In re Clark

5 Redf. 466 | N.Y. Sur. Ct. | 1882

The Surrogate.

This court is asked, on the facts alleged, to appoint a trustee, by virtue of the power conferred by section 2818 of the Code. A “ testamentary trustee” is defined by section 2514, subdivision 6, of that instrument, to be “every person except an executor, an administrator with the will annexed, or a guardian, who is designated by a will, or by any competent authority, to execute a trust created by a will; and it includes such an executor or administrator, where he is acting in the execution of a trust created by the will, which is separable from his functions as executor or administrator.” Did Mr. Deveau become, within this definition, a testamentary trustee? The subdivision, it would seem, simply enacted, in substance, what had long since been declared to be the law, by the courts, and hence, it is immaterial to inquire whether the provisions of the Code, in this respect, are applicable to the will in this case.

The question as to when and how the duties of trustee are “separable” from those of executor is not so easy of solution, as that of when and how they are not separable. Instances of the latter may be found in Valentine v. Valentine (2 Barb. Ch., 430); Stagg v. Jackson (2 Id., 86; S. C., 1 N. Y., 206); Clark v. Clark (8 Paige, 152); and Hood v. Hood (85 N. Y., 561). In this last case, the testator, after providing for the payment of some general legacies, devised and bequeathed the residue of his estate, real and personal, to his executors, in trust, to sell the real estate, and collect and realize the personal estate, to divide the proceeds into shares, and invest for the benefit of his widow and children. One of the executors, being a resident of the State of New Jersey, gave a bond with sureties for the faithful discharge of his duties, as required by law. In an action on the bond, to recover moneys alleged to have been wasted by the executor, the sureties sought to escape liability on the ground that the devastavit was committed by him when acting as trustee, while they were sureties for him as executor, only. The court of appeals, following Stagg v. Jackson and other cases, held that, under the will, the whole estate, under the doctrine of equitable conversion, was legal assets, and hence the liability of the sureties continued throughout, as he was accountable only as executor. In all such cases, although a trust, or power in trust, is created, the trustee, or donee of the power, acts, and is liable for the fund, only in his capacity as executor.

I am not aware of any case illustrating the “ separable” character of the duties of executor and trustee. In Stagg v. Jackson, an allusion to such a separation was made. There, the executors were clothed with power to sell the real estate, and to convert the whole into a money fund, and, in the meantime, to collect and receive the rents, and apply them. It was held that the trust to receive the rents, and apply them, was a mere incident to the power to sell and convert, and that, therefore, there was no necessity for two accountings, one in equity for the rents, and the other before the Surrogate for the other portions of the estate. We can, from the hint thus furnisned, suppose a case where the two offices are separable. For instance, a testator, possessed of a large personal estate and seized of several parcels of real estate, might direct the conversion of all, save one parcel of the realty, into personalty, so that it should become legal assets; and, as to that parcel, create a trust in the executor to receive the rents and profits, and apply them, under subdivision 3 of section 55 of the article on Uses and Trusts. In such a case, as the law formerly stood, he could have rendered his account, as to the legal assets, to the Surrogate, and as to the rents, issues and profits, to the Chancellor only. Hence, in such a case, the offices are separable. Other instances might be supposed, but that will suffice as an illustration.

But if a trustee cannot be appointed in this case, can an administrator with the will annexed be substituted in place of the deceased executor?

It seems to me a very nice distinction to hold, as the higher courts do, that the office of trustee is a matter of" fldei commissa, a personal trust, while that of executor is not; that, in the case of a testamentary trustee, an administrator with the will annexed cannot execute the will, while in that of an executor he can. It is difficult to perceive how the duties of the one pertain solely to the person, and oí the other to the office. Both act in. a fiduciary capacity. It is true, that the former is generally clothed with power to dispose of or manage real estate, and the latter deals with personalty ; yet, as has been seen, where the will directs a sale of the realty, it becomes legal assets, and loses its higher character of land. If, therefore, as was held in the cases of Bain v. Matteson (54 N. Y., 663), and Dunning v. Ocean National Bank (61 N. Y., 497), an administrator with the will annexed cannot execute the trusts contained in the will, the doctrine, I think, should be confined and applied ..only to cases like those, where the trustee never entered upon his duties, and not to those where he has, in fact, converted it into money. After such actual conversion, an executor, equally with a trustee, could apply it to the. payment of legacies ; and hence, I can perceive no good reason why an administrator cum testamento annexo could not, under the statute, have the same power ; and especially where the trust duty is annexed to the office of executor, and is not separable therefrom. This is such a case. The will, after giving certain legacies, directs a sale of the real estate, for the purposes stated, ■and thus operates an equitable conversion of it into money, and the trust duty was annexed to that of executor ; and Mr. Deveau must be regarded as having been such only.

On a proper petition being presented, an administrator with the will annexed may be appointed. This application must, accordingly, be dismissed.

Ordered accordingly.