Lead Opinion
Zions First National Bank (Zions) brought this adversary proceeding against Christian-sen Brothers Inc. (Christiansen). Zions had a perfected security interest in the accounts receivable of debtor Davidson Lumber Sales, Inc. (Davidson) and sought to enforce that interest out of accounts receivable Christian-sen allegedly owed Davidson. The bankruptcy court granted summary judgment to Christiansen, ruling that Christiansen owed Davidson nothing by virtue of Christiansen’s payment of debts that Davidson owed to its suppliers, Diehl Lumber Products (Diehl) and Anderson Lumber (Anderson). Zions appealed to the district court which reversed, holding that Christiansen’s payment of Davidson’s debts did not relieve Christiansen of its obligation to pay Davidson. See Zions First Nat’l Bank, N.A. v. Christiansen Bros. Inc. (In re Davidson Lumber Sales, Inc.),
I.
The relevant facts underlying this litigation are undisputed and may be briefly stated as follows. Davidson filed a petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on February 6, 1986. The case was converted to a Chapter 7 proceeding on April 30, 1987. On February 21, 1986, Davidson and Zions entered into a post-petition financing agreement under which Zions obtained a security interest in Davidson’s accounts receivable. Zions filed a financing statement in this regard under the Utah provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
Christiansen, as the general contractor on a construction project, bought goods and materials from Davidson post-petition for use on the project. Davidson in turn bought material from Diehl and Anderson and resold it to Christiansen for use in the project. Chris-tiansen was contractually obligated to the owner of the project to deliver the project free of mechanics liens. Davidson did not pay Diehl and Anderson for the materials. On February 24, 1987, Christiansen issued a joint check to Anderson and Davidson as payment for the materials Davidson had purchased from Anderson and resold to Chris-tiansen. Davidson’s president endorsed the check. On February 27, 1987, Diehl filed a notice of mechanics lien on the project under state law based on its lack of payment. Christiansen and Diehl entered into an agreement on March 11, 1987, under which Diehl agreed to release the lien and Chris-tiansen agreed to pay Diehl the amounts Davidson owed Diehl for the material Diehl sold to Davidson for use on the project. Christiansen paid Diehl, and Diehl released the lien. In a letter dated March 13, 1987, Davidson wrote to Christiansen stating that Zions had a security interest in Davidson’s accounts receivable. Davidson further stated that it declined to authorize payment of these accounts to anyone but the bankruptcy estate.
II.
In reviewing a bankruptcy court decision, the district court accepts fact findings unless clearly erroneous and reviews conclusions of law de novo. See Bartmann v. Maverick Tube Corp.,
The bankruptcy court based its decision on its conclusion that, under Utah law, Christiansen’s payments as a general contractor to suppliers who had not been paid by Davidson, the subcontractor, created a de
Utah recognizes the principle of setoff,
Moreover, the Utah courts recognize that the statutes providing for mechanics liens and payment bonds are remedial in nature and are designed to protect suppliers from the contract privity requirement. See Cox Rock Prods. v. Walker Pipeline Constr.,
[g]iven the legislature’s creation of a specific statutory preference for mechanics’ lienholders, if the question is framed as a choice between which party should receive a windfall, we believe it should be the mechanics’ lienholder_ Given the statutory protection granted mechanics’ hen-holders, it is much more appropriate to have commercial lenders bear the burden of protecting themselves.
Id. at 612. Although the specific holdings in these cases arose out of fact situations distinguishable from those at issue here, absent otherwise controlling Utah authority the policy in the cases favoring lienholders at the expense of commercial lenders inform our determination of the way in which the Utah courts would resolve the issues before us.
