152 F. 64 | 8th Cir. | 1907
This is a petition of creditors to revise in matter of law the proceedings of the District Court which resulted in a denial of their motion to vacate the order of adjudication of the bankruptcy of the Widell-Finley Company, a corporation, and to permit them to file an answer and to litigate the issue whether or not that corporation
On February 15, 1906, the petitioners knew that a petition in bankruptcy had been filed against the Widell Company, and before the 26th day of February, 1906, the day of the adjudication,, they were aware that receivers had been appointed. But none of them took any steps to challenge or answer the petition in bankruptcy, or to oppose or avoid the adjudication, until the 9th day of April, 1906. They were creditors of the Widell-Finley Company. They knew, the next day after the 14th of February, that a petition in bankruptcy had been filed against it. The bankruptcy law prescribed the time within which they were permitted to challenge that petition for insufficiency in law or for misstatements of facts. Section 18b, 30 Stat. 551, c. 541 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3429], as amended by Act Feb. 5, 1903, c. 487, § 6b, 32 Stat. 798 [U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1905, p. 685], That time expired on February 25th. They filed neither demurrer nor answer, and on the next day the corporation was adjudged a bankrupt. Their right to demur or answer to>the petition then ceased, and their motion for a removal of their default and for leave to answer demanded the enforcement of no right, but merely invoked the judicial discretion of the District Court. The petition for revision does not invite the exercise of the discretion of this court; for the discretion to grant or refuse the motion was not intrusted to us, but to the court below, and in the absence of a manifest abuse of its exercise of that discretion it is not reviewable here.
Counsel for the petitioners insist that the court below abused this discretion (’1) because the petition for the adjudication failed to show that the Widell Company was one of the class of corporations judicable in bankruptcy, but disclosed the fact that it was not so and hence they insist that the court was without jurisdiction; (2) because the record after the adjudication disclosed the same state of facts, and hence, as they contend, that the judgment was vulnerable to collateral attack and everywhere void; and (3) because the answer alleged that the Widell Company was not judicable in bankruptcy, and hence, as they insist, that the court was without jurisdiction. “Any corporation en
The pertinent averment of the petition for the adjudication was that the Widell Company “is, and during all said time has been, engaged in the business of manufacturing concrete arches and bridges, manufacturing and dressing stone and selling the same, and railroad and ditch contracting.” The word “manufacturing” is a generic term of broad significance, advisedly used by Congress to include many species of corporations, and its comprehensive meaning ought not to be whittled away by fine distinctions. Derivatively meaning making with the hand, its ordinary significance is producing a new article of use or ornament by the application of skill and labor to the raw materials of which it is composed. Pin makers, pen makers, shoe makers, furniture makers, lumber makers, steel makers, boot makers, rail makers, engine makers, cement makers, are undoubtedly engaged in manufacturing, and the cogency of the argument that a corporation which makes a pin is manufacturing, while one which makes a bridge is not, fails to appeal to our judgment with convincing force. The latter may make the cement or the steel it uses in its structure. If so, it is engaged in manufacturing the cement or the steel, and, whether it makes them or not, it produces a new and useful article, a bridge, when by the application of skill and labor to the materials of which it is composed it constructs it.
