112 Mo. App. 21 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1904
Lead Opinion
The decision of this matter arises on the return of John H. Strobel, sergeant at arms of tbe House of Delegates of tbe city of St. Louis, to tbe writ
From the return, as well as from the charter of the city, it appears that the House of Delegates is one branch of the Municipal Assembly of the city of St. Louis. Said Municipal Assembly is authorized by the charter to assess, levy and collect all taxes for general purposes on real and personal property and to license various business pursuits, including merchants and manufacturing concerns and to fix the rate of taxation and the amount to be paid for licenses. Pursuant to said charter powers, the Municipal Assembly passed an ordinance by which merchants before offering to do business as such, must procure a license from the License Commissioner, and as the basis for such license must furnish to said commissioner:
“First: A statement of the value of the just amount of all goods, wares and merchandise which he may have had in his possession or under his control at that time between the first Monday of March and the first Monday of June each year.
“Second: A statement of the aggregate amount of sales made by him during the year, and each statement shall be made in writing and delivered to the License Commissioner, verified by the affidavits of the merchants or officers of the corporation making it, if residing in the city, if not, then by some creditable person duly authorized to do so and the amount of taxes and license due thereon shall be paid to the collector at his office on or before the first Monday in July of each year.”
Manufacturers are required to furnish the License Commissioner as the basis of their licenses:
“First: A statement of the aggregate raw material, merchandise and finished products ( to be listed separately) which he had on hand between the first Monday of March and the first Monday in June of each year on any one day between said times, as well as all tools,*24 machinery and appliances used in conducting his business or owned by'him on the first day of June in each year.
“Second: A statement of the aggregate amount of all sales made by him during the year next preceding the first Monday'in June, which statement shall be made in writing and delivered to the License Commissioner, verified by the affidavit of the manufacturer or other officer of the corporation making it, if he is residing in the city, if not, then by some creditable person authorized to do so, and the amount of taxes thereon shall be paid to the License Commissioner at his office on or before the first Monday in July of each year.”
The commissioner is required to keep a list of persons and corporations who must pay a license tax and collect all information for the proper assessing, levying and Issuing of licenses and license taxes. The ordinances provide also for the establishment of a board of license revision, consisting of three real estate owners to adjust and correct licenses and license taxes and the license taxbooks of the city.
By section 31, article 3, of the charter of the city of St. Louis, it is provided as follows:
“The assembly, or either house, shall have power to compel the attendance of witnesses, and the production of papers relating to any subject under consideration, and in which the interests of the city are involved, and shall have power to call upon any proper officer of the city of St. Louis to execute such process. The President of the Council and Speaker of the house, and the chairman of any committee of either house, shall have authority to administer oaths to witnesses.” ,
By virtue of that charter power, the Municipal Assembly enacted an ordinance providing that whenever either of its houses, shall, by resolution, authorize a committee to make an investigation of any question or matter on which such house may lawfully take action, and shall empower such committee to send for persons and
On October 30,1903, the House of Delegates adopted the following resolution:
“Whereas, it is generally claimed in public and private that the city of St. Louis is being systematically robbed of its just resources in the way of personal and other taxes, and,
“Whereas, the city much needs, at the present time, her just dues in order to properly meet the extra demands being made upon her in these days of commemorations and celebrations and that each citizen may do his part, and that the tax-dodger and schemer may be compelled to pay their full share, and that the dishonest be brought under the searchlight:
“THEREFORE, Be It Resolved, That the speaker be empowered to appoint a special committee of five members of this house (the first named being chairman) to fully and carefully investigate the hooks, records and accounts in the several departments wherein returns are made of taxes, either personal, real or upon ad valorem basis, in relation to merchants’ and manufacturers’ license or personal tax, and that such committee he empowered to subpoena witnesses and to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths, and if necessary to empower one or' more attorneys, whose compensation shall not exceed $350 per month, each; a clerk, who shall be an expert accountant and bookkeeper and perform such duties as the committee may elect, whose compensation shall not exceed $200 per month, to aid in the discharge of their duties and report their findings and recommendations as soon as possible.”
