all the Selling Defendants except Schwartz.
Whether Plaintiffs adequately allege that the sales were “on the basis of’ material nonpublic information turns on whether Plaintiffs adequately allege that the Selling Defendants were “aware of the material nonpublic information when [they] made the purchase or sale.” Rule 10b5-1(b). This is closely tied with scienter. The Court finds that the Consolidated Complaint adequately alleges that all the Selling Defendants, -with the exception of Schwartz, were aware of the alleged promotional scheme and Galena’s artificially inflated stock price at the time they sold their personally-held Galena stock. Thus, Plaintiffs’ adequately allege that the sales were “on the basis” of the material nonpublic information.
2. Insider trading based on the 2013 preliminary earnings report
Plaintiffs also allege that the Selling Defendants sold while in possession of the matеrial, nonpublic information of Galena’s preliminary 2013 earnings report. Galena’s insider trading policy expressly stated that annual and quarterly earnings reports were ordinarily considered material information. On December 2, 2013, Dunlap sent an email to certain Galena insiders, including Ahn and Schwartz, informing them that Galena insiders were in a trading blackout period and could not trade Galena stock until the 2013 earnings
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ allegations fail to state a claim for insider trading based on the earnings report because Plaintiffs do not allege facts showing that the preliminary earnings report was material. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs pleaded no facts showing that the report contained unfavorable earnings information that was not already available to investors, such as that when the earnings were publicly announced they were unfavorable in some way that the market did not expect and Galena’s stock price declined.
Similarly, the Outside Directors argue that Plaintiffs fail adequately to allege insider trading on the basis of the preliminary earnings report because Plaintiffs do not allege facts showing that the preliminary information was below market expectations. The Outside Directors rely on In re McKesson HBOC, Inc. Secs. Litig.,
Plaintiffs did not respond to these arguments. Plaintiffs summarily state in their response brief only that “Defendants also traded on the 2013 preliminary earnings, which were provided one day before the Selling Defendants starting dumping their shares for massive profits.”
Defendants’ arguments are well taken. Plaintiffs do not allege facts that show the materiality of the preliminary 2013 earnings report. Plaintiffs do not, for example, allege what the earnings report disclosed when it was released in March or how the market responded to that earnings report. Plaintiffs’ reliance on Galena’s insider trading policy is insufficient. Plaintiffs incorporate the policy by reference, and it states that earnings reports are “ordinarily” material. But that is insufficient to show that the particular earnings report provided to the Selling Defendants on January 16, 2014 was material. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted with respect to Plaintiffs’ claims of insider trading based on the 2013 preliminary earnings report.
3. Conclusion
Plaintiffs adequately allege insider trading claims against all Selling Defendants except Defendant Schwartz, based on the material, nonpublic information of the alleged promotional scheme. Plaintiffs do not adequately allege insider trading claims against Defendant Schwartz because Plaintiffs do not sufficiently Schwartz’s scienter. Plaintiffs also do not
CONCLUSION
The motion to dismiss filed by Defendants Rudolph Nisi, Sanford Hillsberg, Steven Kriegsman, Stephen Galliker, and Richard Chin (Dkt. 80); the motion to dismiss filed by 'Defendant Mark J: Ahn (Dkt. 81); the motion to dismiss "filed by Defendants Mai’k Schwartz, Ryan Dunlap, Remy Bernarda, and Galena (Dkt. 82); the motion to dismiss filed by Defendants Li-dingo and Kamilla Bjorlin (Dkt. 136); and the motion to dismiss filed by Defendants DreamTeam and Michael McCarthy (Dkt. 138) are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, as set forth herein. Plaintiffs have leave to file an amended complaint within 28 days from the date of this Opinion and Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Ms. Bjorlin was misidentified in the complaint as "Milla Bjorn.”
. Section 17(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 provides: "It shall be unlawful for any person, by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by the use of the mails, to publish, give publicity to, or circulate any notice, circular, advertisement, newspaper, article, letter, investment service, or communication which, though not purporting to offer a security for sale, describes such security for consideration received or to be received, directly or indirectly, from an issuer, underwriter, or dealer, without fully disclosing the receipt, whether past or prospective, of such consideration and the amount thereof.” 15 U.S.C. § 77q(b). This provision " ‘is particularly designed to meet the evils of the ‘tipster sheet' as well as articles in newspaper or periodicals that purport to give an unbiased opinion but which opinions in reality are bought and paid for.’ ” U.S. v. Amick,
.Ahn, the Outside Directors, the Lidingo Defendants, and the DreamTeam Defendants have joined and incorporated by reference Galena and the Management Defendants’ motion, briefing, and arguments. Accordingly, those arguments are attributed to all defendants.
. This section provides a summary of the conduct alleged by Plaintiffs, accepting as true all well-pleaded material facts. A more detailed discussion of Plaintiffs’ specific allegations is included in the following section.