As usual in respect to every question which involves the construction or operation of the bankruptcy law, there is a conflict of authority. Butt v. C. F. MacNichol Const. Co., 140 Fed. 840, 72 C. C. A. 252; In re Minnesota & A. Const. Co., 60 Pac. 881, 7 Ariz. 137; In re Smith, 2 Lowell, 69, Fed. Cas. No. 12,981; In re Tontine Surety Co. (D. C.) 116 Fed. 401. But the more persuasive reasons and the weight of the decisions support the view, and our conclusion is, that a corporation principally engaged in constructing concrete arches and bridges and in dressing and selling stone is engaged in a manufacturing pursuit and subject to adjudication in bankruptcy upon an involuntary petition. Columbia Iron Works v. National Lead Co., 127 Fed. 99, 102, 62 C. C. A. 99, 102, 64 L. R. A. 645; In re Niagara Contracting Co. (D. C.) 127 Fed. 782; In re Marine Const., etc., Co., 130 Fed. 446, 64 C. C. A. 648; In re Matthews Consolidated Slate Co., 144 Fed. 737, 738, 75 C. C. A. 603; In re Quincy Granite Quarries Co. (D. C.) 147 Fed. 279; In re H. R. Leighton & Co. (D. C.) 147 Fed. 311, 313; In re Troy Steam Laundering Co. (D. C.) 132 Fed. 266; White Mountain Paper Co. v. Morse & Co., 127 Fed. 643, 644, 62 C. C. A. 369, 370.
The concession is freely made that a demurrer or an objection to evidence, before the adjudication, upon the general ground that the petition for it did not contain a clear averment that the corporation, was principally engaged in manufacturing concrete arches and bridges and dressing stone, would have been well taken. But, if either of them had been made and sustained, the petition would have been immediately
The argument of counsel that it was the duty of the court below to avoid the adjudication, and to allow their clients to answer, upon the ground that the court was without jurisdiction to render the adjudication, because it was not true that the bankrupt was principally engaged in a manufacturing pursuit, and because the record did not show that it was, but that- it was not thus engaged, overlooks the effect of the adjudication.
The contention that the fact that the Widell Company was principally engaged in manufacturing conditioned the jurisdiction of the court and the validity of the adjudication, that the judgment is a nullity because this fact did not exist, and that its invalidity may be shown at any time by collateral attack, or otherwise by proof that the Widell Company was not engaged in any pursuit which subjected it to adjudication in bankruptcy, disregards the fundamental distinction between the facts essential to the jurisdiction of a court over the subject-matter and the parties and those requisite to establish the cause of action. Jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties is the right to hear and deter
Concede, for we do not stop to consider or decide, that the nonexistence of either of these facts might be shown at any time, by collateral attack or otherwise, to destroy the validity of the adjudication, and this is the extent of the effect of many of the authorities cited by counsel here. Williamson v. Berry, 8 How. 495, 540, 12 L. Ed. 1170; Adams v. Terrell (C. C.) 4 Fed. 796, 800. Nevertheless, the fact that the Widell Company was, or that it was not, principally engaged in manufacturing, was not of this class. It did not condition the jurisdiction of the court, but the judgment which it ought to render, only. The court had the same jurisdiction to decide the issues between the parties, whether the Widell Company was or was not principally engaged in a manufacturing pursuit. The only difference the determination of that issue made was that if it was so engaged the court should have given judgment for the petitioners, and if it was not thus occupied it should have rendered judgment against them. The jurisdiction and the duty to decide remained in the court, whichever way it was its duty to determine the issue. The jurisdiction of a court is not limited to the power to render correct decisions. It is the power to decide the issues according to its view of the law and the evidence, and its wrong decisions are as conclusive as its right ones. It empowers the court to determine every issue within the scope of its authority, whether its decision is right or wrong, and every judgment or decision so rendered is final and conclusive upon the parties, unless reversed by writ of error or appeal or vacated brr some direct proceeding. The filing of the petition for the adjudication and the service of the order to show cause upon the Widell Company conferred plenary jurisdiction of this procéeding upon the court below. The power was thereby vested in, and the duty was imposed upon, it to decide whether or not the Widell Company was principally engaged in a manufacturing pursuit, because the determination
This conclusion has not been reached without á thoughtful perusal of the opinion of the referee, adopted by the court, to the contrary, in Re Elmira Steel Co. (D. C.) 109 Fed. 456, 479; but that portion of the opinion which relates to this question does not commend itself to our judgment. The only showing upon the face of the record regarding the occupation of the Widell Company is the averment in the original petition which has been set forth.