The speaker of the House of Delegates appointed a committee of five members to conduct the investigation. In the course of its investigation said committee issued
Ordinances of the city provide that in such cases the committee subpoenaing the witnesses shall report the facts to the house and that upon the coming in of the report the presiding officer of the House of Delegates, if directed by it, shall issue a warrant to the sergeant at arms commanding him to arrest the accused witness and have him before the house to answer for contempt, and further providing that if, on the hearing of the matter, the House of Delegates adjudges the witness to be in contempt of its authority, it may, for the first offense, punish him by a fine of not more than- one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the city jail for/ not more than ten days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
The sergeant, at arms was unable to find Conrades on the first warrant and made return to that effect; whereupon the house issued an alias warrant of the same tenor, under which the petitioner was arrested and while in the custody of the sergeant at arms, sued out this writ of habeas corpus. It further appears that said Conrades Chair Company is a corporation with its chief office in the city of St. Louis and that it has been doing a business there which is subject to a license tax.
In Burnham v. Morrissey, 14 Gray 226, the petitioner prayed to be discharged from the custody of the Sergeant at Arms of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, he being held under a warrant of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of that State.- The House of Representatives of the Massachusetts Legislature had appointed a special committee to investigate the affairs of the State Liquor Agency with authority to send for persons and papers. That committee issued a subpoena to Burnham, commanding him to produce before the committee all the books and papers relating to the liquor commission. He refused to produce some of them, was arrested, arraigned before the bar of the House of Representatives, interrogated concerning his refusal and answered denying the right of the committee to compel the production. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts remanded him to jail, holding that he was lawfully in custody.. This case will be referred to again.
The second ground of release asserted by the petitioner is that the investigation undertaken by the committee of the House of Delegates, by virtue of which it sought to compel the production of the books of the Conrades Company, was not related to any function or duty
“Each house must be allowed to proceed in its own way in the collection of such information as may seem important to a proper discharge of its functions, and whenever it is deemed desirable that witnesses should be examined, the power and authority to do so is very properly referred to a committee, with any such powers, short of final legislative or judicial action, as may seem necessary or expedient in the particular case. Such committee has no authority to sit during a recess of the house which has appointed it, without its permission to that effect, but the house is at liberty to confer such authority if it sees fit. A refusal to appear or to testify before such committee or to produce books and papers, would be a contempt of the house; but the committee cannot punish for contempts; it can only report the conduct of the offending party to the house for its action. The power of the committee will terminate with the final dissolution of the house appointing it.” Cooley, Const. Law (7 Ed.), p. 193.
The Massachusetts case above referred to-is a leading one on this subject and on the power of legislative bodies to commit witnesses for disobedience of their orders to produce books and papers or refusing to answer questions. We quote from the opinion, which was based on facts very similar to those before us.
“The House of Eepresentatives has many duties to perform which necessarily require it to receive evidence and examine witnesses. It is the grand inquest for the Commonwealth, and as such has power to inquire into the official conduct of all officers of the Commonwealth, in order to impeachment. It may inquire into the doings of corporations, which are subject to the control of the Legislature, with a view to modify or repeal their charters. It is the judge of the election and qualification of its members. It has power to decide upon the expulsion*32 of its members. It has often occasion to require a certain knowledge of facts, in order to the proper performance of legislative duties.
“We therefore think it is clear that it has the constitutional right to take evidence, to summon witnesses, and to compel them to attend and to testify. This power to summon and examine witnesses it may exercise by means of committees. If a witness, duly notified or summoned, by the authority of the house, to attend before a committee or before the house, refuses to attend, or, when present and required to testify or to do any other act which a witness may be lawfully required to do, refuses to obey the lawful commands of the house in that behalf, it is a contempt of the authority of the house, and, upon such refusal to attend or if such refusal to-testify occur before a committee, the house may compel his obedience by arresting him by the proper officer of the house, and bringing him before the house.
