181 F. 307 | 2d Cir. | 1910
(after stating the facts as above). The question of primary importance in this case is whether an official ap
It is a long-established principle of equity jurisprudence that a trustee cannot become a purchaser of the trust estate. And not only trustees, strictly speaking, but agents’, attorneys, and all persons acting in behalf of other persons and obtaining confidential information concerning their affairs, cannot purchase their property, except under certain restraints not necessary to be considered here. Lord St. Leonards thus stated these elementary principles in his treatise on Vendors and Purchasers (Sugden on Vend, and Purch. [2d Am. Ed. from 5th London Ed.] p. 422), and his statement has many times been quoted with approval by judges and text-writers:
“It may be laid down as a general proposition that trustees, unless they are nominally so, as trustees to perserve contingent remainders, agents, commissioners of bankrupts, assignees of bankrupts, solicitors to the commission, auctioneers, creditors who have been consulted as to the mode of sale, or any persons who, by their connection with any other person, or by being employed or concerned in his affairs, have acquired a knowledge of his property, are incapable of purchasing such property themselves, except under the restrictions which" will shortly be mentionedfor, if persons having a confidential character were permitted to avail themselves of any knowledge acquired in that capacity, they might be induced to conceal their information, and not to exercise it for the benefit of the persons relying upon their integrity. The characters are inconsistent. ‘Emptor emit quam mínimo potest, venditor ven•dit quam máximo potest.’ ”
The application of these principles is not dependent upon the engagement of one person by another in a confidential capacity. There need be no contract of employment at all. There need be no formal relation of trust. The disability grows out of the duty. In our opinion the rule of equity should be so broadly applied as to embrace all persons who have a duty to perform with respect to the property of others and with the proper performance of whose duty the character of a purchaser of such property may be in any degree inconsistent.
In King v. Remington, 36 Minn. 15, 26, 29 N. W. 352, 358, the Supreme Court of Minnesota said:
“Nor is the application of the rule confined to a particular class of persons as guardians, solicitors, attorneys, etc. It applies universally to all who come within its principle, which principle is that no party can be permitted to purchase an interest in property and hold it for his own benefit, where he has a duty to perform in relation to such property which is inconsistent with the character of a purchaser on his own account and for his individual use.”
See, also, Michoud v. Girod, 4 How. 503, 11 L. Ed. 1076; Gardner v. Ogden, 22 N. Y. 327, 78 Am. Dec. 192; Tracy v. Colby, 55 Cal. 67; York Buildings Associations v. Mackenzie, 3 Paton, 378; Ex parte Hughes, 6 Ves. 617; Ex parte James, 8 Ves. 337; Oliver v. Court, 8 Prince, 127; Ex parte Burnell, 7 Jur. 116; Poillon v. Martin, 1 Sandf. Ch. (N. Y.) 569.
But there are other considerations underlying these equitable principles where the question is presented whether an officer of a court who ■has duties to perform with respect to property in the custody of the
Upon no courts is the obligation to enforce these principles of public policy greater than upon the courts of bankruptcy of the United States. The object of Congress in enacting the bankruptcy laws was to secure the efficient and fair administration of estates. The one thing, perhaps more than all others, which creditors- and bankrupt alike have the right to expect from those having official duties to perform relating to the property of the estate, is disinterestedness in its disposition and liquidation.
The requirement of disinterestedness appears in the very section of the bankruptcy act (^.ct July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 565 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3451]), relating to the appointment and duties of appraisers. Section 70b provides:
“All real and personal property belonging to bankrupt estates shall be appraised by three disinterested appraisers; they shall be appointed by, and report to, the court. Real and personal property shall, when practicable, be sold subject, to the approval of the court; it shall not be sold otherwise than subject to the approval of the court for less than seventy-five per centum of its appraised value.”
An appraiser must be primarily a disinterested person. He must report to the court. In certain contingencies the amount of the appraisal determines the validity of the sale. In all cases the values are of the utmost importance, in determining the question of the confirmation of the sale.