The argument of counsel for the creditors that the adjudication is void, because the fact appears upon the face of the record that the Widell Company was not engaged principally in a manufacturing pursuit, and because the fact does not appear upon the face of the record that it was so engaged, is untenable (1) because the record does not sustain the position that it shows that the corporation was not thus engaged; (3) because the adjudication was a conclusive judgment that it was so employed, since the petition contained a sufficient averment of that fact, after judgment; (3) because that fact was not jurisdictional; and (4) because, if it had been, its absence from the record would not have destroyed the estoppel of the adjudication. While the jurisdiction of the national courts is limited, they are not inferior courts, and their judgments possess every attribute of finality and estoppel which pertains to those of courts of general jurisdiction. McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192, 199, 6 L. Ed. 300; Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 207, 7 L. Ed. 650; Des Moines Nav. & R. Co., v. Iowa Homestead Co., 123 U. S. 552, 557, 559, 8 Sup. Ct. 217, 31 L. Ed. 202; Edelstein v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 149 Fed. 636. Thus in McCormick v. Sullivant diversity of citizenship was indispensable to the jurisdiction of a federal court which had rendered a judgment, and it nowhere appeared in the record. But the judgment was held to be conclusive, in the absence of any writ of error to reverse it. And in Des Moines Nav. & R. Co. v. Iowa Homestead Co., 123 U. S. 552, 557, 559, 8 Sup. Ct. 317, 31 L. Ed. 202, the Supreme Court said:
“Although the judgments and decrees of the Circuit Courts might he erroneous, if the records failed, to show the facts on which the jurisdiction of the court rested, such as that the plaintiffs were citizens of different states from the defendants, yet they were not nullities, and would bind the parties until reversed or otherwise set aside.”
The adjudication in bankruptcy in this case, therefore, until reversed or vacated in some direct proceeding, conclusively estopped all the parties to this proceeding, including the petitioning creditors here, from claiming from the record or upon evidence aliunde that the Widell Com
A single question remains. A proceeding in bankruptcy is a continuous suit. There are no terms of the bankruptcy court. It is always open, and until the termination of the pending suit that court has the power to re-examine its orders therein upon a timely application in an appropriate form. Sandusky v. National Bank, 90 U. S. 289, 293, 23 L. Ed. 155; Lockman v. Lang, 132 Fed. 1, 4, 65 C. C. A. 621, 624. Was the court below guilty of any abuse of its discretion in that it denied the motion of the petitioners here to vacate the adjudication and to permit them to answer and litigate the question whether or not the Widell Company was principally engaged in manufacturing? The creditors who complain had been aware of the filing of the petition in ample time for them to demur to it, or to interpose an answer and present the question they now seek to litigate. They had known that receivers of the bankrupt’s estate had been appointed, and that they were making agreements about the contracts of the bankrupt, many weeks before their motion was presented, and they took no action to assail the adjudication or to stay the proceeding in the administration of the estate until nearly two months after the petition was filed. The theory of the bankruptcy law is that estates should be converted into money and distributed among the creditors as speedily as practicable. After a proceeding under it is commenced, the relations of the parties and the nature of the property involved are subject to frequent and rapid changes. Hence creditors who would assail the adjudication or the other orders of the court, and would thereby stop the transformation of the property of the bankrupt and its distribution among his creditors, should act with reasonable promptness after they receive notice of the proceeding and of the reasons for their objection. In view of the delay and neglect of the petitioners, and the changes in the condition of the property and in the relations of the parties interested in this estate, between the filing of the petition and the presentation of their motion, the record fails to persuade that the court below was guilty of any abuse of . its discretion when it denied it.
The question whether or not the petition for revision was filed in proper time has not been considered, and no opinion is expressed upon it, because the same result has been reached upon a consideration of the merits of the case that would have followed if the motion to dismiss the petition had been granted.
The petition must be dismissed in any event; and it is so ordered.