In re Danny L. HART and Joanne E. Hart, Debtors. EASTLAND MORTGAGE CO., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Danny L. HART and Joanne E. Hart, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 89-6325
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit
Jan. 17, 1991
Rehearing Denied Feb. 26, 1991
923 F.2d 1410
Because the attorney‘s fees award was based upon Oklahoma law,
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part.
James L. Bentley, UAW-GM Legal Services Plan, Oklahoma City, Okl., for debtors-defendants-appellants.
Sandy Schovanec, Phillips McFall McVay Sheets & Lovelace (Melvin R. McVay with her on the briefs), Oklahoma City, Okl., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before MOORE, TACHA and BRORBY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Danny L. Hart and Joanne E. Hart, debtors in the chapter 13 bankruptcy action from which this appeal arose, took out a loan secured by a mortgage held by the Federal National Mortgage Association and serviced by appellee Eastland Mortgage Company, a creditor in the bankruptcy action. The mortgage described the security for the loan to be the real property to which the Harts’ mobile home is attached,
TOGETHER WITH all the improvements now or hereafter erected on the property, and all easements, rights, appurtenances, rents, royalties, mineral, oil and gas rights and profits, water rights and stock and all fixtures now or hereafter a part of the property. All replacements and additions shall also be covered by this Security Instrument. All of the foregoing is referred to in this Security Instrument as the “Property.”
In re Hart, No. 88-6229-TS, Order Concerning Debtors’ Motion to Amend Plan at 5 (Bankr.W.D.Okla. Mar. 24, 1988) (hereafter, the “bankruptcy court order“). At the time the Harts submitted their chapter 13 wage earner plan to the bankruptcy court for approval, a $55,000 balance remained on Eastland‘s note. However, the fair market value of the property described in the mortgage was stipulated to be $30,000. One part of the Harts’ chapter 13 plan, approved by the bankruptcy court without objection, referred to the mortgage as a $55,000 secured indebtedness, while other parts of the plan referred to the mortgage as a $30,000 secured and $25,000 unsecured indebtedness. When the Harts filed a motion to amend the plan, correcting what they referred to as a “scrivener‘s error” so that the plan consistently listed $30,000 of the debt as secured and $25,000 as unsecured, Eastland objected.
The bankruptcy court granted the Harts’ motion to amend and approved the plan over Eastland‘s objections. Eastland appealed to the district court, and that court reversed, holding modification of the mortgage to be inappropriate, given the protection of residential mortgages granted by
The standard by which this court reviews district court decisions arising on appeal from the bankruptcy court was set forth in Hall v. Vance, 887 F.2d 1041 (10th Cir. 1989):
It is well established that neither this court nor the district court can disturb a bankruptcy court‘s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. A factual finding is clearly erroneous “‘when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.‘” This court, however, may exercise de novo review over the bankruptcy court‘s conclusions of law.
Id. at 1043 (citations omitted). See also First Bank v. Mullet (In re Mullet), 817 F.2d 677, 679 (10th Cir.1987) (“both the court of appeals and the district court are to review the bankruptcy court‘s legal determinations de novo“); cf. Jarboe v. Unit-ed Bank (In re Golf Course Builders Leasing, Inc.), 768 F.2d 1167, 1169 (10th Cir. 1985) (“the ‘clearly erroneous’ standard does not apply to . . . mixed questions of law and fact“).
Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code of 1978,
Two sections of the Code are particularly important in this case. The first is
The original draft of the Code, prepared by the Commission on the Bankruptcy Laws of the United States, recommended permitting modification of secured indebtedness on personal property. Grubbs, 730 F.2d at 243-44; In re Neal, 10 B.R. 535, 538 (Bankr.S.D. Ohio 1981); see also H.R. Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 5963; S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5787. The House version of the Code, H.R. 8200, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977), expanded this capability for modification of secured interests to include both real and personal property. Grubbs, 730 F.2d at 243; In re Neal, 10 B.R. at 538-39. The Senate version, S. 2266, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. (1978), restricted the House version‘s broad right to modification by adding the underlined phrase of the following passage, “(2) modify the rights of holders of secured claims (other than claims wholly secured by mortgages on real property) or of holders of unsecured claims.” Grubbs, 730 F.2d at 245 & n. 14; In re Neal, 10 B.R. at 539. The final version of the Code reflected the efforts of a compromise committee. “There was no explanation as to the rationale for the change of the word ‘wholly’ to the word ‘only.‘” Id. The change in the order of the words in the clause also remains unexplained.