“If, when before the house, he is contumacious and refuses to obey, without lawful excuse, such conduct renders him ‘guilty of disrespect to the house by contemptuous behavior in its presence,’ within the meaning of the tenth article of chapter 1, section 3, of the Constitution, and he may be lawfully imprisoned for such contemptuous behavior, for a term not exceeding thirty days. Wilful disobedience to the commands of the house, without sufficient excuse or justification, in its presence, is such contemptuous behavior as the Constitution contemplates.
“In the case before ns, the petitioner was present before a committee of the house, which was charged by its authority with a lawful inquiry, and empowered to send for persons and papers. He was called on to testify, and to produce certain books which were pertinent to the inquiry before the committee. No summons was necessary, because he wag voluntarily present. He refused to produce the papers; and when brought before the house to answer for this disobedience, his only excuse or justi*33 fication was that the papers were private. We know of no rule of law, which exempts any person from producing papers, material to any inquiry in the course of justice, merely because they are private.”
The New York Court of Appeals dealt with the same question in People ex rel. McDonald v. Keeler, 99 N. Y. 463. The petitioner had been committed for contempt of the Senate of the State of New York under a warrant issued by the president and clerk of the Senate and sued out a writ of habeas corpus. The Senate had appointed a committee to investigate the department of public works of the city of New York with power to send for persons and papers. They had subpoenaed McDonald as a witness and he declined to answer certain questions. He was brought before the bar of the Senate to answer why he should not be adjudged in contempt. He replied that he would appear before the committee and answer all material questions if allowed the advice and assistance of counsel. Thereupon the Senate adjudged him in contempt and ordered him imprisoned until the Legislature adjourned. The statutes of the State gave each house of the General Assembly power to punish as a contempt the refusal of a person to be examined as a witness before a house or committee in connection with legislative proceedings. The question was as to the validity of that statute and the case was distinguished from Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U. S. 168, in which the Supreme Court of the United States denied, in some measure, to Congress the power to imprison for contempt. The basis of the distinction was that Congress was a body of limited powers, having none but those delegated to it by the Federal Constitution, while the Legislature of New York had all the powers not withheld from it by the State Constitution ; and it was ruled there was no State constitutional provision inhibiting the enactment of the statute. The opinion further says that, notwithstanding the general division of the powers of government into executive, legislative and judicial branches, the legislative body
“The power of obtaining information for the purpose of framing laws to meet supposed or apprehended evils, is one which has from time immemorial been deemed necessary and has been exercised by legislative bodies. In this State it does not rest upon precedent merely, but is expressly conferred by statute (IB. S. 158, sections 1, 2), which provides that every chairman of a committee, either of the senate or assembly, or of any joint committee, is authorized to administer oaths to witnesses, and when the committee is, by the terms of the resolution appointing it, authorized to send for persons and papers, the chairman has the power, under the direction of the committee, to issue compulsory process for the attendance of any witness within the State whom the committee may wish to examine, and to issue commissions for the examination of witnesses out of the State. To subject a Witness to punishment as for a contempt the testimony sought, as has already been shown, must relate to a legislative proceeding. (1 R. S. 154, section 13, subd. 4.)
“It is difficult to conceive any constitutional objection which can be raised to the provision authorizing legislative committees to take testimony and to summon witnesses. In many cases, it may be indispensable to intelligent and effectual legislation to ascertain the facts which are claimed to give rise to the necessity for such legislation, and the remedy required, and irrespective of the question whether in the absence of a statute to- that effect either house would have the power, to imprison a recusant witness, I cannot yield to the claim that a statute authorizing it to enforce its process in that manner is in excess of legislative power. To await the slow process of indictment and prosecution for a misdemeanor, might prove quite ineffectual, and necessary legislation might be- obstructed and perhaps defeated, if the legislative body had no right to obtain the required information. That the power may be abused, is no ground for*35 denying its existence. It is a limited power, and should he kept within its proper bounds; and when these are exceeded, a jurisdictional question is presented which is cognizable in the courts. My conclusion is that subdivision 4 of section 13,1 Revised Statutes, is constitutional and valid. These views are supported by the decision of this court in Wilckens v. Willett (1 Keyes 521, 525), where it was held that the House of Representatives of the United States had the power to compel the attendance of witnesses. In that case the court said, per Johnson, J.: ‘That the power exists, admits of no doubt whatever. It is a necessary incident of the sovereign power of making laws, and its exercise is often indispensable to the great end of enlightened, judicious and wholesome legislation. The power is rather judicial in its nature; but in a legislative body it exists as an auxiliary to the legislative power only.’ The power to punish for disobedience and contempt in refusing to attend is a necessary incident to the power to require and compel attendance.”
