102 F. 735 | 7th Cir. | 1900
(after stating tiie facts as above). The petition does not state tbe precise question of law presented to and ruled upon by tbe court below, and in tbis respect fails to follow the practice pointed out in Re Richards, 37 C. C. A. 634, 96 Fed. 935. We however gather from the petition that the construction of subdivisions “a.” and “lb” of section 60 of the bankrupt act is supposed to be involved, and this view obtains support from the opinion delivered by the court below upon affirming the order of the referee. In re Eggert, (D. C.) 98 Fed. 843. These subdivisions are, respectively, as follows:
“(a) A person shall be deemed to-have given a preference if, being insolvent, be has procured or suffered a judgment to be entered against himself in favor of any person, or made a transfer of any of his property, and the effect of the enforcement of such judgment or transfer will be to enable any one of his creditors to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class, (b) If a bankrupt shall have given a preference within four months before the filing of a petition, or after the filing of the petition and before the adjudication, and the person receiving it, or to be benefited thereby, or his agent acting therein, shall have had reasonable cause to believe that it was intended thereby to give a preference, it shall be voidable by the trustee, and he may recover the property or its value from such person.’"
“Insolvency,” as employed in tbis section, is thus defined by the act (chapter 1, § 1, cl. 15):
“A person shall be deemed insolvent within the provisions of this act whenever the aggregate of his property, exclusive of any property which he may have conveyed, transferred, concealed, or removed, or permitted to be concealed or removed, with intent to defraud, hinder or delay his creditors, shall not, at a fair v¿luation, he sufficient in amount to pay his debts.”
In this respect the act is widely different from the bankrupt act of 1867. There the term “insolvency” was construed to mean an inability to meet one’s obligations as they matured in the ordinary course of business. The term “insolvency” in the present act is equivalent to the term “bankruptcy” in the former act. While, therefore, rulings under the former act are inapplicable ⅛ a certain sense, because of this difference in the meaning of the term “insolvency,” they do apply so far as they determine the principles of law by which it is to be ascertained whether a creditor receiving a preference had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor had not at the time property sufficient, at a fair valuation, to pay all of his debts. In the leading case of Grant v. Bank, 97 U. S. 80, 81, 24 L. Ed. 972, it was said:
“It is not enough, that a creditor has some cause to suspect the insolvency of his debtor, but he must have such a knowledge of facts as to induce a reasonable belief of his debtor’s insolvency, in order to invalidate a security taken for his debt. To make mere suspicions a ground of nullity in such a case would- render the business transactions of the community altogether too insecure. It was never the intention of the framers of the act to establish any such rule. A man may have many grounds of suspicion that his debtor is in failing circumstances, and yet have no cause for a well-grounded belief of the fact. He may be unwilling to trust him further, he may feel anxious about his claim and have a strong desire to secure it, and yet such belief as the act requires may be wanting. Obtaining additional security or reeeiv-*739 lug payment of a debt under such circumstances is not prohibited by the law. lieeeiving payment is put in the same category, in the .section referred to. as receiving' security. Hundreds of men constantly continue to make payments up to the very eve of their failure, which it would be very un.just “and disastrous to set aside. And yet this could be done in a large proportion of cases if mere grounds of suspicion of tlieir solvency were sufficient for tlie purpose. The debtor is often buoyed up by tlie hope of being able to get through with his difficulties long after his case is in ,fact desperal e, and his creditors, if they know anything of his embarrassments, either participate in the same feeling, or at least are willing to think that there is a possibility of his succeeding. To overhaul and set aside all his transactions with his creditors, made under swell circumstances, because ibero may exist some grounds of suspicion of his inability to carry himself through, would make' the bankrupt law an engine of oppression and injustice. It would in fact have the effect of producing bankruptcy in many cases where it might otherwise be avoided.”
In Barbour v. Priest, 103 U. S. 293, 296, 26 L. Ed. 480, it is said:
“Tlie obvious meaning of this provision is to require tlie concurrence of tlie creditor who gets security for his debt in the purpose of defeating tlie bankrupt act. Such person must have reasonable cause to believe tlie grantor in the conveyance was insolvent at the, time it was executed, and that it was made with intent to defeat the bankrupt law. Both these must exist as facts which the grantee had reasonable cause to believe. And so careful was congress to protect the rights acquired by an honest creditor, that, unless bankrupt proceedings are commenced by or against the debtor within four months after such a preference, it should stand good, though the creditor knew tlie debtor was insolvent, and knew that the conveyance was intended to defeat tlie purpose of the bankrupt law in securing equality of distribution of Hie debtor’s properly. And this period was reduced by tlie act of 1874 to two months. It lias never been denied, so far as we are advised, that it is necessary for the assignee of the bankrupt, in attacking such a conveyance, to prove the existence of this reasonable cause of belief of the debtor's insolvency in 1 lie mind of the preferred party.”
