I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY.......... ......................................471
II. THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT........................................474
A. Eligibility and Claims Process..........................................474
B. Incentive Payments....................................................476
III. MOTION FOR CERTIFICATION OF THE CLASS...........................476
A. The Proposed Class....................................................477
B. Rule 23(a) Requirements...............................................477
C. Rule 23(b)(3) Requirements ............................................479
IV. MOTION FOR FINAL APPROVAL OF THE SETTLEMENT
AGREEMENT..........................................................480
A. Notice................................................................480
B. Approval of the Proposed Settlement Agreement.........................483
(1) The Complexity, Expense and Likely Duration of the Litigation.....484
(2) The Reaction of the Class to the Settlement..........................485
(3) The Stage of the Proceedings and the Amount of Discovery
Completed.......................................................486
(4) The Risks of Establishing Liability..................................487
(5) The Risks of Establishing Damages .................................488
(6) The Risks of Maintaining the Class Action through the Trial..........488
(7) The Ability of the Defendants to Withstand a Greater Judgment.....488
Y. CONCLUSION..................... .....................................490
Now before this court are class counsel’s motion for certification of the class and defendant CertainTeed and class counsel’s motion for final approval of the proposed settlement agreement, which received preliminary approval on December 29, 2009. For the reasons presented below, the court finds that the proposed settlement agreement is fair, reasonable, and adequate.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This class action arises out of the alleged failure of CertainTeed Organic Roofing Shingles. CertainTeed, the defendant in this ease, has manufactured roofing shingles for more than a century. Beginning in 2005, CertainTeed began to receive complaints that the company’s organic shingles were deteriorating prematurely and that the compensation provided in the express warranty was insufficient. The first federal case against CertainTeed was filed in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania on September 15, 2006.
The consolidated amended complaint alleges: (1) breach of contract and express warranty claims; (2) misrepresentation claims, including violations of the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices Act, unjust enrichment, and fraudulent concealment; (3) violation of implied warranty claims; and (4) tort claims based in strict liability and negligence. On April 16, 2007, the court appointed Arnold Levin of Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman as Liaison Counsel. The court also appointed Robert K. Shelquist of Lockridge, Grindal & Ñauen, LLP, Michael McShane of Audet & Partners, LLP, and Jon Cuneo of Cuneo, Gilbert & Laduca, LLP, as co-lead counsel.
On December 15, 2009, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary certification of the class and preliminary approval of the class action settlement. The court held a preliminary approval hearing on December 29, 2009. On December 29, 2009, the court issued an order granting: (1) preliminary approval of the proposed settlement; and (2) preliminary certification of the class pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). The court also ordered the dissemination of a notice in accordance with the notice program set forth in the proposed agreement. The order appointed Catherine Barrett, Roger Dunker, and Sherwood Wolf-son as the settlement class representatives in this matter. It also reaffirmed the appointment of liaison counsel and co-lead counsel. The final fairness hearing, at which the court would decide whether to certify the class and approve the proposed agreement, was scheduled for June 8, 2010.
Putative class members were informed through the notice program on the procedures for objecting to or withdrawing from the class action settlement. Prior to the final fairness hearing, the court received approximately 446 objections from class members. Three hundred sixty-three of those objectors were represented by the California law firm of Capretz & Associates. In advance of the final fairness hearing, the Capretz firm also filed 593 opt-outs (83 class members filed both objections and opt-out forms). On April 26, 2010, Capretz filed a brief in support of objections to the proposed settlement agreement.
On May 4, 2010, class counsel filed a motion for attorneys’ fees. On May 25, 2010, class counsel moved for final approval of the settlement agreement and certification of the settlement class. On the same day, Certain-Teed filed a brief in support of the motion for final approval of the settlement agreement. On June 1, 2010, objecting counsel filed a motion in opposition to class counsel’s motion for attorneys’ fees. It appears that, in light of these concerns, the parties and objectors then returned to the drawing table to renegotiate and clarify certain provisions of the proposed settlement agreement.
The final fairness hearing was preceded by a flurry of last-minute briefings. On June 7, 2010, the day before the final fairness hearing, a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) between class counsel and Certain-Teed clarifying and modifying several provisions of the proposed settlement that had troubled the objectors was transmitted to the court. Thus, the proposed agreement before the court on June 8, 2010 was substantively different from the agreement that had been previously presented to the court and class members. At the final fairness hearing, the court heard from class counsel, CertainTeed, and attorneys representing individual objectors or groups of objectors. Class counsel briefed the court on: (1) the procedural posture of the case; (2) whether the proposed agreement was fair, reasonable, and adequate under Rule 23; (3) the changes and clarifications contained in the MOU; (4) the types of objections presented by the objectors; and (5) class counsel’s fee petition. Lastly, the court heard from the following objectors: (1) James Capretz, representing 362 objectors; (2) Larry Karlin, an attorney representing the Lake Katherine Townhome Association, Inc., who informed the court that his clients wished to withdraw their objections to the settlement agreement; and (3) an attorney for Roger Dunker, a named plaintiff and class representative objecting to the agreement on the grounds that the incentive payments provided to named plaintiffs were insufficient. Mr. Capretz outlined how his firm had assisted the settlement progress and identified the main objections to the agreement held by his clients. Noting the recent changes to the proposed agreement set forth in the MOU, Mr. Capretz requested additional time to: (1) inform his clients about the changes to the proposed settlement agreement; (2) determine whether his clients would continue to object or withdraw then-objections, per his recommendation; and (3) inform the court of the status of the objections. Towards the end of the hearing CertainTeed moved for court approval of the proposed agreement as fair, reasonable, and adequate.
Given the eleventh-hour changes to the agreement that arose prior to the hearing,
Present at the status conference held on July 21, 2010 were; (1) Robert Shelquist, Michael McShane, Arnold Levin and Charles Schaffer as class counsel and liaison counsel; (2) Arlene Fickler and Lawrence Hoyle for CertainTeed; and (3) James Capretz and Stephen Randall for objectors and opt-outs. Because there was some uncertainty as to the final number of objectors and opt-outs to the settlement agreement, the court asked the parties to submit that information to the court, in writing, as soon as possible. Given the modifications to the class counsel’s attorneys’ fee request and in light of the legal issues raised in the fee request made by counsel representing objectors and opt-outs, the court also ordered fresh briefing from the parties on the matter of attorneys’ fees.