Zions argues that even if Christian-sen had a right to setoff, that right was subordinate to Zions’ perfected security interest in Davidson’s accounts receivable. We disagree. Section 9 — 104(i) of the Utah version of the UCC, Utah Code Ann. § 70A-9-104(i),
The relative rights of account debtors and assignees of accounts receivable are set out in section 9-318 of the UCC. Under that provision the rights of the assignee, here Zions, are subject to “any ... defense or claim of the account debtor [here Christiansen] against the assignor [here Davidson] which accrues before the account debtor receives notification of the assignment.” Utah Code Ann. § 70A-9-318(l)(b). Contrary to Zions’ assertion, Zions as assignee bears the burden of proving that Christiansen received notice of the assignments so as to cut off Christiansen’s right to set off those payments against the account debt. See 4447 Assocs. v. First Sec. Fin.,
While filing a financing statement is constructive notice that is effective for other purposes under Article 9, see Utah Code Ann. § 70A-9-312(5)(a) (1990) (establishing priority among multiple security interests by date of filing), it does not suffice for the actual notice required under section 70A-9-S18. A financing statement only offers notice that a security interest may exist, and requires potential creditors to make further inquiry to confirm the existence of specific details of the transaction. See Sannerud v. First Nat’l Bank,*1566 708 P.2d 1236 , 1241 (Wyo.1985); U.C.C. § 9-402 cmt. 2 (1989). An account debtor, unlike a potential creditor, is not obligated to check the UCC recordings continually to ascertain whether the debt has been assigned, and the filed financing statement offers no actual notice of the assignment’s existence that would affect an account debtor’s right to assert subsequent claims and defenses. See Utah Code Ann. § 70A-9-318(l)(b) (1990); Chase Manhattan Bank v. State,40 N.Y.2d 590 ,388 N.Y.S.2d 896 , 898-99,357 N.E.2d 366 , 369 (1976) (financing statement not actual notice that would bar account debtor from asserting setoff).
Id. at 473 n. 9 (emphasis added).
The only evidence in this record relevant to the notice issue is the letter from Davidson to Christiansen dated March 13, 1987. Even assuming that this letter would constitute sufficient notice under section 9-318(l)(b), see 4447 Assocs.,
III.
Zions further argues that allowing setoff here would violate several provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, specifically those pertaining to post-petition financing, use of cash collateral, setoff, and the automatic stay. We begin our consideration of these claims by turning to a long line of eases addressing these and similar arguments in the context of the construction industry. This authority provides a framework for evaluating Zions assertions and supports our determination that the Utah courts would allow setoff in this situation.
The court in Selby v. Ford Motor Co.,
designed to remedy problems in the construction industry. Like the law merchant of an earlier day, the building trades have gradually created a set of commercial expectations as the result of the customs and practices of the industry. The nature of the industry is such that the commercial expectations of the parties are defeated when a building contractor or subcontractor does not use accounts paid to him on a job to pay subcontractors or materialmen. Unless the parties see that construction funds are properly applied down the line, the liabilities of the parties up the line are affected. The unpaid workers must undertake the lengthy and wasteful process of filing, perfecting and foreclosing on their mechanics liens. The owner’s property and the construction lender’s security are encumbered.
Id. at 647. The court observed that to preserve the economic viability of the multi-tier payment system used in the construction industry,
courts and legislatures have increasingly found that the parties have an independent legal duty arising from reasonable commercial expectations to see to the proper application of construction funds. In the absence of statute, courts have declared that construction funds in the hands of a contractor are held subject to a constructive trust or an equitable assignment or an equitable lien. Even in the absence of a state builders trust statute, federal bankruptcy courts in a variety of situations have refused to apply the property, preference and statutory liens sections of the Bankruptcy Act to favor unsecured credi*1567 tors over the equitable claims of subcontractors and materialmen to the proceeds of a construction project in the hands of a bankrupt contractor.
Id. at 648 (footnotes omitted).
