The opinion of the court was delivered by
Thе appellee has filed a motion for a rehearing challenging that part of the original opinion dealing with the quality of evidence required to meet the “clear and convincing test” necessary in establishing an oral сontract with a person since deceased.
We have considered the motion for rehearing and find no issues pertaining to the question which was not fully considered and determined in the original opinion. The motion for reheаring is therefore denied.
However, the serious argument of able counsel leads us to extend the opinion in one respect. The motion challenges that part of the original opinion which reads:
“Also in reviewing the sufficienсy of such evidence on appeal a much different rale is applied than is applicable to thе review of evidence in the ordinary civil action. If the trial court finds that such an oral contract was made this court will not only review the record for the purpose of determining if there is any substantial evidence to suppоrt the finding but will consider the evidence for the purpose of determining whether it is clear and convincing.” (In re Estate of Shirk,194 Kan. 424 , 427,399 P. 2d 850 .)
*672 Appellee suggests that this is a new and questionable role for the appellate court in tire review of such proof аnd further states:
“Without overruling its many prior decisions on the subject the Court has arrogated to itself the task of reweighing the evidence when it has not seen and heard the witnesses and has before it only a summary of their testimony.
“Heretofоre this Court held it was without jurisdiction to weigh evidence and determine the credibility of witnesses. . . .”
It was not the intention of this court to depart from the long established rule that it would not weigh evidence on appeal. We have not donе so. In reviewing the record for the purpose of determining whether there is clear and convincing evidencе to support the judgment this court does not weigh the evidence. It considers only the evidence of the successful party for the purpose of determining whether it is substantial and of that quality required to be clear and convincing.
Thе approach to the question has been somewhat confused by statements that it is the trial court that must be satisfied that the evidence is clear and convincing
(Jones v. Davis,
Perhaps the rule is more completely stated in those cases which hold that it will be presumed in the absence of a showing to the contrary that the trial court applied the proper test as to clear and convincing evidence.
(Kull v. Pearl,
In the early case of
Jackman v. Development Co.,
“ ‘It is meant that witnesses shall be found to be credible — that the facts to which they testify are distinctly remembered — that details are narrated exactly and in due order — and that their statemеnts are true. . . .” (p. 64.)
*673 this court set forth its duty on appellate review when the quality of evidence to be “clear and convincing” is being considered. It was held:
“The evidence upon which the judgment in the present case rests is examined, and held to meet the test of ‘clear, distinct and satisfactory proof,’ and the findings being supported by competent and substantial testimony, it will be presumed that the trial court applied the proper test in weighing the facts.” (Syl. 2.)
It is clear from the Jackman case that the appellate court examines the record and must be satisfied that the findings of the trial court were supported by a quantum of competent and substantial testimony of the quality required by the stаndard of clear, convincing or satisfactory proof.
In the recent case of
In re Estate of Dull,
“In view of the above and other testimony disclosed in the record, we are of the opinion that thе evidence was sufficiently clear and convincing to support the judgment and findings of the trial court.” (p. 239.)
The only differеnce in the statement of the rule in the two cases is that in the Shirk case the court said it would consider the evidence, and in the Dull case it in effect said it had considered the evidence, to determine if it was sufficiently clear and convincing.
Other courts have arrived at the same conclusion although perhaps with the same difficulty.
In 5A C. J. S., Appeal & Error, §1656 (9), p. 519, the rule is thus stated:
“. . . A finding that evidence is sufficient to be clear and convincing should not be disturbed unless it may be said as a matter of law that no onе could reasonably find the evidence to be clear and convincing.” (See, also, Paulsen v. Coombs,123 Utah 49 ,253 P. 2d 621 .)
The Ohio Supreme Court has met the issue squarely, stating in
Cross v. Ledford,
“Where the degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, а reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence befоre it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof. See Ford v. Osborne,45 Ohio St., 1 ,12 N. E. 526 , Cole v. McClure,88 Ohio St., 1 ,102 N. E. 264 , and State v Rimenik,115 Ohio St., 11 ,152 N. E. 14 .” (p. 477.)
*674 Perhaps it should be suggested in conclusion that this court doеs not lay down a rule of law for the guidance of the trial courts without reserving the right to review and police their actions should they be charged with erroneous or arbitrary application or misapplication of the rule.
APPROVED BY THE COURT.