This appeal is from an order for the forfeiture of certain currency in favor of the prosecutor pursuant to MCL 333.7521 et seq.; MSA 14.15(7521) et seq. The order resulted from a bench trial conducted by Wayne Circuit Judge Richard D. Dunn. Parties in interest include Randall Upshaw, who the prosecutor claims earned the money through illegal drug transactions, his mother, Muriel Parker, in whose purse the money was found, and Vivian Turner, Upshaw’s live-in girl friend, who Parker initially claimed gave her the money. The prosecutor cross-appeals from the denial of an order of forfeiture regarding a 1980 Mercedes-Benz.
The case arises out of the murder of Raymond “Bam Bam” Repress on November 13, 1984. Sergeant Lloyd Clemons of the Detroit Police Department, Homicide Unit, testified that suspicion centered on Upshaw, and his residence in Detroit was watched.
On the afternoon of November 14, 1984, Sergeant Clemons observed Parker entering a car parked in the driveway of Upshaw’s residence. *174 Clemons and two other officers pulled their unmarked police car behind the car, blocking Parker’s exit. Parker initially identified herself as a "friend” of the resident, and she denied having any identification in her possession. Clemons asked her if they could discuss the homicide investigation. While sitting in the police car discussing the homicide, Parker repeatedly looked in the direction of the parked car. The officer then asked her if there was something in her car. Parker said no and the officer exited from the police car and walked toward the parked car. Upon looking in the car, Clemons observed two pieces of luggage and a men’s suit hanger case. Suspecting that Parker knew where Upshaw was hiding and suspecting that she was acting in aid of Upshaw, the officers placed Parker under arrest.
While in custody, Parker gave a statement indicating that she was directed by Vivian Turner to go to Upshaw’s residence, pick up some things, return home and await another call. After interviewing Parker and determining that she would not give any further information and therefore would be released, Clemons searched her purse seeking positive identification. Inside her purse Clemons observed large quantities of United States currency wrapped in several different bags. An evidence technician was called and the purse and its contents were photographed and these photographs were introduced at trial. Parker stated that the money belonged to Turner.
The forfeiture hearing was devoted primarily to Upshaw’s drug sales activity during September and October of 1984. Three witnesses testified that they had worked for Upshaw either selling cocaine or preparing cocaine for sale. Each testified that they saw Upshaw collect the money from cocaine *175 sales and distribute cocaine while driving the Mercedes Benz.
Parker was called by the prosecutor as an adverse witness. She offered contradictory testimony as to how she came to have over $20,000 in her purse. Parker testified that either Randall called and indicated that he was in trouble, or her ex-husband, J. C. Upshaw, called to indicate that she should gather as much money as possible so that they could hire an attorney and put up bond because Randall was in trouble. Parker also testified that the money belonged to Vivian Turner. Finally, Parker testified that she received $10,000 from her ex-husband in September, 1984, $5,000 from winning an illegal street lottery and $5,000 from her mother.
In addition to the testimony, there was also significant documentary evidence relative to the automobile. The application for title was in Vivian Turner’s name, although Randall Upshaw signed the application and his father’s address was given as Turner’s address. There was also a transfer of title to West Detroit Medical Clinic, whose sole incorporator and president was Randall Upshaw, on May 19, 1985, three days after the beginning of hearings in the instant case.
The trial court ruled that the owner of the money was Randall Upshaw and that the money was gained though the unlawful enterprise of selling cocaine and granted the prosecutor’s forfeiture petition. The trial court also ruled that Vivian Turner was the owner of the Mercedes Benz and, although the vehicle was shown to have been used in the trafficking of narcotics, there was an absence of proof as to her knowledge of these activities. The court concluded that the vehicle should be returned to her. From these rulings *176 respondent brings three claims of error and the prosecutor claims one error.
Parker first claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence obtained from her when she was arrested without a warrant. Forfeiture proceedings are quasi-criminal in character and evidence derived from a search in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible.
One 1958 Plymouth Sedan v Pennsylvania,
Parker properly notes that the issue of the legality of her arrest and the subsequent admission of relevant evidence was raised several times below. Inexplicably, the trial judge never ruled on the suppression motion, although the forfeiture hearing went forward and photographs of the currency and Parker’s testimony were introduced. The trial judge relied, in part, on the photographs in his ruling and used Parker’s testimony in his evaluation of the credibility. Therefore, this Court will treat the trial judge’s implicit acceptance of the evidence as a denial of the suppression motion.