On July 23, 2010, the court received correspondence from Robert Shelquist of the law firm of Lockridge, Grindal, and Ñauen, confirming the final number of objectors and opt-outs. On July 30, 2010, the Cochran Firm and the firm of Capretz & Associates filed a “Status Report on OptfrOut and Objector Claimants.” They explained that they had sent two letters—the first on June 18, 2010 and the second on July 27, 2010—to objectors advising them of the changes to the class action settlement and requesting that they advise counsel whether they were withdrawing their objections, continuing their objections, or opting out of the class. According to the status report, as of July 30, 357 of the 363 objectors they represent were withdrawing their objections to the proposed settlement agreement. The remaining six objectors had not responded to counsel’s request for information. The firms also reported that 489 out of 593 clients who had originally chosen to opt out of the settlement had elected to opt back in. Two clients informed counsel that they would continue to opt out of the settlement, and 102 clients had not responded as of July 30,2010.
On August 12, 2010, the court received a proposed order for final approval of the class action settlement from CertainTeed. This submission also contained defendant’s final estimate as to the number of objectors and opt outs. Defendant informed the court that, of the 363 objectors represented by Capretz & Associates, all but one chose to withdraw their objections and remain in the settlement class.
The essential terms of the settlement agreement are set forth below.
A. Eligibility and Claims Process
Persons are eligible to become class members if they either currently own a building using CertainTeed Organic Shingles or if they previously owned the building and retained the right to make a claim for the shingles pursuant to a valid documented assignment. The proposed settlement applies to individuals and entities that own “homes, residences, buildings, or other structures located in the United States or Canada whose roofs contain or contained roofing shingles made with felt reinforcement base material that is saturated with asphalt, also known as organic roofing shingles.” Under certain circumstances, a claimant who replaced the roof of her building and then sold or transferred the building can also make a claim under the settlement agreement. The settlement covers only those claims related to the roof structure or roofing system of the building. It does not cover any damages to the interior part of the structure below the roof deck. In addition, the shingles must have suffered one of the seven types of damage that are covered by the settlement agreement.
Upon receiving a claim, CertainTeed is to evaluate the claim and determine whether the claimant qualifies for compensation. Compensation is measured in terms of “squares” of shingles-one square is 100 square feet of roofing shingles. The amount of compensation a claimant will receive under the settlement agreement depends in part on whether he or she is covered by the original warranty. The original warranty program that covers the shingles includes two major components. First, all shingles are covered by the “SureStart protection” program wherein CertainTeed agrees to repair or replace, at no cost, any shingles proven to contain a manufacturing defect during a specified period of time after installation (3 to 5 years, depending on the type of shingle installed). The second component of the warranty program covers the remainder of the warranty period, which varies according to the shingles installed. Under that program, compensation for any defects in the shingles are reduced pro rata by the years of service the shingles have already provided.
The settlement agreement maintains the SureStart program. Claimants whose shingles are found to be defective during the period still covered by SureStart will receive the highest level of compensation. Compensation for claimants who are still covered by the warranty period, but not by the SureStart period, will receive less compensation. Those claimants will receive $74/square. Of that, $34/square will be for replacement of the shingle and $40/square for labor and other materials. If the claim is received (or postmarked) within ten years of the installation of the shingles, the $34/square for the replacement shingles will be prorated from the date of installation, but the $40/square for labor and other materials will not be prorated. If the claim is received more than ten years after installation of the shingles, but prior to the expiration of the applicable warranty period, the entire $74/square will be prorated.
Claimants who have already settled then-claims under the CertainTeed warranties will be subject to a different calculation. In addi
Claimants who are not covered by the warranty—because they were not the original owners of the building and the Certain-Teed warranty was not transferred to them—will receive $34/square for replacement shingles and labor ($15.64/square for the cost of replacement shingles and $18.36/ square for the cost of labor and other materials). Compensation will also be prorated. Proration is based on the number of months remaining on the original CertainTeed warranty as of the date the claim is received by the claims office and the amount of time the claimant benefitted from the shingles before they became damaged.
The proposed settlement agreement also establishes a process for denials and appeals. If CertainTeed denies a claim, it must inform the claimant of the basis for its decision. A claimant has the right to appeal the denial of all or part of the claim to an Independent Claims Administrator (“ICA”).
B. Incentive Payments
The settlement agreement provides for an incentive payment to thirteen named plaintiffs. Three other named plaintiffs may also qualify for an incentive payment, once they provide CertainTeed with samples of the shingles on their buildings. If the named plaintiff was deposed, the named plaintiffs incentive payment will be $5,000; if the named plaintiff was not deposed, the named plaintiffs incentive payment will be $2,500.
