In this lawyer disciplinary proceeding, the Oregon State Bar charged the accused with violating the Oregon Code of Professional Responsibility Disciplinary Rule (DR) 7-106(A)
1
by failing to comply with a child support order. DR 7-106(A) provides that “[a] lawyer shall not disregard * * * a ruling of a tribunal made in the course of a proceeding * * The accused conceded that he
We find the following facts by clear and convincing evidence. The accused joined the Bar in 1989 and has no previous disciplinary record. In 1999, he and his wife dissolved their marriage. The judgment of dissolution required the accused to pay $550 per month in child support.
Because the accused paid his child support obligation infrequently, the circuit court issued an order to show cause why it should not hold him in contempt for failing to comply with the court’s support order. By the time that the circuit court heard the matter in early 2001, the accused owed more than $10,000 in unpaid child support. The court entered a judgment of contempt finding that the accused’s “failure to comply with the child support order was willful” and that he had “not established [an] inability to comply.” See ORS 33.015(2) (listing acts, if done willfully, that qualify as “contempt of court”). The court sentenced the accused to three years of probation and 30 days in jail, imposition of which was suspended, and ordered him to pay child support. The accused repeatedly failed to comply with the terms of his probation. As a result, the court held multiple hearings to address the accused’s failure to comply. Police officers twice arrested the accused on bench warrants, and he eventually served his 30-day jail sentence. The court later terminated his probation.
The Bar filed a complaint alleging that the accused had violated DR 7-106(A) by disregarding the circuit court order that he pay child support. At the time of the disciplinary hearing, the accused was almost $33,000 in arrears. The accused conceded that his prior contempt of court constituted a per se violation of DR 7-106(A). He testified, however, that, after his divorce, his solo practice had declined, he had suffered financial difficulties, and he was severely depressed. The accused submitted a March 2004 letter from a psychiatrist who had evaluated him in May 2002 and had found that he suffered from “Adult Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” The psychiatrist stated that the accused’s symptoms caused “significant impairment in his adult life, in both family and work domains.” The trial panel found that the accused’s mental disability was the principal cause of his misconduct and imposed a public reprimand.
Because the accused does not challenge the trial panel’s determination that he violated DR 7-106(A), the only issue presented here is the appropriate sanction. This court refers to the American Bar Association’s
Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions
(1991) (amended 1992) (ABA Standards) and Oregon case law for guidance in determining the appropriate sanction.
In re Stauffer,
Here, the accused violated his duty to the legal system by abusing the legal process. ABA Standard 6.2 (includes failing “to obey any obligation under the rules of a tribunal”). As to mental state, the ABA Standards recommend a more severe sanction for a lawyer who acts with a higher level of culpability. The ABA Standards suggest disbarment “when a lawyer knowingly violates a court order * * * with the intent to obtain a benefit for the lawyer * * *, and causes serious injury or potentially serious injury to a party.” ABA Standard 6.21. On the other hand, the ABA Standards suggest suspension “when a lawyer knowingly violates a court order * * *, and there is injury or potential injury to.a * * * party.” ABA Standard 6.22.
The accused argues that he knowingly violated the court order, but did not do so with the intent of benefiting from that violation.
The Bar contends that this court’s decision in
Rhodes
supports its assertion. In that case, a trial court twice held that an accused lawyer was in contempt of court, once for failing to produce documents in connection with a marital separation proceeding and again for disobeying an order to make child support payments.
Rhodes,
“To adjudge the accused in contempt, the circuit courts necessarily found that the accused acted ‘willfully.’ See ORS 33.015(2) (defining ‘[c]ontempt of court,’ in part, as violation of court order, ‘done willfully’). * * * Because the standard of proof in the contempt proceedings was at least as high as the standard of proof in this proceeding, the accused is precluded from relitigating the ultimate fact of whether he willfully violated the courts’ orders.”
Id.
The Bar misconstrues this court’s holding in
Rhodes. Rhodes
stands for the proposition that an accused lawyer is precluded from challenging the validity of a prior contempt order in a subsequent disciplinary proceeding and that the prior contempt order conclusively establishes that the
accused lawyer disregarded a ruling of a tribunal in a proceeding, in violation of DR 7-106(A).
Moreover, the Bar incorrectly equates “willfulness,” as ORS 33.015(2) uses that term, with “intent,” as the ABA Standards use that term. The Bar offers no authority for that assertion. This court has held that “proof that a party had knowledge of a valid court order and failed to comply with that order” establishes a finding of “willfulness” under ORS 33.015(2).