. As alleged by Plaintiffs, Seeking Alpha is the leading website used by analysts and professional and institutional investors to publish independent analyses related to investment, Researchers have found a relationship between negative articles on Seeking Alpha and subsequent low slock prices. Using negativity on Seeking Alpha as an index outperformed broader market indices. Galena, knowing the importance of Seeking Alpha, filed a lawsuit in September 2013 over comments made in an article published on Seeking Alpha, noting in the suit that Seeking Alpha is a “leading website” that is "extremely influential” and is "relied on by market analysts, and viewed by millions of investors worldwide.” In addition to Seeking Alpha, DreamTeam and Lidingo targeted other key investment websites and publications, including Forbes.com, Wall Street Cheat Sheet, TheStreet.com, and Motley Fool.
. Ultimately, the website Seeking Alpha removed from its website the August 6, 2013 article by "Wonderful Wizard" and the November 22, 2013 article by "Kingmaker." Seeking Alpha's Vice- President of Content and Editor-in-Chief, Eli Hoffman, explained that the removal of the articles was done because they violated Seeking Alpha's terms of use when the author failed to disclose to Seeking Alpha that "Kingmaker” and "Wonderful Wizard” were, in fact, the same person.
. Plaintiffs allege that on the day that seven of the allegedly misleadingly articles were published, there were gains in Galena’s stock price ranging from seven to fifteen percent. Plaintiffs further allege that there was no other Galena-specific news on those days, other than the allegedly false or misleading articles posted as part of the alleged promotional scheme.
. In modern parlance, the term "secondary offering” has two meanings: (1) "[a]n offering of previously issued securities by persons other than the issuer”; and (2) "[a]ny offering by an issuer of securities after its initial public offering.” Black’s Law Dictionauy, 1190 (9th Ed.2009); see also In re Century Aluminum Co. Secs. Litig.,
. The Compensation Committee consisted of Defendants Richard Chin, Steven Kriegsman, and Ryan Dunlap.
. Although these stock options were granted in November '2013, they vested over a period of three years, in twelve equal quarterly installments.
.After the alleged scheme was disclosed to the public, Galena’s stock price reverted back to approximately $2 per share.
. The "Selling Defendants” are Ahn, Kriegs-man, Chin, Nisi, Hillsberg, Galliker, and Schwartz.
. The DreamTeam , Defendants continue to argue in their reply brief that McCarthy cannot be held personally liable unless Plaintiffs plead facts sufficient to "pierce the corporate veil,” The argument that McCarthy cannot be personally liable based on his status as the managing member of DreamTeam was raised in the context of the DreamTeam Defendants’ personal jurisdiction motion. The Court considered this argument in evaluating whether Plaintiff sufficiently states a claim for relief against McCarthy. Although not considered in the state law context of piercing the corporate veil, Plaintiffs' specific allegations against McCarthy as an individual are evaluated to
. The Court notes that much of the Consoli- . dated Complaint impermissibly lumps all Defendants together in alleging that "Defendants” performed some act or knew about some fact. That is improper. See Swartz v. KPMG LLP,
. See CAC ¶¶ 7, 10, 24, 26, 73, 75, 77, 84, 85, 89-95, 97-100, 127-31, 147, 156, 165-66, 174-76, 179, 180, 183-87, 189, 193-97, 217.
. The Consolidated Complaint expressly references the Report to the Board of Directors of Galena Biopharma, Inc. Regarding the 2012-2014 Market Visibility Campaigns and the Sales By Insiders in the First Quarter of 2014, dated July 15, 2014 ("Special Committee Report”). Thus, the Court may consider the Special Committee Rеport in full, including all of its attached exhibits, without converting the pending motions to Rule 56 motions. See Tellabs,
. Ahn notes that although he sold 87 percent of his personally-held stock, he also held exercisable options that he could have sold and so the percentage sold of his total vested beneficial interest was only 67 percent. Even assuming Ahn’s calculations are correct and Plaintiffs' allegation that Ahn sold 87 percent of personally-held stock overstates Ahn's sale, this fact does not materially alter the Court's analysis.
. See CAC ¶¶ 7. 24. 26. 84. 85. 180. 185. 217.
. See CAC ¶¶ 109-11, 119-25, 131, 166, 175-76, 233-35,
. The United States District Court for the Central District of California recently issued a civil minute order resolving a motion to dismiss in a similar case alleging a similar promotional scheme and misrepresentations involving CytRx and DreamTeam. See Dkt. 148-1, In re CytRx Corp. Secs. Litig., Case No. CV 14-1956-GHK (PJWx), Dkt. 117,
. The court in In re CytRx also found that because CytRx was a small company, it raised the inference that Kriegsman was aware of what his • employees were doing to promote company stock. Dkt. 148-1, at 15,
. For some conduct, Plaintiffs may not know who at DreamTeam was involved. The exhibits incorporated into the Complaint, however, show that for some of the conduct alleged to be by "DreamTeam,” McCarthy is the person at DreamTeam who was involved. In any new amended complaint, Plaintiffs shall specifically identify, if known, who at Dream-Team was involved in the alleged conduct.