III. MOTION FOR CERTIFICATION OF THE CLASS
Class actions may be certified for settlement purposes only. In re Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Prods.,
In this case, the court granted preliminary certification of the class under Rule 23(a) and (b) at a preliminary approval hearing held on December 29, 2009. On May 25, 2010, class counsel filed a motion for final approval of the settlement agreement and certification of
A. The Proposed Class
Special obligations attend the court when a class is certified for settlement purposes only. See Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor,
Rule 23(a) authorizes certification of a class if four threshold conditions are met: (1) numerosity (a “class [so large] that joinder ... is impracticable”); (2) commonality (“questions of law or fact common to the class”); (3) typicality (named parties’ claims or defenses “are typical ... of the class”); and (4) adequacy of representation (representatives “will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class”). Amchem,
B. Rule 23(a) Requirements
The numerosity requirement calls upon the proponent of a class action to show that “the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). “No single magic number exists satisfying the numerosity requirement.” Behrend v. Comcast Corp.,
The second requirement of Rule 23(a) is that “there be questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). Commonality means “that the proposed class members share at least one question of fact or law in common with each other.” In Re Warfarin Sodium,
The third requirement of Rule 23(a) is that the claims of the class representatives be “typical of the claims ... of the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3). Typicality “is designed to align the interests of the class and the class representatives so that the latter will work to benefit the entire class through the pursuit of their own goals.” In re Warfarin Sodium,
There is no evidence that the claims of the class representatives would be atypical of the putative class members; all claims are based on the failure of CertainTeed shingles and CertainTeed’s liability for that failure. In addition, the legal theories available to the class members are grounded in the same claims made by the class representatives. As above, the settlement agreement’s specific enumeration of the forms of damage covered that the claims of the class representatives are typical of the claims of the class as a whole. See Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., Inc.,
The fourth and final Rule 23(a) requirement is adequacy. The court must determine whether the representative plaintiffs can “fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(4). “This requirement encompasses two distinct inquiries designed to protect the interests of absentee class members: [first,] it considers whether the named plaintiffs’ interests are sufficiently aligned with the absentees'[;] and [second] it tests the qualifications of the counsel to represent the class.” In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 800 (citations omitted). “Adequacy” is especially important in classes certified for settlement purposes because “collusion, inadequate prosecution, and attorney inexperience are the paramount concerns in precertification settlements.” In re Gen. Motors, 55 F.3d at 795 (citing Eisen v. Calisle & Jacquelin,
In this case it is clear that the interests of the representative plaintiffs are aligned with those of the other members of the class. The remedies sought by and available to the plaintiffs are the same as those sought by and available to the remainder of the class. The procedural and substantive
The second factor asks the court to determine whether “the plaintiffs attorney [is] qualified, experienced, and generally able to conduct the proposed litigation.” Wetzel,
C. Rule 23(b)(3) Requirements
Counsel seek class certification pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3), which provides that a class action may be certified if “the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). Predominance is “significantly more demanding” than the commonality requirement; it asks “whether the class is sufficiently cohesive to warrant certification.” Newton v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.,
Rule 23(b)(3) also requires that the class action mechanism be “superior” to other methods of litigation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). This court must determine “whether the settlement is a more desirable outcome for the class than individualized litigation.” In re Gen. Motors,
(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
In this ease, because of the size of the class, it would be manifestly inefficient to try each case individually. Potential plaintiffs with
IV. MOTION FOR FINAL APPROVAL OF THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
A. Notice
Before considering the merits of the proposed agreement, this court must determine whether notice of the settlement comported with the Due Process Clause and the pertinent requirements of Rule 23.
In a Rule 23(b)(3) class, notice of the class action must meet the requirements of both Rule 23(e)(2) and Rule 23(e). The two rules serve related, but distinct, purposes: “Rule 23(c) describes the notice to class members when a court certifies a class, while Rule 23(e) describes the notice required for settlement.” Grunewald v. Kasperbauer,
Rule 23(e)(2), which sets forth the notice requirements for class certification, requires the court to direct the “best notice that is practicable under the circumstances.” Notice must be written in “plain, easily understood language” and be “clear.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(c)(2)(B). Notice must also contain the following specific information:
(i) the nature of the action;
(ii) the definition of the class certified;
(iii) the class claims, issues, or defenses;
(iv) that a class member may enter an appearance through an attorney if the member so desires;
(v) that the court will exclude from the class any member who requests exclusion;
*481 (vi) the time and manner for requesting exclusion;
(vii) the binding effect of a class judgment on members under Rule 23(c)(3).
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(c)(2)(B). The second set of requirements are contained in Rule 23(e), which is “designed to summarize the litigation and the settlement and to apprise class members of the right and opportunity to inspect the complete settlement documents, papers, and pleadings filed in the litigation.” Gates v. Rohm & Haas Co.,
In this case, the court has directed notice to be served to putative class members on several occasions. On December 13, 2007, the court granted liaison counsel and CertainTeed’s joint motion to disseminate notice of the pending litigation to all property owners who had applied CertainTeed roofing shingles to their roof and to whom Certain-Teed had offered a warranty settlement or release. That order was modified on December 14, 2007, to require CertainTeed to send the notice in the same mailing in which CertainTeed communicated its warranty settlement offer to each property owner. The court’s December 29, 2009 order granting preliminary approval of the settlement agreement also directed notice to class members. CertainTeed’s memorandum in support of plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval contained an exhaustive explanation of the proposed notice program, including examples of the various forms of notice and estimates on the number of individuals that would be reached.
As set forth in the December 29, 2009 order, the notice program consisted of the following: (1) Long Form Notices and claim forms to be mailed to each member of the class as identified by the parties through reasonable efforts; and (2) Short Form Notices of the agreement. The latter were to be published as follows: “(1) three weeks of print publication in Parade Magazine’s Midwestern editions; (2) five print notice placements in U.S. and Canadian trade journals; (3) a 60 second television notice airing on four national cable networks, nine Midwestern cable networks, and four Canadian cable networks; (4) internet notice on web properties such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing; and (5) an informational press release issued to PR Newswire (U.S. and Canada).” Order Prelim. App. ¶ 10. Notice was to be published in January, February, and March 2010. Order Prelim. App. ¶ 10. To implement and design the notice program, the parties agreed to hire CAC Services Group, LLC, a company that designs and administers class action settlement notification programs. On March 4, 2010, the court approved an order expanding the number of cable television networks and broadcast stations which would air the CertainTeed settlement advertisement.
In moving for final approval of the settlement agreement, CertainTeed has submitted an affidavit by Matthew Hanson, the Vice President of CAC Services Group, LLC, Aff. Hanson (docket no. 185). The affidavit states that, as of June 7, 2010, notices and claims forms had been sent to approximately 70,821 individuals and businesses, including condominium, townhouse and housing associations and construction and roofing or siding companies, while 1,806 notices remained undeliverable by the U.S. Postal Service. Television advertisements were aired primarily in the nine states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, and Wisconsin) where approximately 94% of the shingles appear to have been sold, but in addition, thirty-five advertisements were also broadcast over national and Canadian television networks. In the nine-state region targeted by CAC, approximately 773 advertisements aired on twenty-seven cable networks in six states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin), and the other three states (Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota) received 1,212 advertisements on twenty-four local stations. The regional television advertisements ran from February 1 to March 21, 2010. Printed notice consisted primarily of short-form notices published in “PARADE” magazine, a magazine which is a Sunday supplement distributed in 140 newspapers located in the ten states (North Dakota,
The type of notice disseminated in this case satisfies Rule 23. First, direct mailing of the type undertaken in this case has been found to satisfy Rule 23. See Zimmer Paper Prods.,
The notice program also made extensive use of the Internet. First, CertainTeed created a website (www.CertainTeedSettlement. com) where putative class members could access information about the class action, including the long and short form claim forms and other documents relating to the litigation. The website also contained separate sections, or “pages,” setting forth: (1) the relevant dates for submitting claims and objections to the class membership; (2) an explanation of the rights and restrictions associated with class membership; (3) directions for obtaining and completing a claim form; (4) the requirements for class membership and claim eligibility; (5) contact information for the claims administrator; and (6) an explanation of putative class members’ choices, including the right to object to the proposed settlement and the right to withdraw from membership and hence from the settlement as well. The information contained in the website was well organized, written in plain English, and easy to understand. In addition, internet advertisements were also published in a targeted geographic region. The administrator of the program estimates that 522,274 internet advertisements were seen by potential class members and “17,599 potential Class Members click[ed] through to the Settlement Website.” Aff. Hanson ¶ 40. Hanson estimates that approximately 21,474 class members requested notice packets through the website. An additional 1,862 individuals used the “contact” form on the website to request followup contact from CertainTeed.