One of the earliest eases in this area arose out of a factual setting very similar to that before us. The court was required to determine “whether direct payments by the bankrupt’s debtor (a general contractor) to the bankrupt’s creditor (a supplier to the bankrupt), made under obligation of California law, were invalid as setoffs” under the prior Bankruptcy Act. Bel Marin Driwall, Inc. v. Grover (In re Bel Marin Driwall, Inc.),
In Scherer Hardware & Supply, Inc. v. Charles H. Eichelkrawt & Son, Inc. (In re Scherer Hardware & Supply, Inc.),
Equally significant to our consideration of Zions’ arguments are those cases holding that when a general contractor pays a supplier on the basis of an independent legal obligation, those payments do not become part of the bankruptcy estate. See e.g., Crocker v. Braid Elec. Co. (In re Arnold),
Considering Zions’ arguments in light of the above authority, we first note that Christiansen paid Diehl and Anderson as the result of an independent legal duty imposed by the contract between Christian-sen and the project owner. It is undisputed that this contract obligated Christiansen to deliver the project free from liens, an obligation that required Christiansen to pay the suppliers in the event Davidson did not so as to prevent the suppliers from filing liens. The Utah courts have held that a contract provision materially similar to this one renders the suppliers third party beneficiaries with a right to claim directly against the contract obligor. See Ron Case Roofing & Asphalt Paving, Inc. v. Blomquist,
With the above principles in mind, we turn to Zions’ argument that Christiansen violated 11 U.S.C. § 363(c)(2) by using the cash collateral attributable to the accounts receivable it owed Davidson to pay the suppliers without the consent of Zions or the bankruptcy court. Section 363(c)(2) provides that “[t]he trustee may not use, sell, or lease cash collateral under paragraph (1) of this subsection unless — (A) each entity that has an interest in such cash collateral consents; or (B) the court, after notice and a hearing, authorizes such use, sale, or lease in accordance with the provisions of this section.” Cash collateral is defined as “cash, negotiable instruments, documents of title, securities, deposit accounts, or other cash equivalents whenever acquired in which the estate and an entity other than the estate have an interest and includes the proceeds, products, offspring, rents, or profits of property subject to a security interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 363(a) (emphasis added). As emphasized in the quoted definition, this section is not applicable unless the debtor has an interest in the property. As we have discussed, when a general contractor makes a payment to a supplier under an independent legal obligation, that payment is not part of the bankruptcy estate and the debtor therefore has no interest in it. See In re Arnold,
Zions also argues that allowing set-off here would violate the automatic stay provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3) and (4). Under those provisions, the filing of a bankruptcy petition operates to stay “any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate,” 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3), and to stay “any act to create, perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate,” id. § 362(a)(4).
Zions’ security interest, Christian-sen’s debt to Davidson, Davidson’s debt to the suppliers, and Christiansen’s payments to those suppliers all arose after Davidson filed its Chapter 11 petition. We are thus concerned here only with the availability of set-off with respect to post-petition obligations. The Bankruptcy Code does not address set-off in these circumstances. Section 553, which governs the availability of setoff, is directed to mutual debts that arose before the commencement of the bankruptcy proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. § 553(a). The automatic stay section deals with setoff specifically, but it is likewise addressed only to a debt owed the debtor that arose before the case was filed. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(7).
Despite the Bankruptcy Code’s failure to address the situation, courts generally recognize that in appropriate circumstances mutual post-petition debts may be set off. See e.g., Mohawk Indus. v. United States (In re Mohawk Indus.),
Even if we assume that section 362(a)(3) could apply to the setoff of mutual post-petition obligations, we do not believe Zions may invoke its protection here. The primary function of section 362(a)(7), which as we have observed applies by its terms to the setoff of a prepetition debt, “is to permit rehabilitation of Chapter 11 debtors.” Row Steel, Inc. v. Asphalt & Sealers Equip. Mfg. (In re Row Steel, Inc),
As we discussed in part I swpra, Zions did not avail itself of the state law protection provided in section 9-318 of the U.C.C. by giving timely notice of the assignment to Christiansen. Zions’ rights in the accounts receivable are therefore subject to Christian-sen’s right to setoff. We are not inclined to allow Zions, a sophisticated commercial lender, to invoke the provisions of the automatic stay simply to obtain relief from its failure to act in a commercially prudent manner. It is not appropriate to apply provisions of the Bankruptcy Code to override priorities established by state law and to contravene state public policy when to do so would not further the purposes of the Code provisions at issue.