That opinion is instructive on the further question of the connection of the matter to be investigated with the duties of the New York assembly. The committee was appointed to investigate the department of public works of the city of New York for the purpose of satisfying the taxpayers of the State as to the truth of rumors and charges that there were frauds and irregularities in the conduct of that department. The court held that an investigation instituted merely for curiosity or purely for political purposes not connected with intended legislation, but to reflect on or vindicate an individual would not be permitted; but that such investigations generally contemplate legislative action and that if frauds and irregularities had occurred in the administration of the department of public works of the city of New York, some suitable legislation might be provided to correct the mischief and the committee could recommend
“We are bound to presume that tbe action of tbe legislative body was with a legitimate object, if it is capable of being so construed, and we have no right to assume that the contrary was intended. The same principle which renders it the duty of courts to hold legislative action illegal when it unduly encroaches upon the province of the judiciary forbids interference by the latter with the action of the legislative bodies or the exercise of their discretion in matters within the range of their constitutional powers.”
It has already been pointed out above why an investigation of the kind undertaken by the House of Delegates of the city of St. Louis might be necessary and useful in suggesting some practical method for increasing the city’s revenues, either by raising the rate of taxation or the assessment of property or leading to more effective measures for collecting the revenues.
A case very similar to the foregoing is In re Falvey, and Kilbourn v. Massing, 7 Wis. 630, wherein the petitioner for a writ of habeas corpus was restrained of his liberty pursuant to an order of the Wisconsin Legislature for refusing to answer questions propounded to him by a committee appointed by said Legislature.
Lowe v. Summers, 69 Mo. App. 637, is a case wherein the petitioner asked the Kansas City Court of Appeals to discharge him on writ of habeas corpus from the custody of the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives of this State. That house had appointed a committee to investigate the Metropolitan Police System of Kansas City on account of there being grave charges against it. The committee was to report its findings with recommendations of any modifications of the law they might deem necessary. It summoned Lowe to testify before it, but he refused to answer questions. The opinion reviews the authorities we have cited and then proceeds to lay stress on the fact that the resolution ap
Still more analogous to the present case is In re Dunn, 9 Mo. App. 255. That petitioner was committed to jail for refusing to pay a fine imposed by the House of Delegates of the city of St. Louis because he refused to obey a subpoena duces tecum from a committee which had been appointed by that house to inquire into the prosecution of the suit of the city of St. Louis versus the Laclede and St. Louis Gas Companies. Dunn was in the employ of the receiver of the St. Louis Gas Light Company and was commanded to produce a book of that company known as the “lamp hook” which he had in his possession. He refused to produce it and was held to be in contempt of the house, fined, and committed to jail for not paying the fine. The opinion in that case cites the various charter powers of the Municipal Assembly of the city of Sto Louis bearing on the question at issue and reviews the constitutional privileges of witnesses. The prisoner was remanded. Among other things the opinion says:
“In our form of government, the legislative, executive and judicial departments are carefully separated from each other and constitutional) provisions are ample to prevent any encroachment by one of them upon the province of another. But it is nevertheless a recognized necessity that one department must, in many cases, in order properly to discharge its own duties, exercise the same sort of functions that are devolved generally upon a different branch of the government. Thus, the Legis*38 lature cannot possibly perform its whole duty to the public without sometimes doing acts of a judicial natrue. It must investigate and decide upon facts. It cannot do this with effect without the power to examine witnesses and to compel their attendance. In all such matters a municipal Legislature differs in nothing from any other, except in so far as its powers are defined by the charter of its creation. This charter, again, must be construed in subordination to the Constitution of the State.”