It is clear that the parties set out to ensure that notice was both geographically broad and targeted to reach the demographically relevant market. In addition, the program made use of a wide variety of publication methods, thus increasing the likelihood that putative class members would receive notice of the class action and settlement. Boone v. City of Philadelphia,
In addition, the substantive information contained in the notice complied with the Rule 23 requirements. The fifteen-page long form notice contained the following information: (1) subject-matter of the class action; including type of shingle and purchase dates covered by the class action: (2) explanation of how to submit a claim; (3) explanation of legal rights and choices available to class members, including the right to request exclusion, object, appear at the hearing, and send in a claim form; (4) explanation of benefits of settlement; (5) contact information for class counsel; (6) date, time and place of the final fairness hearing before the court; (7) procedures and deadlines for objecting to the agreement; (8) binding effect of the settlement; and (9) brief notice that attorneys’ fees would be requested and incentive payments made to named plaintiffs. The short form notice contained the same information, but in abbreviated form. Print advertisements explained; (1) the type of shingles and dates covered by the class action; (2) the terms of the settlement; (3) the legal rights of class members, including the right to request exclusion, object, and appear at the hearing; (4) the intent of attorneys to petition for fees; and (5) the details for contacting the CertainTeed claims administrator, and website and toll-free phone number for obtaining additional information. According to the television advertisement script provided in the notice plan, that advertisement also conveyed the necessary information.
Thus, the substantive information contained in the notice complied with the specific requirements of Rule 23(c) and hence were sufficient under Rule 23 and due process. See Bradbum Parent Teacher Store, Inc. v. 3M,
B. Approval of the Proposed Settlement Agreement
A settlement agreement may be approved only if it is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e)(2). The burden of establishing fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy lies on the proponents of the settlement. In re Gen. Motors,
(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation ...; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement ...; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed ...; (4) the risks of establishing liability ... ;(5) the risks of establishing damages ...; (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial ...; (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement*484 fund in light of the best possible recovery ...; [and] (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation.
Id. at 157 (citing City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp.,
[S]ince Girsh was decided in 1975, there has been a sea-change in the nature of class actions, especially with respect to mass torts. In this regard, it may be useful to expand the traditional Girsh factors to include, when appropriate, these factors among others: the maturity of the underlying substantive issues, as measured by experience in adjudicating individual actions, the development of scientific knowledge, the extent of discovery on the merits, and other factors that bear on the ability to assess the probable outcome of a trial on the merits of liability and individual damages; the existence and probable outcome of claims by other classes and subclasses; the comparison between the results achieved by the settlement for individual class or subclass members and the results achieved-or likely to be achieved-for other claimants; whether class or subclass members are accorded the right to opt out of the settlement; whether any provisions for attorneys’ fees are reasonable; and whether the procedure for processing individual claims under the settlement is fair and reasonable.
In re Prudential Ins.,
CertainTeed and class counsel contend that the agreement is entitled to a presumption of fairness. A proposed settlement agreement is entitled to a presumption of fairness where: “(1) the settlement negotiations occurred at arm’s length; (2) there was sufficient discovery; (3) the proponents of the settlement are experienced in similar litigation; and (4) only a small fraction of the class objected.” See In re Cendant Corp. Litig.,
(1) The Complexity, Expense and Likely Duration of the Litigation
“This factor is intended to capture ‘the probable costs, in both time and money, of continued litigation.’ ” In re Gen. Motors,
In this case, the complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation weigh in favor of approving the proposed settlement. CertainTeed states that if settlement is not accomplished, it would likely move for decertification of the class and file a motion for summary judgment. In addition, if the ease thereafter proceeded to trial, the court would need to determine what state law applied to individual class members and then apply that law, a complicated process because of the number of class members. The discovery process would be lengthy and expensive: CertainTeed is in possession of 882 gigabytes (approximately 26,500,000 pages of material) of potentially relevant digital information. In order to produce that information, defendant submits that it would need to employ forensic information technologists to convert the data, review that information for privilege and relevance, and then produce the information to plaintiffs, a process that might add up to half a million dollars in technical expenses. The court would be called upon to manage that discovery, which would take months, if not years.
(2) The Reaction of the Class to the Settlement
The Third Circuit has looked to the number of objectors from the class as an indication of the reaction of the class. See In re Cendant,
In this case, by the time of the December 29, 2009 fairness hearing, the court had received approximately 438 objections. Of these, 363 objectors were represented by the law firm of Capretz & Associates (although CertainTeed argued that at least 7 were not class members). An additional 695 putative class members chose to opt out of the settlement. However, following the changes to the proposed settlement agreement as set forth in the Memorandum of Understanding, the number of objectors and opt-out class members changed.
Thus, as of the date of this opinion, 78 claimants continue to object to the settlement agreement, and 188 have decided to opt out of the settlement agreement. Class counsel state that there are 1.8 million affected structures; this would mean that objecting class members represent less than 0.01% of the potential class members. However, this figure may overestimate the number of individuals who will actually submit warranty claims and be eligible for compensation. Even assuming a smaller class—which seems more likely-the number of objectors and opt-outs is not significant. According to class counsel, from September 1, 2006 to September 30, 2007, CertainTeed resolved approximately 19,250 pre-existing warranty claims and received 15,650 new claims. PL Mem. Law Class Cert. 15. As of May 21, 2010, Certain-Teed has received 25,000 claims forms. Walton Aff. ¶30 (Exhibit A, Def. Mem. Law Final App.). Mr. Shelquist stated at the August 17, 2010 status conference that approximately 40,000 claims had been filed with CertainTeed.