The above discussion is also dis-positive of Zions’ argument that it should prevail on the basis of 11 U.S.C. § 348(d). Under that provision, when a bankruptcy case is converted from a Chapter 11 proceeding to one under Chapter 7, a claim “against the estate or the debtor that arises after the order for relief but before conversion ... shall be treated for all purposes as if such claim had arisen immediately before the date of the filing of the petition.” This provision is significant in the context of a claim to setoff because “[a] creditor is not permitted to setoff the debtor’s prepetition obligation to him against his obligation to the debtor which arose postpetition, because the two obligations lack mutuality.” In re Mohawk Indus.,
Moreover, the decision upon which Zions relies is of doubtful authority in any event. Zions points to the case of Still v. United Pipe & Supply Co. (In re W.L. Jackson Mfg. Co.),
Finally, we consider Zions’ policy argument. Zions has argued throughout these proceedings that unless it prevails, “lenders simply will not provide post-petition financing to Chapter 11 debtors, and the underlying policy of Chapter 11 to help failing businesses rehabilitate themselves will be frustrated.” Br. of Aplee. at 10. In so doing, Zions simply fails to acknowledge the critical fact that commercial lenders such as Zions have a readily available means of protecting their security interest in the accounts receivable of a Chapter 11 debtor against the claim of a party such as Christiansen. They need only give notice under U.C.C. section 9-318 in one of two ways. See 4447 Assocs.,
Although Zions is harshly critical of Chris-tiansen’s alleged failure to take action to protect itself, in our view the magnitude of Zions’ failure leaves it in no position to point the finger of blame elsewhere. Zions, as a sophisticated commercial lender extending post-petition financing to a debtor in possession, failed to act in a commercially prudent manner when it did not avail itself of the protection provided under state law. We do not believe the result we reach here will affect the availability of post-petition financing generally because we are convinced that commercial lenders as a rule do not overlook the state law protection that Zions failed to use in this case.
Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND with directions to enter judgment in favor of Christiansen.
Notes
. The parties and the district court have addressed to varying degrees whether the facts in this case give rise to a claim of setoff or of recoupment. See Zions First Nat’l Bank, N.A. v. Christiansen Bros., Inc. (In re Davidson Lumber Sales, Inc.),
. Although we believe the Utah courts would allow setoff absent mutuality when equitable considerations are present, we note in addition that several well-defined exceptions exist to a strict construction of the mutuality requirement, including the setoff of creditor claims under the doctrine of subrogation. See J.A. Clark Mechanical, Inc. v. Case W. Reserve Univ. (In re J.A. Clark Mech., Inc.),
.An additional indication of the concern in Utah that the law provide for the payment of laborers and suppliers is found in Ron Case Roofing & Asphalt Paving, Inc. v. Blomquist, ITS P.2d 1382 (Utah 1989). There the court held that when two parties reach a contractual agreement that one party will pay debts arising from the furnishing of labor or materials, the suppliers are third party beneficiaries of that contract with an enforceable right to payment against the contracting party assuming the payment obligation. See id. at 1385-87.
. Zions argues that the Utah provisions relevant to the payment of construction funds undercut Christiansen's right to setoff. See Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-55-602, -603 (Supp.1994). These statutes provide that a contractor must pay his suppliers "within 30 consecutive days after receiving construction funds from ... another contractor ... or after the last day payment is due under the terms of the billing, whichever is later.” Id. 58-55-603(2). Zions argues that because Christiansen never paid Davidson, Davidson’s duty to pay Diehl and Anderson never arose. However, all the participants in the underlying events, including Davidson and Zions, have agreed throughout this litigation that Davidson owed the money to these suppliers. Moreover, with respect to construction contracts, the general rule is that such pay-when-paid provisions do not operate as conditions precedent under which the duty to pay is contingent upon receipt of funds from a third party. See Ritz-Craft Corp. v. Stanford Management Group,
. All further references herein to Uniform Commercial Code sections are contained in Utah Code Ann. tit. 70A.
.Zions’ reliance upon Insley Mfg. Corp. is thus misplaced. As set out in text, Insley holds that although section 9-104(i) removes a setoff from the security and filing provisions otherwise imposed by Article 9, the priority provisions of that Article are to be used in determining the priority of a right to setoff vis-a-vis the claims of other creditors. See Insley, 111 P.2d at 1344 — 45. In that case, the court followed its holding in resolving the priority conflict between a creditor's perfected purchase money security interest in inventory and identifiable cash proceeds and a creditor’s right to setoff against those proceeds. It is in this context that the court noted the importance of the constructive notice given by the filing of a financing statement, and stated that Article 9 has no provision suggesting that a perfected security interest [in inventory and proceeds] is subordinate to a right of setoff. Id. at 1345.
In the instant case, as distinguished from Ins-ley, we must look to Article 9 to resolve a priority conflict between a creditor's right to setoff and another creditor’s perfected security interest in accounts receivable, an issue resolved directly by UCC section 9-318.
. Zions argues that Christiansen, as Diehl's sub-rogee, should be charged with Diehl’s notice of the assignment, citing the Colorado case of Union Ins. Co. v. RCA Corp.,
. We realize that the funds at issue here were in the hands of the general contractor, Christian-sen, rather than held by the bankrupt subcontractor, Davidson. We are also aware that Zions is a secured creditor. Nonetheless, the general concerns underlying the discussion in Selby are relevant to the instant circumstance.