In Stucky v. Bank, 108 U. S. 74, 2 Sup. Ct. 219, 27 L. Ed. 640, tlie court reaffirmed the doctrine of Grant v. Bank, and observed that:
“A creditor dealing with a debtor who he may suspect to be in failing circumstances, but of which lie lias no sufficient evidence, may receive payment or security without violating the bankrupt law. He may be unwilling to trust him further, lie may feel anxious about his claim and have a strong desire to secure it, yet such belief as the act requires may be wanting. Obtaining additional security or receiving payment of a debt under such circumstances is not prohibited by law.”
In the earlier case of Toof v. Martin, 13 Wall. 40, 20 L. Ed. 481, t;he court, discussing the character of evidence necessary to establish a reasonable cause to believe, observes:
“It is a. general principle that every one must be presumed to intend the necessary consequences of his acts. Tlie transfer, in any case, by a debtor, of a large portion of his property, while he is insolvent, to one creditor, without making provision for an equal distribution of its proceeds to all his creditors, necessarily operates as a preference to Mm, and must be takjen as conclusive evidence that a iweference was intended, unless Hie debtor can sliow that he was at the time ignorant of his insolvency, and that his affairs were such that he could reasonably expect to pay all his debts. The burden of proof is upon him in such case, and not upon the assignee or contestant in bankruptcy.”
And on page 49, 13 Wall., and page 483, 20 L. Ed.:
“The statute, to defeat the conveyances, does not require that, the creditors should liavo liad absolute knowledge on tlie point, or even that they should*740 in fact have had any belief on the subject. It only requires that they should have had reasonable cause to believe that such was the fact. And reasonable cause they must be considered to have had when such a state of facts was brought to their notice in respect to the affairs and pecuniary condition of the bankrupts as would have led prudent business men to the conclusion that they could not meet their obligations as they matured in the ordinary course of business.”
Id Buchanan v. Smith, 16 Wall. 277, 308, 21 L. Ed. 286, the court says:
“Insolvency, in the sense of the bankrupt act, means that the party whose business affairs are in question is unable to pay his debts as they become due in the ordinary course of his daily transactions, and a creditor may be said to have reasonable cause to believe his debtor to be insolvent when such a state of facts is brought to his notice respecting the affair® and pecuniary condition of his debtor, in a case like the present, as would lead a prudent business man to the conclusion that he (the debtor) is unable to meet his obligations as they mature in the ordinary course of -business. Such a party (that is, a creditor securing a preference from his debtor over the other creditors of the debtor) cannot be said to have had reasonable cause to believe that his debtor was insolvent at the time, unless such was the fact, but if it appears that the debtor giving the preference, whether a merchant or trading company, was actually insolvent, and that the means of knowledge upon the subject were at hand, and that such facts and circumstances were known to the creditor securing the preference as clearly ought to have put him, as a prudent man, upon inquiry, it would seem to be a just rule of law to hold that he had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent, . if it appears that he might have ascertained the fact by reasonable inquiry. Ordinary prudence is required of a creditor under such circumstances, and, if he fails to investigate when put upon inquiry, he is chargeable with all the knowledge it is reasonable to suppose he would have acquired if he had performed his duty.”
In Wager v. Hall, 16 Wall. 584, 600, 21 L. Ed. 506, the court says:
“Nothing remains, therefore, to be re-examined, except the issue whether the respondents had reasonable cause to believe that the mortgagor was insolvent, and that the conveyance was made in fraud of the provisions of the bankrupt act. Proof that the respondents had actual knowledge that the mortgagor was insolvent at the time is not required to support the prayer for relief, but the allegation in that behalf is sustained if it appears that they had reasonable cause for such belief, as that is the language of the bankrupt act. Actual knowledge of the alleged fact is not made the criterion of proof in such an issue, nor is it necessary that it should appear that the respondents actually believed that the mortgagor was insolvent, but the true inquiry is whether they, as business men acting with ordinary prudence, sagacity, and discretion, had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent, in view of all the facts and circumstances known to them at the time the conveyance was made. Unless the debtor was in fact insolvent, it cannot be held that such a grantee had reasonable cause to believe the allegation, but if it appears that the debtor was in fact insolvent as alleged, and that the means of knowledge were at hand, and that such facts and circumstances were known to the grantee as were clearly sufficient, to put a person of ordinary prudence and discretion upon inquiry, it is well settled that it would be his duty to make all such reasonable inquiries to ascertain the true state of the case. Purchasers are required to exercise ■ ordinary prudence in respect to the title of the seller, and if they fail to investigate when put upon inquiry, they are chargeable with all the knowledge which it is reasonable to suppose they would have acquired if they had performed their duty in that regard. Creditors have reasonable cause to believe that a debtor, who is a trader, is insolvent when such a state of facts is brought to their notice' respecting the affairs and pecuniary condition of the' debtor as would lead a prudent business man to the-conclusion that he is unable to meet his obligations as they mature in the ordinary course of business. All*741 experience shows that positive proof of fraudulent acts between debtor and creditor is not generally to be expected, and it is for that reason, among others, that the law allows, in such controversies, a resort to circumstances as the means of ascertaining the truth, and the rule of evidence is well settled that circumstances altogether inconclusive, if separately considered, may by their number and joint operation, especially when corroborated by moral coincidences, be sufficient to constitute conclusive proof, which is a role clearly applicable to the facts and circumstances disclosed in this record.”