Thus, even a more conservative estimate for the size of the class—-for example, approximately 40,000 class members (the number of claims currently filed)—confirms that the number of remaining objections and opt-outs is very small. In addition, this reveals that a large number of class members received notice of the class action, but chose
The court also received an objection from named plaintiff Roger Dunker, who objected to the final settlement agreement on the basis that the incentive award fee of $5,000 is inadequate for his service as a class representative, which included obtaining counsel, documenting and maintaining records, making his home available for inspection, and being deposed once.
District courts may approve incentive payments to plaintiffs in class action suits. See, e.g., Cullen v. Whitman Med. Corp.,
(3) The Stage of the Proceedings and the Amount of Discovery Completed
This factor “captures the degree of case development that class counsel have accomplished prior to settlement. Through this lens, courts can determine whether counsel had an adequate appreciation of the merits of the case before negotiating.” In re Gen. Motors,
This is not one of those eases where a settlement was reached shortly after the case began. Compare In re Gen. Motors,
Moreover, the discovery process—which has been proceeding since at least 2007—has been extensive. Discovery has consisted of considerable document review, depositions, and inspections. During their representation of the class, class counsel: (1) reviewed approximately one million documents and analyzed hundreds of thousands of pages of documents through discovery; (2) established contact with thousands of property owners; (3) performed five on-site property inspections; and (4) retained three experts. Class counsel also deposed CertainTeed employees and defended 17 depositions of plaintiffs. Accordingly, I find that this factor weighs in favor of approving the settlement.
(4) The Risks of Establishing Liability
The fourth Girsh factor calls on the district court to examine “what the potential rewards (or downside) of litigation might have been had class counsel elected to litigate the claims rather than settle them.” In re Gen. Motors,
CertainTeed submits that it would invoke a number of strong factual and legal defenses if the ease were to proceed to trial. First, defendant would have a number of factual defenses showing that the failure of the shingles at issue was caused by other factors, such as improper installation or storage. Second, CertainTeed would argue that the breach of contract claims fail because the warranties provide compensation in the event that the shingles should fail prematurely, and that the express warranty does not constitute an “unconditional promise” that the shingles will function throughout the covered period. The breach of express warranty claim would fail, CertainTeed submits, because under Pennsylvania law, the plaintiff must prove actual reliance on the warranty in making the purchase. CertainTeed also argues that plaintiffs would encounter a number of difficulties in proving the misrepresentation claims, which are premised on the theory that CertainTeed knowingly used the warranty as a marketing tool, but that the length of (and compensation provided in) the warranty was insufficient compared to the expected duration of the product. Moreover, a substantial portion of plaintiffs’ implied warranty claims would likely be barred by Pennsylvania’s four-year statute of limitations. Pa. Const. Stat. Ann. § 2725. Finally, defendant points out the difficulties plaintiffs would encounter in proving their tort claims. First, plaintiffs would need to show that CertainTeed breached a duty of care in the manufacturing process to succeed on then-negligence claim. Second, with regard to the strict liability claim, they would need to show that the shingles were “unreasonably dangerous.”
Although class counsel maintain that plaintiffs would prevail at trial, counsel concede that the litigation has “inherent risks” and that CertainTeed would be able to raise a number of defenses. Class counsel further point out that, even if they were able to show liability, they would encounter additional difficulties in determining the appropriate amount of damages.
“In examining [the fourth factor], the Court need not delve into the intricacies of the merits of each side’s arguments, but rather may ‘give credence to the estimation of the probability of success proffered by class counsel, who are experienced with the underlying case, and the possible defenses which may be raised to their causes of action.’ ” Perry v. FleetBoston Fin. Corp.,
This factor, like the last, involves a balancing of risks. Here what must be assessed is the “expected value of litigating the action rather than settling it at the current time.” In re Gen. Motors,
(6) The Risks of Maintaining the Class Action through the Trial
“[T]his factor measures the likelihood of obtaining and keeping a class certification if the action were to proceed to trial.” In re Warfarin Sodium,
Because a number of factors that do not impede certification for settlement purposes may nonetheless render the class unsuitable for trial, the risk of decertification in this case is significant. In re Warfarin Sodium,
CertainTeed’s points are persuasive. In this case, the proposed agreement itself states that damage suffered by the shingles can be the result of at least seven types of damages. At trial, each of these types of damage would require different forms of proof, and each claim would be subject to a number of legal and factual defenses presented by CertainTeed. Thus, the risk of decertification is significant and this factor weighs strongly in favor of approving the settlement agreement.
(7) The Ability of the Defendants to Withstand a Greater Judgment
As the phrase suggests, the seventh prong of the Girsh test asks the court to assess CertainTeed’s ability to pay a greater judgment, including a greater settlement amount, than the current settlement. In re Cendant,
The District Court found that this factor neither favored nor disfavored settlement because of a lack of evidence in the record about [defendant’s] ability to pay or whether such a consideration factored into the settlement negotiations. Appellants ... contend that the District Court should have inquired into [defendant’s] ability to pay a higher settlement amount in determining whether the settlement was adequate. Although the plaintiffs do not dispute that [defendant’s] total resources far exceed the settlement amount, the fact that [defendant] could afford to pay more does not mean that it is obligated to pay any more than what the consumer and TPP class members are entitled to under the theories of liability that existed at the time the settlement was reached. Here, the District Court concluded that [defendant’s] ability to pay a higher amount was irrelevant to determining the fairness of the settlement. We see no error here.
(8) The Range of Reasonableness of the Settlement Fund in Light of the Best Possible Recovery and (9) the Range of Reasonableness of the Settlement Fund to a Possible Recovery in Light of all the Attendant Risks of Litigation
These last two elements “evaluate whether the settlement represents a good value for a weak case or a poor value for a strong case. The factors test two sides of the same coin: reasonableness in light of the best possible recovery and reasonableness in light of the risks the parties would face if the case went to trial,” In re Warfarin Sodium,
in cases primarily seeking monetary relief, the present value of the damages plaintiffs would likely recover if successful, appropriately discounted for the risk of not prevailing, should be compared with the amount of the proposed settlement. This figure should generate a range of reasonableness (based on size of the proposed award and the uncertainty inherent in these estimates) within which a district court approving (or rejecting) a settlement will not be set aside.