The foregoing authorities make it clear that the House of Delegates of the city of St. Louis has power to summon witnesses and compel the production of books and papers in the investigation of any matter connected with its duties and functions and to delegate the investigation to a committee which may summon witnesses and cause the production of books. Indeed there is positive statutory authority to do so. The fact is clear, too, we think, that the matter referred to the committee which summoned the petitioner cannot be held to have .been a usurpation of authority or inconsistent with the duties of the House of Delegates without dangerously encroaching on the rights and prerogatives of that legislative body. All officials or official bodies are entitled to the presumption of performance in good faith of their duties until the contrary is made to appear, and courts should be careful about hampering other departments of government in their attempts to do their duty. They should do so only under the plain warrant of a statutory or constitutional provision. Nothing appears from the return in this case tending to show that the House of Delegates is engaged in this investigation from an idle or curious motive, or without a purpose to serve the city by some appropriate step based on the information that may be collected in the course of the investigation.
Thirdly, it is said the evidence would tend to criminate the prisoner or the officers of the corporation he
“No man is obliged to testify or to furnish evidence to criminate himself; but the petitioner did not place his refusal, upon this ground. He was not a defendant charged with any crime. He expressly refused to express or form an opinion whether the production of the books would criminate him. The duty of the committee, as appears by the record of the house, was that of general investigation merely. If the entries in the books which he was asked to produce, which were material to the subject of investigation, were shown to be mingled with others, not relating to the matters inquired of, which were private in their nature, such parts only as were relevant might have been exhibited/ and the other protected from exposure.”
State ex rel. Att’y-Gen. v. Simmons Hardware Co., 109 Mo. 118, is wholly unlike this matter, for there the proceeding was to forfeit the charter of the defendant because it had refused to answer whether it had violated
But this case is even more extreme. Not only did the prisoner make no claim of privilege before the House of Delegates and its committee, either for himself or his company, but instead of appearing to purge himself of the alleged contempt, he sued out this writ. It should be remembered that the prisoner has never been either fined or ordered imprisoned. In fact, has never been adjudged in contempt of the House of Delegates. Two writs were issued to the sergeant at arms commanding him to arrest the petitioner and produce him before the house to answer for contempt in refusing to produce the books of the Conrades Company. He was arrested on the second writ and instead of making an answer to purge himself of his contempt, or asserting a claim of privilege based on the contention that the evidence he was called on to give would tend to criminate him or forfeit some right of his company, he has appealed to this court for a discharge. What right have we to say that the House of Delegates would not recognize his privilege if asserted there? Surely that body is entitled in the first instance to pass on the question, and it was incumbent on this petitioner to present his claim of privilege to it before demanding relief from the court.
We have found no case in which such a claim was recognized by the court when not previously asserted in some form by the petitioner, unless it was palpable the evidence sought would be criminating. In every instance when relief was asked the legislative body had proceeded to inflict a punishment for contempt except the Lowe case. But we are called on to discharge this prisoner when he has not even made his claim to the House of Delegates. What the petitioner asserts is that the house or committee had no right to call for the books in question, not because they would tend to criminate anybody or bring down punishment on the corporation itself, but, as stated in the return, on the ground that
In the Lowe case, supra, the Kansas City Court of Appeals held that Lowe was guilty of a second contempt in refusing to appear and show cause why he should not be punished for contempt. The opinion said: “At all events when summoned it was his duty to appear before the bar of the house, answer the alleged contempt and show cause why he had refused to testify.”