In Grubbs, the Fifth Circuit found that Congress intended to protect the home mortgage industry:
With regard to § 1322(b)(2), the Senate receded from its position that no “modification” was to be permitted of any mortgage secured by real estate; it instead agreed to a provision that modification was to be barred only as to a claim “secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor‘s principal residence.” This limited bar was apparently in response to perceptions, or to suggestions advanced in the legislative hearings [by advocates for secured creditors], that, home-mortgagor [sic] lenders, performing a valuable social service through their loans, needed special protection against modification thereof (i.e., reducing installment payments, secured valuations, etc.).
730 F.2d at 246 (emphasis in original); see also id. at 245 n. 13; Federal Land Bank v. Glenn (In re Glenn), 760 F.2d 1428, 1433-34 (6th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom Miller v. First Fed., 474 U.S. 849, 106 S.Ct. 144, 88 L.Ed.2d 119 (1985); In re Seidel, 752 F.2d 1382, 1385-86 (9th Cir.1985); In re Harris, 94 B.R. 832, 836 (D.N.J.1989); In re Foster, 61 B.R. 492, 495 (Bankr.N.D. Ind.1986) (special protection of
The other section of the Code bearing on this case is
An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on property in which the estate has an interest . . . is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor‘s interest in the estate‘s interest in such property . . . and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor‘s interest . . . is less than the amount of such allowed claim. Such value shall be determined in light of the purpose of the valuation and of the proposed disposition or use of such property.
“Section 506 . . . governs the definition and treatment of secured claims. . . . Subsection (a) of § 506 provides that a claim is secured only to the extent of the value of the property on which the lien is fixed; the remainder of that claim is considered unsecured.” United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 238-39, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 1029, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989); see also Dewsnup v. Timm (In re Dewsnup), 908 F.2d 588, 590 (10th Cir.1990) (citing Ron Pair Enters.) (
The dispositive issue in this case is whether Eastland‘s undersecured loan may be bifurcated into two claims by applying the general principles of section 506(a) to the mortgage and then protecting only the secured claim by the provisions of section 1322(b)(2). We believe it can.
Eastland claims that this court does not have jurisdiction to examine this issue. Eastland notes that the bankruptcy court did not reach this issue because it found that rents, royalties, profits and stock were “collateral other than the debtor‘s principal residence, and thus the claim was not protected by section 1322(b)(2),” bankruptcy court order at 5-6, and that the Harts did not “cross-appeal” the issue in the district court. The Harts counter that they noted the issue in their “appellee‘s statement” to the district court and that such notice is sufficient to confer district court jurisdiction over the issue, pursuant to
We hold that we do have jurisdiction to rule on this issue for two reasons. First, in this circuit, “[a]n appellee may defend the judgment won below on any ground supported by the record without filing a cross appeal.” Robinson v. Robinson (In re Robinson), 921 F.2d 252, 253 (10th Cir. 1990) (citing Koch v. City of Hutchinson, 847 F.2d 1436, 1441 n. 14 (10th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 909, 109 S.Ct. 262, 102 L.Ed.2d 250 (1988)).
And second, although the record on appeal does not include the Harts’ appellee‘s statement, they evidently did bring the issue to the district court‘s attention because the district court order states: “Debtors contend that even if Eastland‘s claim is within the scope of 1322(b)(2), debtors can still bifurcate the claim into secured and unsecured claims and modify the unsecured portion pursuant to
The district court did not consider this issue, on the grounds that “the issue is not before this Court on appeal.” Id. at 4. However, the district court could have ad-
Threshold bifurcation of undersecured mortgages has been recognized recently by both the Third and the Ninth Circuits. In Hougland v. Lomas & Nettleton Co. (In re Hougland), 886 F.2d 1182 (9th Cir.1989), the Ninth Circuit held that:
[I]t is clear that section 506(a) applies to Chapter 13 proceedings. See § 103(a). There is, therefore, no reason to believe that the phrases “secured claim” and “unsecured claim” in section 1322(b)(2) have any meaning other than those given to them by section 506(a).
. . . .
Congress quite plainly has provided for the separation of undersecured claims into two components—a secured component and an unsecured component. It has then provided for their treatment in Chapter 13 proceedings. The secured portion has special protection when residential real estate lending is involved. The unsecured portion does not.