In re Gen. Motors,
Both parties submit that these two factors weigh in favor of approving the settlement agreement. Class counsel write that they “have concluded that the Settlement results in a significant portion of potentially recoverable damage from CertainTeed” and are satisfied that the settlement will allow class members to recover costs and repair their roofs quickly. CertainTeed contends that the “best possible recovery” in this case would provide compensation for the entire cost of the shingles, labor, and other materials, not prorated for past use. In Certain-Teed’s view, the “most likely” recovery would be the amount recoverable under the existing warranties. Comparing these two, Certain-Teed argues, shows that the agreement provides greater compensation than the existing warranties (“the most likely option”); thus the settlement provides good value. For example, under the warranty, owners whose shingles were proved defective after the SureStart period would be reimbursed only for the prorated replacement cost of the shingles, and not for labor and costs. The warranty provides $30 to $35/square, whereas the agreement provides $74/square (subject to proration) which includes labor costs. In addition, the CertainTeed warranties do not generally compensate individuals owning buildings whose shingles were already in
These factors weigh in favor of settlement. The settlement agreement provides more compensation in most cases than class members would receive under CertainTeed’s warranty program. For most types of organic shingles, the CertainTeed warranty program provides less compensation than the settlement agreement. Compensation under the warranty is capped at $30 to $35/square for eight of the twelve types of organic shingles, whereas the settlement agreement provides $74/square. Both the agreement and the warranty program prorate compensation to take into account the use of the shingles that claimants have already enjoyed. Proration is typical for warranty payments. See U.C.C. § 2-714(2) (2003) (“[t]he measure of damages for breach of warranty is the difference at the time and place of acceptance between the value of the goods accepted and the value they would have had if they had been as warranted”). It seems reasonable to limit plaintiffs’ recovery to at, or near, the warranty amounts considering that in prior litigated cases involving CertainTeed’s defective shingles, recovery was more often than not limited to the amounts contained in the warranty. An affidavit submitted by Jeffrey S. Waksman, counsel in the law department of SaintGobain, the parent company of CertainTeed, shows that of the thirteen cases in which plaintiffs recovered damages for defective organic shingles between 2008 and 2010, the plaintiffs’s recovery was limited to the warranty amount in eight of those cases. In those cases where recovery was not limited to the warranty: (I) the first plaintiff was awarded $10 more than the warranty; (2) the second plaintiff was awarded $50 more; (3) the court used a higher amount per square value to calculate the third plaintiffs’ recovery; (4) the fourth plaintiff obtained a default judgment against CertainTeed; and finally (5) the fifth plaintiff obtained a judgment in excess of warranty, but that case is currently on appeal. In addition, the settlement agreement provides compensation where the warranty would not: building owners who purchased a building where the shingles were already installed but did not receive the right to make claims under the warranty will nonetheless receive $34/square (subject to pro-ration). Especially in light of the risks of proceeding to trial identified earlier, the settlement in this case appears reasonable. No settlement agreement is perfect, because all settlements are a “compromise, a yielding of the highest hopes in exchange for certainty and resolution.” In re Gen. Motors,
In conclusion, the court finds that the Girsh factors weigh in favor of approving the agreement, and that it is not necessary to “expand” to the Prudential factors. Five of the Girsh factors weigh in favor of approving the settlement agreement. Those are: (1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; and (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation. Two factors weigh “strongly” in favor of settlement: (6) the risk of maintaining the class action through the trial and (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement. The fifth factor, the risk of establishing damages, weighs slightly in favor of settlement, and, finally, the seventh factor, the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment, is neutral.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth herein, this court grants final certification to the settlement class, approves the settlement, certifies class counsel, and approves the named plaintiff incentive awards. An appropriate order accompanies this opinion.
AND NOW, on this 27 day of August, 2010, upon consideration whether the proposed settlement of the above-referenced litigation (the “Litigation”) should be finally approved, the parties having presented to the Court the Agreement of Compromise and Settlement between plaintiffs Catherine Barrett, Roger Dunker, and Sherwood Wolfson, Settlement Class Representatives, and defendant CertainTeed Corporation (“Certain-Teed”), executed on December 15, 2009, and amended on December 29, 2009 (attached as Exhibit 1), together with a Memorandum of Understanding among class counsel, Certain-Teed’s counsel, and counsel for certain objectors dated June 6, 2010 (attached as Exhibit 2) (collectively, the “Settlement Agreement”); and the Court having considered the provisions of Rule 23, the Court finds, that for the reasons stated in the accompanying opinion dated August 27, 2010:
1. This action satisfies the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) in that the settlement class is so large that joinder is impracticable, questions of law or fact are common to the settlement class, the named parties’ claims are typical of the settlement class, and the class representatives fairly and adequately protect the interest of the class and counsel have adequately represented the class. In addition, the class satisfies Rule 23(b)(3): questions of law and fact common to the members of the class predominate over questions affecting only individual members and a class action is superior to other available methods of adjudication.
2. Notice of the proposed Settlement has been given to the settlement in accordance with Paragraphs 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, and 9.5 of the Settlement Agreement, This notice complied with the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(c)(2) and Rule 23(e), satisfied the requirements of due process, is the best notice practicable under the circumstances, and constituted sufficient notice of the class certification and class action settlement agreement.
3. Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(g) the court has considered the work counsel has done in identifying or investigating potential claims in the action; counsel’s experience in handling class actions, other complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; counsel’s knowledge of the applicable law; and the resources that counsel will commit to representing the class. The court finds that the class has been fairly and adequately represented by experienced and knowledgeable class counsel committed to protecting the interests of the class, and thus the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(g) are satisfied.
4. Class counsel and counsel for Certain-Teed, after extensive factual investigation and discovery, have engaged in arms-length and protracted good faith negotiations, and these negotiations have resulted in the proposed Settlement as set forth in the Settlement Agreement.