It is palpable that Conrades, out of respect to the House of Delegates, is bound to appear there and claim his privilege on the ground of criminating testimony, to make that point available here. If it had been asserted we must assume that it would have been respected, as it ought to be. In the absence of such claim, or anything to show the books and papers called for would have a criminating effect, and in view of the statute giving the House of Delegates power to call for books and papers, we cannot excuse the petitioner from complying with the subpoena on a bare conjecture that the evidence sought might criminate him or draw down punishment on the corporation or its officers. No violation of the guaranty against searches and seizures has been urged. That constitutional provision relates to searches and seizures in houses and among private papers under general and indefinite warrants and writs of assistance. Cooley, Const. Lim. (7 Ed.), p. 424, et seq.; Story, Const. (5 Ed.), sec. 1901. Compelling the production of books and papers for purposes of evidence is no unreasonable search or seizure, provided the subpoena for their production be precise and definite as to the documents necessary as evidence. People v. Rector, 6 Abb. Pr. 176; Morrison v. Sturgis, 26 How. Pr. 177; Bank v. Dunham, 13 How. Prac. 541; Ex Parte Brown, 72 Mo. 83. Of course if the document would tend to criminate the producer, he could claim his privilege.
In City of St. Joseph v. Levin, 128 Mo. 588, it was said concerning the constitutional provision in question,
“Tbe ordinance is a mere police regulation wbicb tbe city, by virtue of its charter powers, bad tbe right to pass, to aid in tbe prevention and detection of larcenies of personal property wbicb is frequently sold or pledged to pawnbrokers by thieves, and not for tbe purpose of preserving evidence to be used against any other person. Tbe defendant was not charged with any crime, nor was there any pretense that be was guilty of crime, and because of tbe fact that tbe book might tend to show that be was in tbe possession of property wbicb bad been stolen ; that be might possibly be prosecuted at some future time for receiving it, knowing that it bad been stolen, and tbe information acquired by tbe police officer from an inspection thereof used against him, was no reason why be should not have complied with tbe ordinance, and submitted tbe book to tbe inspection of tbe police officer. In a criminal proceeding against tbe defendant, be could not of course be required to produce tbe book to be used as evidence against him, or to permit an examination of it for that purpose, because to do so would be an invasion of bis constitutional right. In this case, however, no right guaranteed to him by tbe Constitution is violated by tbe ordinance.”
Tbe petitioner is remanded to tbe custody of tbe sergeant at arms of tbe House of Delegates. ReyTmrn, J., concurs, Bland, P. J., dissents, and for tbe reason that in bis opinion tbe views of tbe majority of tbe court are opposed to State v. Metzger, 45 Mo. 65; State v. Young, 119 Mo. 585, 24 S. W. 1038, and tbe other cases decided by tbe Supreme Court and by this court cited in bis separate opinion be asks that tbe cause be certified to tbe Supreme Court for final adjudication. It is, therefore, ordered that this cause be certified to tbe Supreme Court for its decision.
Dissenting Opinion
On October 30, 1902, the House of Delegates and Municipal Assembly, of the city of St. Louis, passed the following resolution:
“Whereas it is generally claimed in public and private that the city of St. Louis is being systematically robbed of its just resources in the way of personal and other taxes and whereas, the city much needs, at the present time, her just dues in order to properly meet the extra demands being made upon her in these days of coihmemorations and celebrations and that each citizen may do his part, and that the tax-dodger and schemer may be compelled to pay their full share, and that the dishonest be brought under the searchlight:
“Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the Speaker be empowered to appoint a special committee of five members of this house (the first named being chairman), to fully and carefully investigate the books, records and accounts in the several departments wherein returns are made of taxes, either personal, real or upon ad valorem basis, in relation to merchants’ and manufacturers’ license or personal tax, and that such committee be empowered to subpoena witnesses and to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths, and if necessary to employ one or more attorneys, whose .compensation shall not exceed $350 per month each; a clerk who shall be an expert accountant and bookkeeper and perform such duties as the committee may elect, whose compensation shall not exceed $200 per month, to aid in the discharge of their duties and report their findings and recommendations as soon as possible.”
The special committee of five provided for were duly appointed by the speaker of the house and proceeded to make an investigation of the returns made to the assessor by the taxpayers of the city.