Id. at 1183, 1185.2 Accord Wilson v. Commonwealth Mortgage Corp., 895 F.2d 123, 127, 128 (3d Cir.1990) (“[W]e hold today that section 1322(b)(2) does not preclude the modification of any ‘unsecured’ portion of an undersecured [mortgage debt].“); Gaglia v. First Fed. Savs. & Loan Ass‘n, 889 F.2d 1304, 1311 (3d Cir.1989) (“Whether the plan complies with § 1322(b)(2) depends on the extent to which the claim is secured, an issue that is determined by reference to § 506.“); In re Lewis, 875 F.2d 53, 56 (3d Cir.1989) (in a chapter 13 proceeding, a claim secured only by a security interest in the debtor‘s residence may be voided to the extent it is not an allowed secured claim as defined by section 506). See also 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1322.06[1][a] at 1322-15 (L. King, 15th ed. 1979 & Supp. Dec. 1989).
While no other circuit courts have ruled on this issue, district courts and bankruptcy courts from other circuits reflect a split of authority. Courts within the Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh Circuits have favored protection of only the secured portion of a home mortgage under section 1322(b)(2), applying section 506(a) and then submitting only the secured portion of the claim to the protection of section 1322(b)(2). See McNair v. Chrysler First Fin. Servs. Corp. (In re McNair), 115 B.R. 520, 523 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1990); In re Demoff, 109 B.R. 902, 915 (Bankr.N.D.Ind.1989); In re Hill, 96 B.R. 809, 813-14 (Bankr.S.D. Ohio 1989); In re Frost, 96 B.R. 804, 807 (Bankr.S.D. Ohio 1989).
To the contrary, bankruptcy courts in the Fifth, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits have held that such bifurcation is inappropriate. The bankruptcy courts in these circuits rely on some or all of four rationales: (1) the legislative history mandates protection of the home mortgage lender, and bifurcation impermissibly dilutes that protection; (2) as a matter of statutory construction, the requirements of a specific section, in this case section 1322(b)(2), control those of a general section, in this case section 506(a); (3) as a matter of statutory construction, the courts should look to the definition of “claim” from section 101(4), which includes both secured and unsecured claims, rather than the definition of “secured claim” from section 506(a); and (4) analysis of the legislative history should look back to Chapter XIII of the now-repealed Bankruptcy Act, predecessor to the Code, for guidance in the definition of secured claims. See In re Chavez, 117 B.R. 733, 736-37 (Bankr.S.D. Fla.1990); In re Sauber, 115 B.R. 197, 199 (Bankr.D.Minn.1990); In re Schum, 112 B.R. 159, 162 & n. 3 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.1990); In re Kaczmarczyk, 107 B.R. 200, 202-03 (Bankr.D.Neb.1989); In re Russell, 93 B.R. 703, 705 (D.N.D.1988); In re Catlin, 81 B.R. 522, 524 (Bankr.D.Minn.1987).3 We are not persuaded that application of any of these four rationales, taken individually or cumulatively, results in a correct reading of the Code as currently enacted.
The position of the Third and Ninth Circuits and the other courts which have adopted threshold bifurcation under section 506(a) prior to submission of the secured claim portion of a mortgage to the protection of section 1322(b)(2) reflects the plain meaning of section 1322(b)(2), which states:
Subject to subsections (a) and (c) of this section, the plan may—
modify the rights of holders of secured claims, other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor‘s principal residence, or of holders of unsecured claims, or leave unaffected the rights of holders of any class of claims.
In interpreting any statute, we “‘begin with the language employed by Congress and the assumption that the ordinary meaning of that language accurately expresses the legislative purpose.‘” Justice v. Valley Nat‘l Bank, 849 F.2d 1078, 1084 (8th Cir.1988) (quoting Park ‘N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park & Fly, Inc., 469 U.S. 189, 194, 105 S.Ct. 658, 661, 83 L.Ed.2d 582 (1985)). “The plain meaning of legislation should be conclusive, except in the ‘rare cases [in which] the literal application of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intention of its drafters.‘” Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. at 242, 109 S.Ct. at 1031 (quoting Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 571, 102 S.Ct. 3245, 3250, 73 L.Ed.2d 973 (1982)). In addition, using a literal reading of
We join the Third and Ninth Circuits in holding that an undersecured mortgage is, for the purposes of the bankruptcy code, two claims, and only the secured claim is protected by section 1322(b)(2).4 More importantly, we recognize that while bifurcation, in the literal sense, may be a modification of the mortgage represented in the secured and unsecured claims, bifurcation is not, of itself, a “modification” of the secured claim made impermissible by section 1322(b)(2). Indeed, the act of bifurcation recognizes, but does not affect, the secured claim.