5. The nine factors to be considered in assessing the fairness of a class action settlement are: (1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risks of maintaining a class action through the trial; (7) the ability of defendant to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best recovery; and (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation. Girsh v. Jepson,
6. One hundred eighty-eight (188) Settlement Class Members requested exclusion from the Settlement Class and have not sought to withdraw that request. These persons and entities are named on Exhibit 3 (this exhibit filed under seal to protect the privacy of the persons listed) attached hereto and by reference incorporated, and are the only persons and entities who have properly
7. Four hundred forty-six (446) objections to the Settlement Agreement were filed. Following communications from objectors’ counsel to objectors, 367 objections have been withdrawn. This includes three hundred sixty-two of the individuals identified on Exhibit A to the Memorandum of Understanding (this exhibit filed under seal to protect the privacy of the persons listed) plus five other objections identified on Exhibit 4 (this exhibit filed under seal to protect the privacy of the persons listed) and 1 joint objector (John & Geraldine Flanagan) has exercised the right to opt out. At present, there are 78 objectors identified on Exhibit 5 (this exhibit filed under seal to protect the privacy of the persons listed). The Court has considered and denied their objections.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED THAT:
1. This class is granted final class certification pursuant to Rule 23(a) and (b). The class is defined as follows:
All individuals and entities that own, as of the date of this Agreement, homes, residences, buildings, or other structures located in the United States or Canada whose roofs contain or contained roofing shingles made with a felt reinforcement base material that is saturated with asphalt, also known as organic roofing shingles, manufactured by CertainTeed after July 1, 1987; all individuals and entities who previously owned such a building and who, prior to the date of this Agreement, sold or transferred the building and at the time of the sale or transfer retained the right to make a claim for the shingles pursuant to a valid documented assignment; and all individuals and entities who owned such a building and who, between August 1, 2006, and the Effective Date of this Agreement, have settled or settle their warranty claims for such shingles.
2. All persons within the definition of the Settlement Class, other than those specifically excluded from the Settlement Class in Paragraph 2.2 of the Settlement Agreement and those who have timely requested exclusion from the Settlement Class, are hereby determined to be the “Settlement Class Members.”
3. Class counsel is appointed as required by Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(g) and Sheinberg v. Sorensen,
4. The Settlement Agreement is approved as fair, reasonable, and adequate pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and the parties are directed to consummate the Settlement Agreement in accordance with its terms. All terms in this Order have the same meaning ascribed to them in the Settlement Agreement.
5. Incentive awards pursuant to Paragraph 7.2 of the Settlement Agreement are awarded to the following named Plaintiffs: Gilbert Anderson, Catherine Barrett, David Butz, Roger Dunker, Frederic G. Eldridge, Reva Gross, Jack Helmick, Roger Luft, Thomas Rybarczyk, William Simpson, Pat Nagy Swartz, Sherwood Wolfson, and Carole Venhaus. John Cassidy, Elizabeth Cumming, and Nancy Hollis will also be eligible for such incentive payments provided that, within 30 days from the date of entry of this Order, he or she has submitted a shingle sample to CertainTeed which is determined to be a CertainTeed Organic Shingle.
6. Consummation of the settlement shall proceed as described in the Settlement Agreement and the Court hereby retains jurisdiction of this matter in order to resolve any disputes which may arise in the implementation of the Settlement Agreement or the implementation of this Final Judgment and Order. The Court retains continuing and exclusive jurisdiction for purposes of supervising the implementation of the Settlement Agreement and to interpret and enforce the terms, conditions, and obligations of this Settlement Agreement and the Court’s orders and judgments. In the event of a breach by CertainTeed or a Settlement Class Member under this Settlement Agreement, the Court may exercise all equitable powers over CertainTeed or such Class Member to enforce this Settlement Agreement and the Final Order and Judgment irrespective of the availability or adequacy of any remedy at law. Such powers include, among others, the
7. All Settlement Class Members who have not properly and timely opted out of the Settlement Class pursuant to the terms of this Settlement Agreement shall be conclusively deemed to have released and forever discharged (as by an instrument under seal without further act by any person, and upon good and sufficient consideration), on behalf of themselves and their agents, heirs, executors and administrators, successors, insurers, attorneys, representatives, and assigns, CertainTeed, and its present or former parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, agents, attorneys, insurers, representatives, and assigns (the “Releasees”), from each and every claim of liability, including relief under federal law or the law of any state, which arises out of Damage to Certain-Teed Organic Shingles applied during the Class Period, including without limitation all claims or liability on account of or related to Damage to CertainTeed Organic Shingles, including but not limited to claims for damage to the roof deck and associated roofing system and/or structure, which were alleged or could have been alleged in the Complaints in the actions consolidated in MDL Docket No. 1817 (the “Release”); provided, however, that such Release will not release Certain-Teed from:
(a) any obligations it has assumed under this Settlement Agreement;
(b) any claims for damages to any interior part of the structure below the roof deck suffered on account of Damaged Certain-Teed Organic Shingles;
(c) any claims which do not arise from Damage to the CertainTeed Organic Shingles;
(d) any claim for bodily injury, including claims for pain and suffering, emotional distress, mental anguish, or similar damages suffered as the result of such bodily injury; and
(e) obligations incurred by CertainTeed in settlements it has made with Settlement Class Members prior to the Effective Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing exceptions to the terms of the Release in favor of Certain-Teed, all claims (whether arising prior to the Effective Date of the Settlement or thereafter) for penalties, punitive damages, exemplary damages, statutory damages, damages based upon a multiplication of compensatory damages, court costs, or attorneys’ fees or expenses, which might otherwise have been made in connection with any claim relating to Damaged CertainTeed Organic Shingles, shall be released.
8. In the event that the Settlement Agreement does not become effective, is terminated, or is disapproved by the final and unappealable order of an appellate court, then this order and final judgment shall be rendered null and void.
