225 N.W. 109 | Minn. | 1929
We see no merit in the refusal to have the issue submitted to a jury. It was properly a court case. The fact that a son of the judge appeared for the respondents furnished no legal ground for submitting the issue to a jury, nor for the requested change of venue or the calling for another judge to try the case, first made when it was reached for trial. There is one judge only in the judicial district in question, and the provision (G. S. 1923, § 9221, as amended by L. 1927, p. 399, c. 283, 2 Mason Minn. St. id.) for filing an affidavit of prejudice was not available to appellant.
The appeal raises two questions: (a) Was evidence of the attorney who drew and witnessed the will properly received? and (b) is the evidence sufficient to sustain the finding that the testator intentionally omitted appellant from the will?
It appears that the deceased came to Judge Beise and instructed him to draw the will. According to such instructions the will was drawn and a day or two thereafter it was executed, Judge Beise being one of the attesting witnesses. At this trial Judge Beise was called by the executrices of the estate and, after testifying that he prepared the will and that the deceased gave him data and instructions, he was asked this question:
"And at that time did he have any conversation with you relative to whether or not it would be necessary for him to include in his will the name of Albert Wunsch, or either of the sons of Albert Wunsch? Objected to on the ground that it is incompetent. A *171 conversation by a client to an attorney, which is privileged testimony, cannot be given without consent of the client."
The objection was overruled. It may be doubtful whether this objection covers some of the nice distinctions which appellant's attorney seems to urge that the conversation called for did not take place at the moment the will was signed and attested. Whatever was said by decedent was to enable Beise to prepare the will so as to dispose of testator's property to those he had determined should have it. It was a necessary part of making his will since he did not undertake to draw it himself.
In this state it is settled that oral testimony is competent to prove intentional pretermission [G. S. 1923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 8745]. Whitby v. Motz,
"The object of the rule, so far as it relates to this class of communications, being the protection of the estate, there remains no reason for continuing it when the very foundation upon which it proceeds is wanting."
And the attorney who had drawn the will over objection on the ground of privilege was held to have been properly permitted to testify as to communications with his client, the testator. This case was followed in Coates v. Semper,
"Upon principal and what seems to be the weight of judicial authority, we hold that the statute in question is for the protection of the patient, and he may waive the privilege if he sees fit, and that, as a general rule, those who represent him after his death may also waive the privilege, for the protection of interests which they claim under him." Olson v. Court of Honor,
In Glover v. Patten,
"But whatever view be taken of the facts, we are of opinion that, in a suit between devisees under a will, statements made by the deceased to counsel respecting the execution of the will, or other similar document, are not privileged. While such communications might be privileged, if offered by third persons to establish claims against an estate, they are not within the reason of the rule requiring their exclusion, when the contest is between the heirs or next of kin."
In the opinion is found this quotation from Blackburn v. Crawfords, 3 Wall. 175, 194,
"The client may waive the protection of the rule. The waiver may be expressed or implied. We think it as effectual here by implication as the most explicit language could have made it. It could have been no clearer if the client had expressly enjoined it upon the attorney to give this testimony whenever the truth of his testamentary declaration should be challenged by any of those to whom it related. A different result would involve a perversion of the rule, inconsistent with its object, and in direct conflict with the reasons upon which it is founded."
In the Blackburn case, 3 Wall. 175,
Among cases in other jurisdictions upholding our conclusion that Judge Beise's testimony was properly received we cite: Bradway v. Thompson,
The author to the annotations of In re Young's Estate in 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 108, sums up the decisions thus:
"It may be laid down as a general rule of law, gathered from all the authorities, that, unless provided otherwise by statute, communications by a client to the attorney who drafted his will in respect to that document, and all transactions occurring between them leading up to its execution, are not, after the client's death, within the protection of the rule as to privileged communications, in a suit between the testator's devisees and heirs at law, or other parties who all claim under him."
There are decisions which do not go to this extent. Knepper v. Knepper,
No useful purpose would be served by setting out the evidence in support of the finding that appellant was intentionally omitted from the provisions of his grandfather's will. Judge Beise testified directly and positively that testator's express direction was to exclude appellant from any share, one reason being that appellant's father during his lifetime had received more than his share, and another reason was an antipathy towards appellant for his parents' error.
The order is affirmed.
STONE, J. took no part.