The nature of the position of a.n appraiser is such that he necessarily obtains confidential information concerning the cost of the property to be appraised and concerning many other matters affecting its value and the price to be obtained for it. His duty is to appraise it at a fair and reasonable value, for, if it is sold not subject to the approval of the court, only such an appraisal will afford protection to the estate. But a report of the value of property to be sold, made by a prospective bidder for it, could hardly be considered a reliable guide for the action of the court. Would an appraisal be implicitly relied upon in which the appraiser reported that the property was of the value of $16,000, but that he had entered into an agreement to bid $40,000 for it ?
In our opinion both the principles of equity and the considerations of public policy, which we have examined, apply in the case of an appraiser of a bankrupt estate. The former apply because the duties which he is required to perform in relation to the property of the es-
Whether an appraiser after filing his report might be regarded as so far functus officio that he could become the purchaser of the property of the estate need not be determined here. Tor manifest reasons, there would be less objection to such a purchase than to one made while the duties of the appraiser were uncompleted. On the other hand, it may be that the underlying principles of public policy go so far as to disable an official appraiser from purchasing from the estate at any time property which he has valued. In the present case the property was actually purchased in behalf of the appraiser before the appraisal was filed with the referee. The date of the appraisal of the lease is the date of the elaborate agreement between the appraiser and the bankrupts’ wives for purchasing and reselling the property. It is admitted that there were earlier negotiations and the date of the appraisal of the stock and fixtures is only three days before the date of such agreement. We are fully satisfied from the record that the appraiser was negotiating with respect to the purchase of the property before he signed the appraisals.
Upon these facts, we are of the opinion that the appraiser, Hoerle, was as a matter of law incapable of purchasing the property in question at the trustee’s sale.
The fact that the purchase was made through Struse is not of importance if he were Hoerle’s agent—which seems to háve been the real situation—or if, as he himself claims, he was interested jointly with Hoerle in the transaction. In either case he was affected equally with Hoerle by the disability attaching to the latter. Tracy v. Colby, supra; Michoud v. Girod, supra; Gardner v. Ogden, supra; 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 958.
Nor is it of importance whether the price paid at the sale was adequate. As already indicated, the application of the rules of equity and consideration of public policy which we have examined is not dependent upon the question of fairness or unfairness, in, price. See Michoud v. Girod, supra, and other cases just cited. Moreover, we are not altogether convinced of the fairness of the price paid by Hoerle—$28,350. It did, indeed, largely exceed the valuation which he in the capacity of appraiser placed upon the property, but it fell far short of the $40,000 which he, in the capacity of prospective purchaser, entered into the agreement with the bankrupts’ wives to bid for it.
We reach, then, the conclusion that the sale of the property, both with respect to Hoerle and Struse, was invalid. And, while the bankrupts’ wives have acquired interests in such property under their contract with Hoerle, we are clearly of the opinion that the sale was invalid as to them also. The bankrupts had knowledge of Hoerle’s position as appraiser. They acted as their wives’ agents in the transaction with him, and their wives are chargeable with their knowledge.
The remaining substantial contentions of the petitioner relate to the relations of the trustee Wichert to the bankrupt estate.
It is contended in the first place that Wichert should, together with che other respondents, be held to make good any loss arising from'the sale to Hoerle. The petitioner is justified in contending that there are-suspicious circumstances tending to connect Wichert with this sale. The fact that Hoerle obtained a part' of the purchase money from hiñáis not explained entirely satisfactorily by the testimony. The District Judge, however, has found in effect that Wichert acted in entire good' faith, and had no interest in the purchase. Upon this petition for revision, we cannot question this finding of fact, and must deny this-measure of relief asked for against the respondent Wichert.
It is next contended that said Wichert should be held to account for the profits of the corporation of Wichert and Gardner upon shoes sold to the receivers of said bankrupt estate—he being at the time of such, transactions one of the receivers.
The purchases in question were made in good faith with the approval of Mr. Merrill, the do-receiver, and we know of no principle upon which a receiver, under such circumstances, is obliged to account for profits made by a corporation in which he is a stockholder.
Objection is also made to the compensation awarded Wichert as-receiver; and it is further claimed that he, together with the other respondents, should be. punished for contempt of court. It is sufficient to say, with respect to these contentions, that we think no question of law is presented regarding them, and nothing else can be determinéd: upon this petition for'revision.