208 F. 1018 | W.D. Ark. | 1913
(after stating the facts as above). On behalf of the government, objections are made to the granting of the petition owing to the absence of the applicant from the United States as set out in the findings of facts. It is claimed that during the time he was absent he was not a resident oí the United States, nor was his residence continuous as required by the provisions of the naturalization act.
“In questions on this subject the chief point to be considered is the animus maiieudi; and courts are to devise such reasonable rules of evidence as may establish the fact of intention. If it sufficiently appear that the intention of removing was to make a permanent settlement, or for an indefinite time, the right of domicile is acquired by residence of a few days. This is one of the rules of the British courts, mid it appears to he perfectly reasonable.”
The converse of the rule is equally correct.
In construing statutes the general rule is that the words used will be given their ordinary meaning in common use, but the duty of the courts, when construing a statute, is to carry into effect the intention of the lawmaking department when that can be done without doing violence to the language used. Atkins v. Fiber Disintegrating Co., 18 Wall. 272, 4 L. Ed. 841; Stevens v. Nave-McCord Merc. Co., 150 Fed. 71, 75, 80 C. C. A. 25, 29; United States v. Lewis (D. C.) 192 Fed. 633, 639, and authorities there cited. Another well-established rule is that when a statute is passed on a subject which is covered by existing statutes, and words are taken from the former statute which had there
The first naturalization act was enacted March 26, 1790 (chapter 3, 1 Stat. 103). This act was repealed by the act of January 29, 1795, c. 20,. 1 Stat. 414, which was a new act covering the entire subject. The next act was that of April 24, 1802, c. 28, 2 Stat-. 153. In neither of these acts was a “continuous” residence required. The first act in' which that word was used was the Act of March 3, 1813, c. 42, 2 Stat. 809. The bill for that act, when introduced, contained nothing in relation to naturalization, -but, as is shown by its title, was intended' as “An act for the regulation of seamen on board the public and private vessels of the United States.” The following section was attached as a rider to.that act:
“Sec. 12. That no person who shall arrive in the United States, from and after the time when this act shall take effect, shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States, who shall not for the continuous term of five years next preceding his admission as aforesaid have resided within the United States, without being at any time during the said five years, out of the territory of the United States.”
That provision was evidently considered by Congress to be too drastic, for by the Act of June 26, 1848, c. 72, 9 Stat. 240, the words “without being at any time during the said five years, out of the territory of the United States,” were expressly repealed. While the naturalization acts were amended at various times thereafter, no change was made in the provisions of the act requiring five years5 residence when the Revised Statutes were enacted, and that is practically the language employed in the Revised Statutes, subdivision 3 of section 2165 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1329), and section 2170 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1333).
The act of 1906 now in force adds the word “continuously” in what was the third subdivision of section 2165, but leaves section 2170-in force without any change. United States v. Rodiek, 162 Fed. 469, 89 C. C. A. 389; Bessho v. United States, 178 Fed. 245, 101 C. C. A. 605. That section is as follows:
“Sec. 2170. No, alien shall be admitted to become a citizen wbo bas not for tbe continued term of five years next preceding Ms admission resided witMn the United States.”
Mr. Bayard, Secretary of State, in directions to the Minister of the United States to Switzerland, given May 6, 1885, said:
“While a resident domicile here would not be interrupted by transient absences animo revertendi, yet the establishment, during absence from the United States, of a domicile in Switzerland, even though temporary, would be in conflict with the right to American domicile for the purpose of the naturalization statutes.”
In a letter by Mr. Hill, Acting Secretary of State, to the American Minister to Turkey, written June 14, 1901, he said:
“The words ‘resided uninterruptedly’ are obviously to be understood not as a continual bodily presence but in the legal sense; and, therefore, a transient absence, a journey, or the like, by no means interrupts the period of iive years contemplated by the first article. This is the accepted construction of the words ‘resided uninterruptedly.’ ”
And in speaking of section 2170, R. S., he proceeds:
“This is broader than the language of the treaties and is to bo understood in the ordinary legal sense, according to which a transient absence for business, pleasure, or other occasions with the intention of returning, does not interrupt the residence.”
And this is the construction placed upon the present naturalization act by the courts, so far as the reported cases show. In Re Schneider (C. C.) 164 Fed. 335, it was held that:
“The word ‘continuously’ is not used literally as requiring the applicant to remain at all times physically within such jurisdiction, but applies to changes of domicile only; and a sailor by going to sea does not abandon his residence.”
In United States v. Aakervik (D. C.) 180 Fed. 137, it was held, quoting from the headnote:
“While one’s residence under Revised Statutes, § 2170, * * * which requires an applicant for citizenship to have resided in the United States for five years next preceding his admission, depends largely on his intention, such intention is to be gathered from his acts rather than from his declarations.”
The learned judge in his opinion in that case, in speaking of section 12 of the Act of March 3, 1813, and its subsequent repeal by the Act ■of June 26, 1848, said:
“The elimination by the revision (referring to the words ‘without being at any time during the said five years out of the territory ol: the United States’) would seem to indicate that it was the purpose of Congress not to require that the petitioner remain continuously within the United States.”
In United States v. Cantini (D. C.) 199 Fed. 857, it was held that a ■certificate of naturalization granted upon evidence showing that the
“It was clearly not the purpose of Congress to intend that an alien seeking citizenship should not leave the territorial limits of the United States within a period of five years preceding his application. I-Iad that been the intention, Congress would have used some language like that used in the Act of March 8, 1818.”
In United States v. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. (D. C.) 189 Fed. 954, 963, the provision in the hours of service act, which prohibits a telegraph operator who transmits, receives, or delivers orders pertaining to or affecting train movements from being on duty for a longer period than 9 hours in any 24-hour period, at stations continuously operated night and day, was before the court. It was there contended that, as the said telegraph ■ office was closed during 4 hours in each 24-hour period, it was not an office kept open continuously day and night within the meaning of the statute; but this Contention was overruled by the court, and upon writ of error this ruling was affirmed. 199 Fed. 990, 117 C. C. A. 666.
A statute of Rhode Island made “continued drunkenness” a cause of divorce, and it was held that this did not mean drunkenness without interruption, but gross and confirmed habits of intoxication. Gourlay v. Gourlay, 16 R. I. 705, 19 Atl. 142.
In my opinion the applicant is entitled to naturalization, and it is so ordered.