We find nothing in the plain language of section 1322(b)(2) which instructs us to go beyond the Code‘s statutory definition of the term “secured claims” to protect the unsecured portion of an undersecured home mortgage. We note that the Harts’ plan provided for the secured claim to be paid in full without adjustment in the interest rate or repayment schedule stated in the loan documents. Under this plan, payment of only the secured portion of the debt is not a modification of the creditor‘s rights under the mortgage, and thus is allowed under
Tangentially, the Harts argue that their mortgage is secured by more than “only an interest in real property that is [their] principal residence,” thereby removing the mortgage from the protection of section 1322(b)(2) and freeing them to subject it to section 506(a) bifurcation. Both the bankruptcy court and the district court confined their analysis to this approach in analyzing the bifurcation issue. The bankruptcy court concluded that:
While such items as “rents, royalties . . . profits . . . and stock” may be related to realty, clearly they are not realty and certainly are not considered a part of a mortgagor‘s principal residence. Although Eastland argues none of those items are present in this case at this time, the drafters of the mortgage form certainly placed the mortgagee in a position to claim such items as its collateral if they arise in the future. Thus, Eastland cannot now be heard to say its claim is limited to only Debtors’ principal residence.
Bankruptcy court order at 5. Through this analysis, the bankruptcy court removed the mortgage from the protection of section 1322(b)(2) and allowed application of the bifurcation provisions of section 506(a).
The district court reversed. It stated that, “Eastland does not seriously contend that rents and profits are real property. Therefore . . . the language of the clause covers items other than real property.” District court order at 2. However, the district court concluded that Eastland‘s mortgage was totally protected by section 1322(b)(2) because the non-realty items did not presently exist and therefore could not be construed as security for the mortgage, citing the definition of a secured claim found in
The Harts argue that, in finding that the additional items of collateral had no value, the district court made a finding of fact unsupported by the record. They argue, citing
The Third Circuit clarified the federal appeals court‘s role in reviewing district court decisions in bankruptcy cases:
As an appellate court twice removed from the primary tribunal, we review both the factual and the legal determinations of the district court for error. The district court does not sit as a finder of facts in evaluating them as a court of review, and therefore its evaluation of the evidence is not shielded by the “clearly erroneous” standard of
Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a) , which applies only to a trial court sitting as a fact finder. We are in as good a position as the district court to review the findings of the bankruptcy court, so we review the bankruptcy court‘s findings by the standards the district court should employ, to determine whether the district court erred in its review. To the extent the parties challenge the choice, interpretation, or application of legal precepts, we always employ the fullest scope of review: we examine the decision of the court from which the appeal is taken for error, and the legal determinations of the district court as a reviewing tribunal are not shielded by any presumption of correctness.
Universal Minerals, Inc. v. C.A. Hughes & Co., 669 F.2d 98, 101-02 (3d Cir.1981) (emphasis in original).
While the district court “is free to draw inferences from undisputed facts,” Adams v. United States (In re Breit), 460 F.Supp. 873, 875 (E.D.Va.1978), it “may not accept the findings of the bankruptcy court and then go on to make additional findings having the effect of contradicting the conclusions of the bankruptcy court.” In re Neis, 723 F.2d 584, 589 (7th Cir.1983). “Merely because a reviewing Court on the same evidence may have reached a different result will not justify setting a finding aside.” Machinery Rental, Inc. v. Herpel (In re Multiponics, Inc.), 622 F.2d 709, 723 (5th Cir.1980) (citing United States v. Na-tional Ass‘n of Real Estate [Bds.], 339 U.S. 485, 495-96, 70 S.Ct. 711, 717, 94 L.Ed. 1007 (1950)).
In this case, the district court went beyond the factual findings of the bankruptcy court to find that the rents and profits listed as security on the Harts’ mortgage are illusory,6 apparently based on undocumented, albeit uncontested, statements in Eastland‘s brief to the district court. The district court then went on to use this finding of fact to reverse the legal conclusion of the bankruptcy court. This use of a finding of fact by the district court in a bankruptcy appeal, unsupported by the record, is reversible error.
The order of the District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma is REVERSED and this matter is REMANDED to the Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BRORBY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
As I would affirm the decision of the district court, I must dissent.
The principal issue we must decide is the apparent tension between two separate provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.
The majority‘s conclusion is that
The majority accurately describes the split in authority on this issue and cites numerous bankruptcy court decisions in the Fifth, Eighth and Eleventh Circuits that have disagreed with the majority‘s approach. I am persuaded by these decisions. I believe these cases correctly analyze the problem and reach the better solution.