This Court will not reverse a denial or grant of a motion to suppress unless the trial judge’s decision is clearly erroneous.
People v Burrell,
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against an unreasonable search and seizure. It is, however, well settled that a contemporaneous search and seizure made incident to a valid arrest is an exception to the warrant requirement and is not in violation of the
*177
Fourth Amendment.
Weeks v United States,
A search of an arrestee’s clothing or containers or articles in his possession at the time of his arrest is proper without a warrant, if it is part of an established inventory procedure.
Illinois v Lafayette,
Such a procedure was valid because of the legality of the arrest. The testimony presented at trial justified Parker’s arrest as an accessory after the fact.
People v Lucas,
Parker next argues that the currency should have been suppressed by the trial judge because it was discovered through an improper search. As *178 has already been stated, the trial judge properly ruled that the evidence was admissible.
Michigan law provides that anything of value which can be traced to an exchange for a controlled substance is subject to forfeiture. MCL 333.7521(1X0; MSA 14.15(7521X1X0. Michigan law also provides that such property may be seized without process where there is probable cause to believe that the property is being used or intended to be used in an exchange for a controlled substance. MCL 333.7522(d); MSA 14.15(7522)(d). This rule that property may be seized if probable cause can be supported by untainted evidence that the money or property involved was linked to illegal activity has been applied by the federal courts and one other state court. See
United States v US Currency $31,828,
760 F2d 228 (CA 8, 1985);
United States v Monkey,
725 F2d 1007 (CA 5, 1984);
United States v Eighty-Eight Thousand, Five Hundred Dollars,
671 F2d 293 (CA 8, 1982);
Lowrey v Nelson,
43 Wash App 747;
The statute clearly provides that the property is subject to forfeiture if traceable to an exchange for controlled substances. Thus, the trial judge need only find that there was probable cause to believe that the money was traceable to drug exchanges. A probable cause finding requires only facts which would induce a fair-minded person of average intelligence and judgment to believe that the statute was violated.
People v Oliver,
In the instant case there was sufficient evidence to establish probable cause to believe that the money’s source was Upshaw’s illegal drug business. The testimony of witnesses was clear that Upshaw was in charge of the business of selling cocaine. Testimony also indicated that Parker was *179 discovered with over $22,000 after emerging from Upshaw’s residence. Finally, testimony showed that Upshaw made daily collections from his "employees” which totaled several thousand dollars a day. Such overwhelming evidence was enough to support a finding of probable cause that the money was linked to the illegal sale of drugs.
Parker also claims that there was insufficient evidence produced by the prosecutor linking the money to drug sales. Findings of fact in a bench trial will not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous.
People v United States Currency, supra,
This Court cannot state that the trial judge’s findings of fact were clearly erroneous. The evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecutor, clearly indicates that Upshaw was involved in or oversaw the mixing, cooking, packaging, delivering and selling of cocaine. There was also testimony that Upshaw bound the money from drug sales in the same way as the money that was found in Parker’s purse. The evidence was clearly sufficient to support an order of forfeiture.
Lastly, the prosecutor claims that the trial court erred in refusing to order forfeiture of the Mercedes-Benz automobile. We agree.
As has been noted, there was a significant amount of evidence indicating that Upshaw used the automobile in the delivery of cocaine and recovery of cocaine sales money. There was also *180 significant documentary evidence that the placing of the title in Turner’s name was a mere subterfuge. According to J. C. Upshaw, Turner never lived at his address. Yet, Randall Upshaw registered the automobile to his father’s address. There was also testimony that Randall Upshaw and Vivian Turner lived together and purchased the vehicle together. The mere placing of the automobile in Ms. Turner’s name cannot prevent forfeiture. This vehicle was used to convey and sell controlled substances and thus is subject to forfeiture pursuant to MCL 333.7521(l)(d); MSA 14.15(7521)(l)(d). The evidence presented cannot support the conclusion that Ms. Turner had no knowledge of Upshaw’s activities.
The trial judge’s decision granting the prosecutor’s forfeiture petition regarding the currency is affirmed; however, the trial judge’s decision returning the 1980 Mercedes-Benz to Vivian Turner is reversed.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.