Notes
. Catherine Barrett v. CertainTeed Corp., C.A. No. 2:06-4117,
. Bd. of Dirs. of the Lake Katherine Townhome Ass’n, Inc. v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 00-3535 (N.D. Ill. filed June 11, 2009); Gross v. Certain-Teed Corp., No. 09-4029 (D.S.D. filed Mar. 16, 2009); Elliot v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 08-252 (S.D. Ohio filed Apr. 9, 2008); Helmick v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 07-222 (D. Neb, filed June 8, 2007); Eldridge v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 07-38 (D.N.D. filed May 31, 2007); Rybarczyk v. CertainTeed Corp., (S.D. Ind. filed May 4, 2007); Crocco, et al. v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 07-1373 (N.D. Ohio filed May 11, 2007); Chiacchierini et al. v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 07-6210 (W.D.N.Y. filed Apr. 26, 2007); Venhaus, et al. v. Certain-Teed Corp., No. 07-1189 (E.D. Pa. filed Mar. 26, 2007); Robinson v. CertainTeed Corp., 07-12 (S.D. Ill. filed Jan. 8, 2007); Bobbie v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-4835 (E.D. Pa. filed Oct. 9, 2006); Swinehart v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-4469 (E.D. Pa. filed Oct 6, 2006); Butz, et al v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-14357 (E.D. Mich. filed Oct. 3, 2006); Fitzner v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-488 (W.D. Ky. filed Sept. 25, 2006); Bunker et al. v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-4243 (E.D. Pa. filed Sept. 22, 2006); Mollis v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-525 (W.D. Wis. filed Sept. 20, 2006); Barrett v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-4117 (D.N.J. filed Sept. 15, 2006); Johnson v. CertainTeed Corp., No. 06-4864,
. On April 17, 2007, the court appointed both co-lead counsel and liaison counsel to act as interim class counsel. Accordingly, when this opinion refers to "class counsel” it refers jointly to lead counsel and liaison counsel. For final appointment of counsel following certification of the class, see infra note 9.
. One joint objector, John and Geraldine Flanagan, chose to request exclusion from the class.
. As set forth by section 3.6 of the settlement agreement, the following forms of damage are covered:
(a) an open hollow bump, 19 mm or more in diameter, in the coating layer of the shingle resulting in the underlying asphalt being weathered (that is, oxidized and dirty), also known as "blistering'’;
(b) corners and edges of shingle tabs that are curled downward toward the deck surface raising the portion of the tab just interior to the edges by more than 16', also known as "clawing";
(c) cracks in the top-coating of the shingle penetrating through the organic felt that present a source for leakage, also known as "cracking";
(d) tab corners that are raised above the plane of the deck by more than ¡4' on shingles manufactured more than ten years before the submission of the claim, or by at least 3/8' on shingles manufactured less than ten years before the submission of the claim, also known as "curling";
(e) tab corners that are raised above the plane of the deck by at least 3/4' after being placed in a freezer at 0° for 15 minutes, also known as "cold weather curling”;
(f) puckers of at least 1/4' that appear along the side and bottom edges of the tabs, also known as "fishmouthing”; and
(g) a loss of top surface of the shingle resulting in an exposure of the substrate equal in size to a dime, also known as "spalling."
. The "Causation Defenses” are assertable by CertainTeed when it is able to establish damage caused by:
(a) intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct of a party other than CertainTeed;
(b) roof deck movement, settlement, distortion, or failure;
(c) settlement, distortion, failure, or cracking of the walls or foundation of the building;
(d) and/or resulting from natural disaster, including but not limited to, hail, unusually strong storms or winds of a speed greater than that set forth in the applicable written limited warranties for the shingles at the time they were sold, lightning, fire, hurricane, flood, earthquake, earth movement, explosion, or other similar force majeure events;
(e) structural changes or alterations to the property after the shingles were installed, including but not limited to, installation of equipment on the roof (such as solar heating or air conditioning equipment, TV antennas or satellite dishes, fan housing, water towers, and signs) or any other modifications;
(0 improper racking of shingles;
(g) installing the shingles over Non-Approved Roof Decks, as defined in the agreement;
(h) improper installation or failure to follow good installation or application processes, including but not limited to, failure to install in strict accordance with CertainTeed's installation instructions applicable to the Claimant's Certain-Teed Organic Shingles at the time of their installation, use of the shingles as ridge material, inadequate or improper use of fasteners, use of the shingles for any purpose other than as roof cladding, improper or inadequate installation of eave flashing, rake and eave drip edges, and other flashings;
(i) inadequate attic or roof ventilation, as recommended by National Roofing Contractor’s Association and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association;
(j) installing the shingles directly over decks insulated with rigid insulation board (on homes or buildings with cathedral ceilings), if there does not exist at least one inch of free-flowing air space between the deck to which the shingles are applied and the rigid insulation board;
(k) excessive or unreasonable traffic on the roof;
(/) storage of shingles that were installed more than two years after they were manufactured; (m) improper maintenance such as pressure washing, failure to remove vegetation, moss, algae, fungus, lichens, mold or mildew growth*475 from the roof, or failure to remove trees from contact with the roof;
(n) installation on any plane less than 4/12 pitch where ice and water underlayment or two layers of felt were not installed; and
(o) ice backup or ice damming.
. The written notification must contain certain information (signature, address, number of properties affected by the shingles). Class members who exclude themselves from the settlement cannot later object to it, but they may withdraw their opt out requests prior to the effective date if they accept the terms of the settlement agreement. Should the number of class members deciding to opt out of the settlement reach a level that "threatens to frustrate the essential purpose of [the settlement agreement],” then CertainTeed in its sole discretion may unilaterally void the agreement. Set. Agr. ¶ 10.7.
. The ICA, who serves a six-month term and is a roofing specialist, is chosen by class counsel and CertainTeed, or if the parties cannot agree, by this court. The ICA selects an Independent Inspector, who must also be an experienced roofing professional.
. Having granted final certification the class, this court “must appoint class counsel.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(g)(1). See also Sheinberg v. Sorensen,
Plaintiffs in this case have thus far been represented by Arnold Levin, Robert K. Shelquist, Michael McShane, and Jon Cuneo (jointly, "class counsel”). Class counsel have capably shepherded this litigation on behalf of plaintiffs since the individual cases were consolidated into a multidistrict matter, and have negotiated the settlement on behalf of plaintiffs. Counsel's work on the claims in this case has, in other words, been extensive, and has involved the expenditure of a substantial amount of resources. Class counsel also have substantial experience in litigating class actions and product liability cases, and have litigated and been named lead counsel in several other complex class action cases. Counsel's work on this case and their prior experience also suffice to demonstrate that lead counsel have “fairly and adequately represented] the interests of the class,” and will continue to do so. Thus, to the extent that Sheinberg requires the court to appoint class counsel following "both class certifications and class re certifications” and to the extent that this court has not formally appointed counsel prior to this order, the court finds that lead counsel satisfy all four of the Rule 23(g) factors.