. See CAC ¶¶ 24, 80, 86, 146, -148, 170.
. As noted above, because the Special' Committee Report and certain of its exhibits are repeatedly referenced in the Consolidated Complaint, the Court' may consider the report and all of its attached exhibits. Although not specifically ' identified in the Consolidated Complaint, the Special Committee Report exhibits include additional emails from McCarthy to Ahn and Bernarda attaching draft articles for their approval and published articles for their records, See, e.g,, Exs. 76, 81, 83, 108, 110. One of these emails is an August 7, 2013 email from McCarthy to Ahn and Ber-narda that links to the August 6th Seeking Alpha article authored by "Wonderful Wizard.” This-email contains the subject line "GALE [Galena’s stock symbol] article published yesterday via our team.” McCarthy further notes in the email that the article took "many hours to write” and stating that “we,” apparently referring to DreamTeam, cannot make Seeking Alpha publish when they want. This shows detailed knowledge of the drafting and publication of the article. These emails, although not necessary for the Court’s finding of McCarthy’s scienter, further support an inference of his scienter.
. See CAC ¶¶ 23, 97, 99, 146-48.
. See CAC ¶¶ 26, 156, 165, 167, 173.
. See Exs. 36, 56, 58-59, 62, 66-67,.69, 70, 82, 84-85, 170.
. Claim One is not asserted against the Outside Directors or Defendant Schwartz.
. The Ninth Circuit in Reese, however, noted that failure to perform a future promise might constitute fraud if, when the promise was made, the promisor secretly intended nоt to perform or knew that he or she could not perform.
. See note 3, supra.
. See CAC ¶¶ 12, 80, 165,166, 166, 167, 189.
. The Court also notes that Plaintiffs do not plead facts sufficient to show who are the "makers” of Lidingo's emails, blog posts, or articles. Unlike the allegations relating to published articles written by authors hired by DreamTeam, which allegedly could not be published without Galena’s approval, with respect to alleged Lidingo publications, there are no allegations showing who had the ultimate authority over the content of those publications.
. As with the allegations regarding Lidingo’s alleged publications, the Consolidated Complaint also fails to allege sufficient facts to determine who are the "makers” of these particular posts. The Consolidated Complaint alleges that the articles were reviewed and approved by Galena, but is silent with respect to any approval by Galena of Dream-Team’s blog and social media posts.
. The Court notes that scienter is a required element of any securities fraud claim (whether under Rule 10b-5(a), (b),.or (c)). Thus, because the Court has found that Plaintiffs do not adequately allege Dunlap’s scienter, Plaintiffs’ claim of securities fraud against Dunlap has not been sufficiently alleged. The Court analyzes the remaining elements of Plaintiffs’ securities fraud claim against Dunlap, however, so that if an amended complaint is filed and Plaintiffs cure the deficiencies identified by the Court with regard to the allegations of Dunlap’s scienter, the parties have the benefit of the Court’s ruling regarding all of the other elements of a claim for securities fraud raised in Defendants’ motions.
. See CAC ¶¶ 7, 10, 85, 89-95, 97-100, 146-48, 186, 217; see also CAC Ex. D; Special Committee Report exhibits incorporated by reference.
. GALE is Galena's stock symbol.
. The excerpted article does not provide the URL for "the tip-us website” or explain how Mr. Gravitt knew about the website or visited the website.
. As discussed above, the Court finds that the Consolidated Complaint provides adequate notice that Plaintiffs are asserting scheme claims under Rule 10b-5(a) and (c).
. The Court notes that the Ninth Circuit’s interpretation that claims under Rule 10b-5(a) and (c) require conduct in addition to alleged misrepresentations and omissions has recently been expressly considered and rejected by the Securities Exchange Commission in formal adjudication. In re Flannery, SEC Release No. 3981,
. The Court has also already found that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege loss causation and that the alleged scheme was "in connection with” the purchase or salé of securities.
. Because scienter is not required to allege a claim under Section 20(a), Plaintiffs’ control person claim against Dunlap survives.
. The parties do not dispute that the Selling Defendants were Galena insiders.
. Defendants do not dispute that at least one Plaintiff traded contemporaneously with the alleged inside sellers. Defendant Schwartz had challenged contemporaneousness in his motion but had inadvertently overlooked Plaintiff Cho's purchase of sales made on the same day that Defendant Schwartz sold his shares. Defendant Schwartz withdrew his contemporaneousness challenge at oral argument.
. The Outside Directors also rely on Shurkin v. Golden State Vintners Inc.,