. At least two courts have held that when a subcontractor is obligated by a contract with the general contractor to supply materials and fails to pay his suppliers, he has breached his contract and the general contractor is no longer contractually obligated to pay the defaulting subcontractor. See Tri-City Serv. Dist. v. Pacific Marine Dredging & Constr. (In re Pacific Marine Dredging & Constr.),
. The funds paid by Christiansen to Anderson by joint check are also excluded from the bankruptcy estate under the doctrine of earmarking.
It is generally recognized that where the payee controls the application of the funds by requiring dual endorsement before the check can be negotiated, the funds are claimed to be earmarked funds on the specific condition that a joint payee shall receive the proceeds, the Debtor who is already a named payee is merely deemed to be a conduit for those funds, which did not become the property of the Debtor's estate.
Jensen v. Pen Air Conditioning, Inc. (In re Winsco Builders, Inc.),
. Even if we assume that the payments made here could constitute property of the estate, section 363(c)(2) is directed only to the trustee’s use of cash collateral. Zions has cited no authority for its assertion that this section also applies to parties other than the trustee. We believe that Zions’ attempt to invoke section 363(c)(2) is actually a variation on its arguments with respect to other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code dealing with setoff and the automatic stay which we address below.
. We do not see the relevance of section 362(a)(4). It is clear that Diehl filed a lien against the property. Although this lien precipitated Christiansen’s payment to Diehl due to the independent legal obligation imposed upon Christiansen by contract, the lien itself did not attach to property of the debtor. Accordingly, we address Zions’ argument only with respect to section 362(a)(3).
.The district court therefore erred in holding that the setoff here was barred by 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(7). See In re Davidson Lumber Sales, Inc.,
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting.
Because I find the district court’s reasoning persuasive and its result correct, I cannot support the majority’s decision to reverse. I, therefore, dissent.
The facts have been well-stated and will not be repeated here. Suffice it to say that the crux of the matter is whether Christian-sen, the general contractor, had the right under Utah law to pay Diehl, the lien claimant, the amount claiming to be owed to release the lien, and by doing so create a defense to Christiansen’s obligation to pay Davidson, the bankrupt subcontractor.
The district court found that under Utah law Christiansen had no legal duty to the supplier, Diehl, and had no legal right to pay Diehl directly. The court further found that such payment did not release Christiansen from its obligation to pay Davidson.
Diehl, of course, had every right to protect itself by filing a mechanic’s lien against the project owner. The mere filing of this lien in no way legally obligated Christiansen. Christiansen’s decision to bypass payment to Davidson and pay Diehl was merely to protect itself from the project owner with whom Christiansen had contracted to deliver a lien-free project.
As the district court noted:
the mechanic’s lien statute is to protect those who have added directly to the value of real property by performing labor or furnishing material. This statute was intended and designed to prevent the owner of land from taking benefit of improvements placed on his property without paying for the labor or material that went into them. In Re Davidson Lumber Sales, Inc., 167 [164] B.R. 773, 776 (D.Utah, C.D.1993).
The statute applies to the owner because it is the owner’s real property to which the lien attaches. Nothing in the statute indicates it
The district court provided a succinct and accurate synopsis of the protective actions of the parties in this matter:
Christiansen voluntarily contracted with the owner to keep the property clear of any mechanic’s lien and Christiansen could have imposed the obligation on Davidson, but it did not. Diehl protected itself by filing a mechanic’s lien; Zions protected itself with its super-priority post-petition hen on Davidson’s inventory and accounts receivable; and the owner protected itself with its contract with Christiansen.
Davidson,
It is clear to me that ah parties except Christiansen protected their interests in this project. Christiansen, presumably a seasoned general contractor, failed to adequately protect its interests when it could easily have done so. It should not now be rewarded and allowed to breach its contractual obligations to Davidson. The result of such an action is that Zions, a party which did protect itself, suffers a unjustifiable loss.
The district court correctly concluded that there was nothing under Utah law which gave Christiansen the right to pay Diehl and not pay Davidson as required under the contract.
Because I would affirm the district court’s decision, I, respectfully, dissent.