The petitioner is the secretary of the J. H. Conrades Chair Company, a corporation organized under the laws
The return of the sergeant at arms of the house to the writ sets forth with great particularity the proceedings of the house and of the committee resulting in the arrest and detention of the petitioner, and the several clauses of the city’s charter and ordinances showing authority for each step taken, and we think the return is sufficient to show that the petitioner is justly restrained of his liberty, if the committee had authority to compel the production of the books and papers mentioned in the subpoena. The authority conferred on the committee is “to fully and carefully investigate the books, records and accounts in the several departments wherein returns are made of taxes, either personal, real or upon ad valorem basis, in relation to merchants’ and manufacturers’ licenses and personal tax.” The books, etc., which the committee are by the resolution authorized to investigate, are the books, records and accounts of the several departments of the city government wherein returns are
The subject of equitable taxation has received the earnest consideration of many eminent economists and a variety of expedients have been devised by legislative bodies to bring it about with a view to relieve the rich of the “burden of dodging taxes,” and to equalize taxation among all taxpaying citizens. But the rich continue to carry their “burden of dodging taxes” and the man of moderate means still bears his burden of unequal taxation. The scheme, the counsel for the house contends is embraced in the resolution, if extended throughout the State, would have the effect to greatly equalize taxation. But our government is one of the restricted powers. Certain inalienable rights are guaranteed to the citizens (including private corporations) which the courts are bound to protect whenever attacked from any quarter. Among these rights is this one, “ that no person shall be compelled to testify against himself in a criminal case.” (Section 23, Missouri Bill of Rights.) Construing this clause of the Bill of Rights, we said in In re Charles Green, 86 Mo. App. l. c. 220:
“In State ex rel. v. Simmons Hardware Company, 109 Mo. 118, it was ruled, that ‘if the proceeding is criminal in its nature, that is, if he is charged with having committed a crime, then it is clear that he can not be compelled to testify against himself, and this' is so whether the proceeding is criminal in form or is as to form a civil proceeding;’ and in the same case it is further said, ‘the Constitution provides that no person shall*47 be compelled to testify against himself in a criminal case, prohibits an individual from being compelled to furnish a link in a chain of evidence by which his conviction of a criminal offense may be secured/
“In Counselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U. S. 547, it was ruled, that ‘a witness could not be compelled to disclose the circumstances of his offense, the source from which, or the means by which, evidence if its commission, or his connection with it, may be obtained, or made effectual for his conviction/
“Greenleaf in his work on Evidence states the rule thus: ‘When the answer will have a tendency to expose the witness to a penal liability, or to any kind of punishment, or to a criminal charge, the witness is not bound to answer,’ (vol. 1, sec. 451) approvingly cited in State v. Talbot, 73 Mo. 357.
“The provision of the Constitution quoted in the Simmons Hardware case is for the protection of personal liberty and has always received a liberal construction at the hands of both the Federal and State courts. And these courts have invariably — when brought before them — held as unconstitutional, statutes passed in aid of the inforcement of revenue laws, election laws, the interstate commerce law, laws against the formation of pools and the like, which require a person to purge his conscience of a violation of them, when to do so he would be compelled to furnish evidence which might lead to his conviction of a crime. State ex rel. v. Simmons Hardware Company, supra; Counselman v. Hitchcock, supra; Boyd v. U. S., 11 U. S. 616; Ex parte Senior, 32 L. R. A. 172. As is said in State v. Young, 119 Mo. loc. cit. 520, 24 S. W. 1038, ‘the Constitution is broad enough to protect the defendant against self-conviction before any tribunal in any proceeding.’ ”
As the petitioner did not claim that the production of the books, etc., called for would tend to criminate him or the corporation or any of its officers, it is claimed he
The right of the State to inquire into, supervise and regulate a semipublic corporation whose duty, under its charter, is to render a service to the public, is everywhere recognized; but not so with a private corporation, not required under its charter to perform any public service, but organized solely for the purpose of conducting a private business for the profit of its stockholders. The individual and property rights of the latter class of artificial persons are as sacred and entitled to the same protection under the law as are the individual and property rights of a natural person. The power to compel this class of corporations to produce its books and papers, as is attempted to be done in this case, for the purpose of showing that its officers have made a false or true return of its property to the tax assessor, as the tribunal making the inquiry may find, has never, in this State, been conferred upon any assessor, board of assessors, court,