State ex rel Mikkelsen v. Hill,
The Bar argues that it proved that the accused acted with intent through issue preclusion; it does not refer to evidence in the record that shows intent. Evidence in the record demonstrates that the accused tried to find employment, cared for his children, and was not trying to harm them by
withholding child support. On
de novo
The next issue that we address is the actual or potential injury that the accused’s misconduct caused. The accused’s conduct caused actual injury to the legal system by consuming a scarce resource (i.e., the circuit court’s time) that should have been available to others, and to the accused’s family by depriving his children of support. As noted, the ABA Standards recommend suspension for a knowing violation of a court order that causes a party injury. ABA Standard 6.22. In determining whether that sanction is appropriate, however, we must consider any aggravating and mitigating circumstances and this court’s case law.
“ [Aggravating circumstances are any considerations, or factors that may justify an increase in the degree of discipline to be imposed.” ABA Standard 9.21. We find that two aggravating circumstances are present here. First, the accused engaged in a pattern of misconduct by failing repeatedly to pay the child support that the circuit court had ordered. ABA Standard 9.22(c). Second, the accused joined the Bar in 1989 and has substantial experience in the practice of law. ABA Standard 9.22(i).
The Bar submits that the accused also acted with a selfish motive, ABA Standard 9.22(b), refused to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct, ABA Standard 9.22(g), and was indifferent to making restitution, ABA Standard 9.22(j). The Bar presented evidence that the accused left a message on his former wife’s answering machine stating in part that “I will rot in that jail or prison before I will spend one single minute earning one single penny for you.” The accused testified he had acted out of depression when placing that call and that he did want to pay the child support. He testified that he had difficulties in obtaining employment, which left him with little money, and at times he had to sleep in his car because he could not afford housing. The accused submitted a letter from a friend who stated that the accused had a good relationship with his sons and sometimes went without food so that he could provide for his children. Another friend of the accused’s testified that the accused lived frugally and spent little money on himself. In addition, the accused repeatedly acknowledged that he was at fault for not paying child support. The record also shows that the accused attempted to pay the support notwithstanding his difficult economic circumstances. The evidence in the record concerning the additional aggravating factors for which the Bar advocates is mixed. On balance, the Bar did not establish those aggravating factors by clear and convincing evidence.
Mitigating circumstances are any considerations or factors that may justify a reduction in the degree of discipline to be imposed.” ABA Standard 9.31. The trial panel found the following mitigating factors: (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record, ABA Standard 9.32(a); (2) absence of a dishonest or selfish motive, ABA Standard 9.32(b); (3) personal or emotional problems, ABA Standard 9.32(c); (4) full and free disclosure to disciplinary board and a cooperative attitude toward proceedings, ABA Standard 9.32(e); (5) good character or reputation, ABA Standard 9.32(g); (6) mental disability, ABA Standard 9.32(i); (7) imposition of other penalties or sanctions, ABA Standard 9.32(k); and (8) remorse, ABA Standard 9.32(1). The Bar disputes only the trial panel’s conclusion that the accused suffered from a mental disability and that his “medical condition was principally responsible for his failure to comply with the court orders.” With two exceptions that we discuss below, we agree with the trial panel’s conclusion regarding the mitigating factors that apply here.
There is no evidence in the record supporting the accused’s good reputation as a lawyer. The trial panel based its contrary decision on evidence supporting the accused’s reputation as a parent, not as a lawyer, as the ABA Standards require. The mitigating
We turn to the mitigating factor of mental disability. Under the ABA Standards, mental disability may be a mitigating factor when an accused shows that (1) there is medical
evidence of the disability; (2) the disability caused the misconduct; (3) he has achieved a meaningful and sustained period of recovery from his disability; and (4) “the recovery arrested the misconduct and recurrence of that misconduct is ■unlikely.” ABA Standard 9.32(i) (amended 1992);
see also In re Cohen,
The accused testified that, for part of 2002, he took medication for his mental disability and that the medication was beneficial and helped him to think more clearly. However, he did not continue to use the medication, because he could not afford it. The letter from the accused’s psychiatrist stated that “a trial of medications” had produced a positive response in the accused and that he “would benefit from treatment with medications and working with an expert.” That evidence does not show recovery from the disability. Instead, it only shows that the accused needed treatment.
See In re McDonough,
We next consider this court’s case law. The case most helpful is
Rhodes,
In contrast to Rhodes, both mitigating factors and aggravating factors are present here. The accused violated one disciplinary rule and has no record of prior discipline. In those respects, Rhodes is distinguishable. A suspension is nonetheless appropriate here, however, because the accused repeatedly failed to pay child support and he acted knowingly in violating the circuit court’s support order. However the facts of this case, including the facts that distinguish this case from Rhodes, require imposition of a less stringent sanction. Considering the record as a whole, we conclude that the appropriate sanction is a 30-day suspension.
The accused is suspended from the practice of law for 30 days, commencing 30 days from the date of filing of this decision.
Notes
The Oregon. Rules of Professional Conduct became effective January 1,2005. Because the conduct at issue here occured before that date, the Oregon Code of Professional Responsibility applies.
For the same reasons, the Bar’s reliance on
Couey and Couey,