Id Dutcher v. Wright, 94 U. S. 553, 557, 24 L. Ed. 131, the court says:
“Insolvency, in the sense of the bankrupt act, means that the party whose business affairs are in question is unable to pay his debts as they become duo in the ordinary course of his daily transactions; and a creditor may be said to have reasonable cause to believe his debtor to be insolvent when such a state of facts is brought to his notice respecting the affairs and pecuniary condition of his debtor as would lead a prudent man to the conclusion that the debtor is unable to meet his obligations as they mature in the ordinary course of Ms business. Reasonable cause for such belief cannot arise unless the fact of insolvency actually existed; hut if it appears that the debtor giving the preference was actually insolvent, and that the means of knowledge were at hand, and that such facts and circumstances were known to the creditor securing the preference as clearly ought to have put a prudent man upon inquiry, it must he held that he had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent, if it appears that he might have ascertained the fact to be so hv reasonable inquiry.”
In Bank v. Cook, 95 U. S. 343, 346, 24 L. Ed. 414, the court says:
“It is scarcely necessary to discuss the authorities as to the meaning of the words ‘having reasonable cause to believe the party to be insolvent.’ When the condition of a debtor’s affairs is known to be such that prudent business men would conclude that he could not meet his obligations as they matured in the ordinary course of business, there is reasonable cause to believe him to he insolvent Knowledge Is not necessary, nor even a belief, but simply reasonable cause to believe.”
The supposed conflict between these cases is imaginary, not real. In Grant v. Bank, and the cases subsequent in point of time, the court was dealing with, the facts spread upon the record, and did not find occasion to consider the facts and circumstances which, brought hoine to the creditor, would put him upon inquiry of his debtor’s financial condition. In the cases antedating Grant v. Bank the question of notice arose and was considered. The resultant of all these decisions we take to be this: That the creditor is not to be charged with knowledge of his debtor’s financial condition from mere nonpayment of his debt, or from eircumstancesi which give rise to mere suspicion in his mind of possible insolvency; that it is not essential that the creditor should have actual knowledge of, or belief in, his debtor’s insolvency, but that he should have reasonable cause to believe his debtor to- be insolvent; that if facts and circumstances with respect to the debtor’s financial condition are brought home to him, such as would put an ordinarily prudent man upon inquiry, the creditor is chargeable with knowledge of the facts which such inquiry should reasonably be expected to disclose. In applying this principle to the present case, we encounter a difficulty not present in the eases referred to. By the terms of the statute which authorizes the present petition, we are restricted to a review in matter of law merely, and are bound by the facts found by the court below. We can only ascertain and determine
“Undoubtedly very slight evidence of an affirmative character of the existence of a desire to prefer one creditor, or of acts done with a view to secure such preference, might be sufficient to invalidate the whole transaction. , Such evidence might be sufficient to leave the matter to a jury, or to support a decree, because the known existence of a motive to prefer or to defraud the bankrupt act would color acts or decisions otherwise of no significance. These cases must rest on their own circumstances. But the case before us is destitute of any evidence of the existence of such a motive, unless it is to be imputed as a conclusion of law from facts which we do not think raise such an implication.”
■ The referee found that the creditor had no knowledge of the fact that the debtor was insolvent, and had no reasonable cause to believe that it was intended by the transfer to give a preference. This is inaccurately stated as a conclusion of law. The action of an or-
The contention that the facts found show the transaction 1» be a scheme to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors within the meaning of section (>7e, ⅛ without merit. The; term hinder, delay, or defraud creditors had a well-defined and recognized meaning at the common law, and lias that signification as employed in the act. The payment or securing to a creditor of an honest debt by the debtor is not to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, within the well-established signification of the term.
It may be doubtful if congress designed to allow a review by this court upon original petition in cases in which an appeal is allowed, since the petition is only another mode of appeal for review of the action of the bankruptcy court, although limited to matter of law. It would seem more probable that this mode of review was intended to apjfiy only to' cases in which the right of appeal is withheld, since the remedy, whether by appeal or by petition, is summary and effective. We suggest, but do not find it needful to determine, the question. Being unable to say, as a conclusion of law, that mere knowledge that the debtor was behind in his payments puts the credit- or upon inquiry, and charges him with notice of the facts which such inquiry might disclose, and being bound by the facts found by the court below, we are constrained to deny the petition.